Skip to main content

A Review on Intenet of Things Smart Homes, Challenges, Open Issues and Countermeasures

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Software Engineering Perspectives in Intelligent Systems (CoMeSySo 2020)

Part of the book series: Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing ((AISC,volume 1294))

Included in the following conference series:

Abstract

There are many benefits that smart home technology can bring to the modern household however, smart home tech-nology is yet in early development and has struggled to adopt among consumers. Some of the challenges that smart home technology faces are privacy & security, trust, reliabil-ity & pricing. However, many literature has dealt with the gap between smart homeowner needs and the functionality smart devices offers to the smart homeowner. A number of models and framework has been adopted to explain smart home technology readiness. This paper endeavours to review Internet of Things Smart Homes in general, challenges and open issues, and countermeasures. The main challenges and open issues identified in this paper are privacy & security, interoperability, costs, energy efficiency, trust, perceived usefulness, effort expectancy, performance expectancy/connectivity standards, installation, administration and maintenance smart home technology faces within these two models. Solutions to these challenges that are being proposed or implemented are also discussed. Although Internet Of Things smart home is a fast-growing technology but has a number of challenges and these have made it not to grow as expected.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Alaa, M., Zaidan, A.A., Zaidan, B.B., Talal, M., Kiah, M.L.M.: A review of smart home applications based on ınternet of things. J. Netw. Comput. Appl. 97, 48–65 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2017.08.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Aleisa, N., Renaud, K.: Privacy of the ınternet of things: a systematic literature review. In: Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (2017). https://doi.org/10.24251/hicss.2017.717

  3. Balta-Ozkan, N., Davidson, R., Bicket, M., Whitmarsh, L.: Social barriers to the adoption of smart homes. Energ. Policy 63, 363–374 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.08.043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Balta-Ozkan, N., Boteler, B., Amerighi, O.: European smart home market development: Public views on technical and economic aspects across the United Kingdom, German and Italy. Energ. Res. Soc. Sci. 3, 65–77 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2014.07.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Bekara, C.: Security issues and challenges for the IoT-based smart grid. In: Procedia Computer Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2014.07.064

  6. Building performance ınstitute Europe (BPIE). Is Europe ready for the smart buildings revolution? mapping smartreadiness and innovative case studies. Build. Perform. Inst. Euro. (2017). http://bpie.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/STATUS-REPORT-Is-Europe-ready_FINAL_LR.pdf

  7. Burdon, M., Douglas, H.: The smart home could worsen domestic abuse. but the same technology may also make us safer. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/the-smart-home-could-worsen-domestic-abuse-but-the-same-technology-may-also-make-us-safer-82897. Accessed 12 Sep 2017

  8. Caccavale, M.: The impact of the digital revolution on the smart home industry. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesagencycouncil/2018/09/24/the-impact-of-the-digital-revolution-on-the-smart-home-industry/#6c6340453c76. Accessed 24 Sep 2018

  9. Chikhaoui, B., Pigot, H.: Towards analytical evaluation of human machine interfaces developed in the context of smart homes. Interact. Comput. 22(6), 449–464 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intcom.2010.08.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Chitnis, S., Deshpande, N., Shaligram, A., Chitnis, S.: An investigative study for smart home security: ıssues, challenges and countermeasures keywords homeos, smart home, ıntelligent remote monitoring, graphical method, home security system. Wire. Sens. Netw. 8(04), 61–2016 (2016). https://doi.org/10.4236/wsn.2016.84006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Cook, D.J.: How smart is your home? Science 335(6076), 1579–1581 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Davidoff, S., Lee, M. K., Yiu, C., Zimmerman, J., Dey, A. K.: Principles of Smart Home Control, pp. 19–34 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/11853565_2

  13. Darby, S.J.: Smart technology in the home: time for more clarity. Build. Res. Inf. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2017.1301707

  14. Demiris, G., Rantz, M.J., Aud, M.A., Marek, K.D., Tyrer, H.W., Skubic, M., Hussam, A.A.: Older adults’ attitudes towards and perceptions of ‘smart home’ technologies: a pilot study. Med Inform Internet Med. 29(2), 87–94 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Dewi, M.A.A., Hidayanto, A.N., Purwandari, B., Kosandi, M., Budi, N.F.A.: Smart city readiness model using technology-organization-environment (TOE) framework and ıts effect on adoption decision. In: 22nd Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (PACIS 2018) (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Di Giorgio, A., Pimpinella, L.: An event driven smart home controller enabling consumer economic saving and automated demand side management. Appl. Energ. 96, 92–103 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Doney, M., Cannon, J.P., Hobbs, J.: An examination of the nature of trust in buyer-seller relationships. J. Mark. 61(2), 35–51 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Edwards, W.K., Grinter, R.E.: At home with ubiquitous computing: seven challenges. In: International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing, pp. 256–272 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45427-6

  19. Georgiev, A., Schlögl, S.: Smart home technology: an exploration of end user perceptions. IEEE Access 68, 101544 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2808472

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Geraci, F., Katki, L., McMonegal, : IEEE Standard Computer Dictionary: Compilation of IEEE Standard Computer Glossaries. IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, USA (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Goulden, M.: Your smart home is trying to reprogram you. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/your-smart-home-is-trying-to-reprogram-you-78572. Accessed 31 May 2017

  22. Hassan title: The Challenges and Contribution of Internet of Things (Iot) for Smart Living. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/mar/08/how-to-stop-your-smart-home-spying-on-you-lightbulbs-doorbell-ring-google-assistant-alexa-privacy

  23. Horrow, S., Sardana, A.: Identity management framework for cloud based internet of things. In: ACM International Conference Proceeding Series (2012). https://doi.org/10.1145/2490428.2490456

  24. Jyotsna, M., Gabhane, P., Shradha Thakare, M., Craig, M.: Smart homes system using ınternet-of-things: ıssues, solutions and recent research directions. Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol. 4(5), 1965–1969 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Khalid, A.W., Sciences, C., Lumpur, K., Sciences, C., Lumpur, K.: Evaluation of smart home technology and ımpediments barricading its ımplementation?: a connection to ınternet of things. Int. J. Inf. Syst. Eng. 1(1), 1–19 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Nikou, S.: Consumers’ perceptions on smart home and smart living. In: 26th European Conference on Information Systems: Beyond Digitization - Facets of Socio-Technical Change, ECIS 2018 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Kraemer, M.J., Flechais, I.: Researching privacy in smart homes: A roadmap of future directions and research methods. IET Conference Publications (2018). https://doi.org/10.1049/cp.2018.0038

  28. Kumaraguru, P., Cranor, L.F.: Privacy indexes: a survey of Westin’s studies. Technical Report CMU-ISRI-05138, CMU (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Kumar, S., Tiwari, P., Zymbler, M.: Internet of Things is a revolutionary approach for future technology enhancement: a review. J. Big Data 1(6), 111 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-019-0268-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Lin, H., Bergmann, N.W.: IoT privacy and security challenges for smart home environments. Inf. (Switz.) 7(3), 44 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3390/info7030044

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Mulcahy, R., Letheren, K., McAndrew, R., Glavas, C., Russell-Bennett, R.: Are households ready to engage with smart home technology? J. Mark. Manage. 35(15-16), 1370–1400 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2019.1680568

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. O.E.D. Online. Oxford english dictionary online March 2014. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com

  33. Pagani, M.: Determinants of adoption of third generation mobile multimedia services. J. Interact. Mark. 18(3), 46–59 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Pradeep, S., Kousalya, T., Aarsha Suresh, K.M., Edwin, J.: IoT and its connectivity challenges in smart home. Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol. (IRJET) 3, 1040–1043 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Rathore, M.M., Paul, A., Ahmad, A., Jeon, G.: IoT-based big data: from smart city towards next generation super city planning. Int. J. Semant. Web. Inform. Syst. 13, 28–47 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Reinisch, C., Kofler, M.J., Iglesias, F., Kastner, W.: Thinkhome energy efficiency in future smart homes. Eurasip J. Embed. Syst. 2011(1), 104617 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/104617

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Ricquebourg, V., Menga, D., Durand, D., Marhic, B., Delahoche, L., Logé, C.: The smart home concept: our immediate future. In: 1st IEEE International Conference on E-Learning in Industrial Electronics, ICELIE (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICELIE.2006.347206

  38. Saeed, F., Paul, A., Rehman, A., Hong, W.H., Seo, H.: IoT-Based intelligent modeling of smart home environment for fire prevention and safety. J. Sens. Actuator Netw. 7(1), 11 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan7010011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Shaikh, E., Mohiuddin, I., Manzoor, A.: Internet of Things (IoT): Security and Privacy Threats (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Shankland, S.: Your smart-home network will be a mess (2016). https://www.cnet.com/news/your-smart-home-network-will-be-a-mess-to-start-with/

  41. Sharma, V., Tiwari, R.: A review paper on. IOT It?s Smart Appl. Int. J. Sci. Eng. Technol. Res. (IJSETR) 5(2), 472–776 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Shouran, Z., Ashari, A., Kuntoro, T.: Internet of things (IoT) of smart home: privacy and security. Int. J. Comput. Appl. 182(39), 3–8 (2019). https://doi.org/10.5120/ijca2019918450

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Sproule, N.A.: De?ning identity theft–a discussion paper. Prepared for the Ontario Research Network in Electronic Commerce (ORNEC) Identity Theft Research Program, 1–37 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  44. Research Department, Smart home - Statistics & Facts. https://www.[45].com/topics/2430/smart-homes/. Accessed 3 Mar 2020

    Google Scholar 

  45. Usha, D., Bobby, M.: prıvacy ıssues ın smart home devıces usıng ınternet of thıngs – a survey. Int. J. Adv. Res (2018). https://doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/7839

  46. Venkatesh, V., Morris, M.G., Davis, G.B., Davis, F.D.: User acceptance of ınformation technology: toward a unified view. Source: MIS Q. 27(3), 425–478 (2003). https://doi.org/10.2307/30036540

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Vidalis, S., Olga, A.: Assessing ıdentity theft in the ınternet of things. IT Converg. Pract. (INPRA) (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  48. Wilson, C., Hargreaves, T., Hauxwell-Baldwin, R.: Smart homes and their users: a systematic analysis and key challenges. Pers. Ubiquitous Comput. 19(2), 463–476 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-014-0813-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Wuenderlich, N.V., Heinonen, K., Ostrom, A.L., Patricio, L., Sousa, R., Voss, C., Lemmink, J.G.: Futurizing smart service: implications for service researchers and managers. J. Serv. Mark. 29(6/7), 442–447 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Yang, H., Lee, W., Lee, H.: IoT smart home adoption: the ımportance of proper level automation. J. Sens (2018). https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6464036

  51. Ziegeldorf, J.H., Morchon, O.G., Wehrle, K.: Privacy in the ınternet of things: threats and challenges. Secur. Commun. Netw. 7(12), 2728–2742 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Konidala, D.M., Kim, D.-Y., Yeun, C.-Y., Lee, B.-C.: Security framework for RFID-based applications in smart home environment. J. Inf. Process. Syst. 7(1), 111–120 (2011). https://doi.org/10.3745/jips.2011.7.1.111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Lee, S., Kim, J., Shon, T.: User privacy-enhanced security architecture for home area network of Smartgrid. Multimedia Tools Appl. 75(20), 12749–12764 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-016-3252-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Tomanek, O., Kencl, L.: Security and privacy of using AllJoyn IoT framework at home and beyond. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Green Building and Smart Grid, IGBSG 2016 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/IGBSG.2016.7539413

  55. Mantoro, T., Ayu, M.A., Binti Mahmod, S.M.: Securing the authentication and message integrity for smart home using smart phone. In: International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems –Proceedings (2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMCS.2014.6911150

  56. Van Der Veer, H., Wiles, A.: Achieving Technical Interoperability: the ETSI Approach. European Telecommunications Standards Institute (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  57. Colakovic, A., Hadžialic, M.: Internet of Things (IoT): a review of enabling technologies, challenges, and open research issues. Comput. Netw. 144, 17–39 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2018.07.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Noura, M., Atiquzzaman, M., Gaedke, M.: Interoperability in internet of things infrastructure: classification, challenges, and future work. In: Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, LNICST (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00410-1_2

  59. Zheng, S., Apthorpe, N., Chetty, M., Feamster, N.: User perceptions of smart home IoT privacy. Proc. ACM Hum. Comput. Interact. 2(CSCW), 1–20 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1145/3274469

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Moser, K., Harder, J., Koo, S.G.M.: Internet of things in home automation and energy efficient smart home technologies. In: Conference Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/SMC.2014.6974087

  61. Jiang, T., Yang, M., Zhang, Y.: Research and implementation of M2M smart home and security system. Secur. Commun. Netw. 8(16), 2704–2711 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/sec.569

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Lloret, J., Macías, E., Suárez, A., Lacuesta, R.: Ubiquitous monitoring of electrical household appliances. Sens. (Switz.) 12(11), 15159–15191 (2012). https://doi.org/10.3390/s121115159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Wang, J., Zhu, Q., Ma, Y.: An agent-based hybrid service delivery for coordinating internet of things and 3rd party service providers. J. Netw. Comput. Appl. 36(6), 1684–1695 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2013.04.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Yao, L., Lai, C.C., Lim, W.H.: Home energy management system based on photovoltaic system. In: Proceedings - 2015 IEEE International Conference on Data Science and Data Intensive Systems; 8th IEEE International Conference Cyber, Physical and Social Computing; 11th IEEE International Conference on Green Computing and Communications and 8th IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things, DSDIS/CPSCom/GreenCom/IThings 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/DSDIS.2015.42

  65. Cabras, M., Pilloni, V., Atzori, L.: A novel smart home energy management system: cooperative neighbourhood and adaptive renewable energy usage. In: IEEE International Conference on Communications (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICC.2015.7248406

  66. Wright, D., Yan, X., Srinivas, P., Kashani, A., Ozturk, Y.: A cloud to mobile application for consumer behavior modification. In: Procedia Computer Science (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.08.412

  67. Son, S.C., Kim, N.W., Lee, B.T., Cho, C.H., Chong, J.W.: A time synchronization technique for coap-based home automation systems. IEEE Trans. Cons. Electron. 62(1), 10–16 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/TCE.2016.7448557

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Kim, Y., Lee, S., Chong, I.: Orchestration in distributed web-of-objects for creation of user-centered IoT service capability. Wire. Pers. Commun. 78(4), 1965–1980 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-014-2056-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Huang, Z., Lin, K.-J., Yu, S.-Y., Hsu, J.Y.: Co-locating services in IoT systems to minimize the communication energy cost. J. Innov. Digit. Ecosyst. 1(1-2), 47–57 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jides.2015.02.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Rosslin, J.R., Tai-hoon, K.: Applications, systems and methods in smart home technology?: a review. Int. J. Adv. Sci. Technol. 15, 37–48 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  71. Tirado-herrero, S., Nicholls, L.: Smart home control devices Summary and assessment of energy June (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  72. Taherdoost, H.: Sciencedirect sciencedirect a review of technology acceptance and adoption models and theories a review of technology acceptance and adoption models costing models for capacity optimization trade-off between used capacity operational efficiency. Proc. Manufact. 22, 960–967 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2018.03.137

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Al-Mutawa, R.F., Eassa, F.A.: A smart home system based on internet of things. Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl. 2, 260–267 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  74. Stergiou, C., Psannis, K.E., Kim, B.G., Gupta, B.: Secure integration of IoT and cloud computing. Future Gen. Comput. Syst. 78, 964–975 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2016.11.031

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Al-Kuwari, M., Ramadan, A., Ismael, Y., Al-Sughair, L., Gastli, A., Benammar, M.: Smart-home automation using IoT-based sensing and monitoring platform. In: Proceedings - 2018 IEEE 12th International Conference on Compatibility, Power Electronics and Power Engineering, CPE-POWERENG 2018 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/CPE.2018.8372548

  76. Datta, T., Apthorpe, N., Feamster, N.: A developer-friendly library for smart home iot privacy-preserving traffic obfuscation. IoT S and P. In: Proceedings of the 2018 Workshop on IoT Security and Privacy, Part of SIGCOMM (2018). https://doi.org/10.1145/3229565.3229567

  77. Mao, J., Lin, Q., Bian, J.: Application of learning algorithms in smart home IoT system security. Math. Found. Comput. 1, 63 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3934/mfc.2018004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Saeed, F., Paul, A., Rehman, A., Hong, W.H., Seo, H.: IoT-Based intelligent modeling of smart home environment for fire prevention and safety. J. Sens. Actuator Netw. 7(1), 11 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan7010011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Chan, M., Campo, E., Estève, D., Fourniols, J.Y.: Smart homes - current features and future perspectives. Maturitas 64(2), 90–97 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.07.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. King, N.: Smart Home – A Definition. Housing Learning & Improvement Network (2002). http://www.housinglin.org.uk/_library/Resources/Housing/Housing_advice/Smart_Home_-_A_definition%5C_September_2003.pdf

  81. Reinisch, C., Kofler, M.J., Iglesias, F., Kastner, W.: Thinkhome energy efficiency in future smart homes. Eurasip J. Embed. Syst. 2011, 104617 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/104617

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Deen, M.J.: Information and communications technologies for elderly ubiquitous healthcare in a smart home. Pers. Ubiquitous Comput. 19(3–4), 573–599 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Liu, L., Stroulia, E., Nikolaidis, I., Miguel-Cruz, A., Rincon, A.R.: Smart homes and home health monitoring technologies for older adults: a systematic review. Int. J. Med. Inform. 91, 44–59 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Chiang, K.F., Wang, H.H.: Nurses’ experiences of using a smart mobile device application to assist home care for patients with chronic disease: a qualitative study. J. Clin. Nurs. 25, 2008–2017 (2016)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  85. De Cremer, D., Nguyen, B., Simkin, L.: The integrity challenge of the Internet-of-Things (IoT): on understanding its dark side. J. Mark. Manag. 33(1–2), 145–158 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Chen, S.C., Liu, M.L., Lin, C.P.: Integrating technology readiness into the expectation–confirmation model: an empirical study of mobile services. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 16, 604–612 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Lee, W., Castellanos, C., Choi, C.H.S.: The effect of technology readiness on customers’ attitudes toward self-service technology and its adoption; the empirical study of US airline self-service check-in kiosks. J. Travel Tourism Mark. 29, 731–743 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

This work is supported by the Vaal University of technology under the supervision of Professor Tranos Zuva and Dr Martin Appiah in Johannesburg (Vanderbijlpark) South Africa.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bryan David Julies .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Julies, B.D., Zuva, T. (2020). A Review on Intenet of Things Smart Homes, Challenges, Open Issues and Countermeasures. In: Silhavy, R., Silhavy, P., Prokopova, Z. (eds) Software Engineering Perspectives in Intelligent Systems. CoMeSySo 2020. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 1294. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63322-6_93

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics