Abstract
Decentralized water management systems can be a viable solution to the sanitation problems of informal urban areas. To be successful, they have to be tailored to the specific context of an area by using its social and cultural potentials instead of thinking in solely technical system measures. This is shown for the example of Kampung Tamansari, an informal settlement located at a riverbank in Bandung. An analysis of the existing water sources reveals that the current handling of water has a destructive impact on human health and environment. Field research in Tamansari suggests that the neighborhood communities, their leaders, and religious institutions are promising catalysts for the implementation of a new system. A high level of self-organization, social cohesion, democratic mechanisms, and educational infrastructure are to be mentioned. Based on those findings, an integrated water system for one neighborhood is proposed. The implementation, management, and water-related education are realized through the use of the identified community potentials. Technical components such as septic tanks, constructed wetlands, and water storages are designed to facilitate public spaces. Benefits for involved stakeholders ensure the system’s stability and increase the chances for a gradual expansion along the many rivers of Bandung and the countries metropoles.
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Notes
- 1.
For example, one RW leader’s fascination in botany resulted in a lot of vertical greenery and medical plants. Another one’s interest in painting led to many colorful murals and collaborations with artists.
- 2.
This case study was done in 1991 in Dijkot, a small town in Pakistan by a local NGO. The town suffered from water scarcity, and the only fresh water source was a central basin. The study analyzes the water consumption habits and how to influence them positively through existing community institutions such as mosques and religious schools. The aim is the reduction of water wastage, illegal pumping, and a more just distribution of water. The approach was chosen after all governmental initiatives for water conservation had failed. Instead of adding technical or spatial components, a new purpose is added to the existing religious infrastructure. The program went on for 10 months but a second surveil after 2 months already revealed a 50% reduction of water scarcity (Faruqui et al. 2001, 61–67).
- 3.
The growing island community of Koh Phi Phi had a malfunctioning public sewage system and a working privately owned system before the 2004 Tsunami destroyed most of the existing infrastructure. Danish funding provided the opportunity to build a new wastewater system that would serve the whole community for the first time. Besides, the system should be cheap to operate and maintain, without bad smelling and aesthetically pleasing because of the tourists in the area. All stakeholders agreed to cooperate and come up with a communal system with the help of international and local specialists. The heard of the cluster water management system are constructed wetlands that are placed within the settlement and function as a public park (Laugesen 2010, 114–151).
- 4.
Rio de Janeiro suffers from fresh water scarcity, competing with São Paolo for the same limited sources. Besides, only 30% of the households has a domestic sewage treatment which is why the 263 small rivers of the city are used as a sewage system. This causes serious health issues and heavy pollution of the environment, especially the Guanabara bay. The municipal water company has not been able to solve these problems with a centralized system. The case study has its focus on one of the typical squatted housing areas which releases all their sewage into the river Carioca. An integral water system on household level that releases only clean water into the river is proposed by the architecture and urbanism office Ooze. A pilot project with educational purpose has been built. The concept includes the possible extension to neighborhood, district, and even city scale (Ooze Architects 2017).
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the students of the urbanism department of ITB (Institut Teknologi Bandung) for their essential support during the field research. Furthermore, thanks go to the authors of the case studies for the inspiring examples. Finally, appreciation goes to Paddy Tomesen from the architectural engineering department at TU Delft for his contribution in building technology.
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Appendix
Appendix
1.1 Household Usage and Water Sources
Source | Use | Amount [L/Person/Day] | Amount (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Purified rainwater | Drinking | 2 | 2.2 |
Purified rainwater | Cooking | 3 | 3.3 |
Purified rainwater | Praying | 1.1 | 1.3 |
Purified rainwater | Basic hygiene | 5 | 5.6 |
Constructed wetland | Shower | 45 | 50.1 |
Constructed wetland | Dishes | 6 | 6.7 |
Constructed wetland | Clothes | 5.7 | 6.3 |
Constructed wetland | Household | 0.8 | 0.9 |
Re-used grey water | Toilet | 21.2 | 23.6 |
Total | 89.8 |
1.2 Calculation: Rainwater Catchment Area
Description | Result |
---|---|
Need [l/pers/day] | 11.1 |
Total need [l/pers/year] | 4048.3 |
Precipit. [mm/year] | 2164 |
Area/Person [m2] | 2.2 |
Total Area [m2] | 1103.7 |
Loss compensation [%] | 18 |
Savings from bottled water [Rp/Pers/Month} | 61500 |
Average income [%] | 3.3 |
1.3 Calculation: Rainwater Storage
Month | Precipitation [mm] | Collected [m3] | Efficiency factor | Consumed [m3] | End of month inventory [m3] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
November | 272 | 300.2 | 0.85 | 168.7 | 86.5 |
December | 291 | 321.2 | 0.85 | 168.7 | 190.8 |
January | 243 | 268.2 | 0.85 | 168.7 | 250.1 |
February | 217 | 239.5 | 0.85 | 168.7 | 285.0 |
March | 257 | 283.7 | 0.85 | 168.7 | 357.4 |
April | 246 | 271.5 | 0.85 | 168.7 | 419.5 |
May | 166 | 183.2 | 0.85 | 168.7 | 406.5 |
June | 77 | 85.0 | 0.85 | 168.7 | 310.1 |
July | 70 | 77.3 | 0.85 | 168.7 | 207.0 |
August | 68 | 75.1 | 0.85 | 168.7 | 102.1 |
September | 83 | 91.6 | 0.85 | 168.7 | 11.3 |
October | 174 | 192.1 | 0.85 | 168.7 | 5.9 |
Total | 2164 | 2196.4 | 1855.7 | ||
Max. Storage Inventory [m3] = Storage Size | 419.5 |
1.4 Calculation: Volume Septic Tank
Based on “Low Cost Urban Sanitation” (Mara 1996, 74)
Term | Description | Formula | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Blackwater [l/person/day] | 38.7 | ||
Blackwater total [m3/day] | 19.35 | ||
VSC | Zone 1: scum storage | 0.4 * Vsl | 12 |
Vn | Zone 2: sedimentation | 10−3P * q * tn | 2.944148 |
Vd | Zone 3: sludge digestion | 0.5 * 10−3P * td | 3.798542 |
Vsl | Zone 4: digested sludge storage | r * P * n | 30 |
th | Hydraulic retention time [years] | 1.5–0.3 log(Pq) | 0.304305 |
P | Population [n] | 250 | |
q | Wastewater flow [l/day] | 38.7 | |
td | Anaerobic digestion time | 1853 * T−1.25 | 30.38834 |
T | Bandung av. temperature | 26.8 | |
r | Rate of sludge digestion [m3/person/year] | 0.04 | |
n | Desludging interval [years] | 3 | |
V | Septic tank volume [m3] | 48.74269 |
1.5 Calculation: Constructed Wetlands Area
Based on “Constructed Wetlands Manual” (UN-Habitat 2008, 18)
Term | Description | Formula | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Bodc | Bod concentration before treatment [mg/l] | 250 | |
Bodc | Bod contribution [mg/pers/day] | 40 | |
Qd | Daily flow rate [m3/day] | p * q | 34.2956 |
Ci | Influent BOD5 concentration[mg/l] | 408.2 | |
Ce | Effluent BOD5 concentration[mg/l] | 30 | |
KBOD | Rate constant [m/d] | Kt * d * n | 0.2 |
Kt | K20 (1.06)(T−20) | ||
K20 | Rate constant at 20 °C | 20 °C (d−1) | |
d | Depth of water column [m] | ||
n | Porosity of substrate [percentage expressed as fraction] | 0.3 | |
Substrate depth [cm] | 70 | ||
P | Population | 500 | |
q | Flow rate [l/person/day] | 68.6 | |
Ah | Surface area of bed [m2] | (Qd(Ci-Ce))/KBOD | 490 |
Ap | Surface area [m2]/person | Ah/p | 0.98 |
1.6 Calculation: Water Storage
Description | m3 |
---|---|
CW output total [m3] | 34.3 |
Max daily need [m3] | 28.75 |
Safety factor | 1.5 |
Water storage | 51.4434 |
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Fuchs, A., Tillie, N.N.M.J.D., Smit, M. (2020). Developing a Decentralized and Integrated Water Management System for Neighborhood Communities Within Indonesia’s Informal Urban Settlements. In: Moore, J., Attia, S., Abdel-Kader, A., Narasimhan, A. (eds) Ecocities Now. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58399-6_3
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