Abstract
This chapter argues that the presence of Jewish politicians in positions of public authority during the revolutions of 1848 cemented the synergy between Jewish and liberal causes. Reframing emancipation as one facet of a secularizing liberal attack on the old order was thus a precondition for the emergence of the Alliance Israelite in 1860, and for an international liberal moment in which Jewish rights became a focus for both transnational liberal activism and humanitarian mobilisation. Even Jewish 1848ers who re-entered mainstream politics in the 1860s and 1870s who resisted being seen as narrowly Jewish politicians at a national level were consequently able to embrace Jewish rights as an international cause. The careers of Luigi Luzzatti, Herbert Samuel and Oskar Strauss suggest that these conventions remained well into the twentieth century. Despite competition from Zionists and socialists, the synergy between liberal and Jewish causes remained a precondition of international Jewish activism.
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Notes
- 1.
Baron, “The Impact of the Revolution of 1848 on Jewish Emancipation,” 204. See also Baron, “Church and State Debates in the Jewish Community of 1848,” in Mordecai M. Kaplan Jubilee Volume, 49–72.
- 2.
Bayly, “Liberalism at Large,” in Bayly and Biagini, eds., Giuseppe Mazzini and the Globalisation of Democratic Nationalism 1830–1920, 358. Wallerstein, Centrist Liberalism Triumphant, takes a similar approach.
- 3.
See Rodrigue, French Jews, Turkish Jews; Frankel, The Damascus Affair; Bar-Chen, Weder Asiaten noch Orientalen; Leff, Sacred Bonds of Solidarity; Abigail Green, Moses Montefiore.
- 4.
Duker, “The Lafayette Committee for Jewish Emancipation,” in Blau and Friedman, eds., Essays on Jewish Life and Thought, 169–82.
- 5.
More generally, see Green, “Humanitarianism in Nineteenth Century Context,” 1157–75; Bass, Freedom’s Battle; also Rodogno, Against Massacre.
- 6.
See the discussion in Green, Montefiore, 139–41.
- 7.
Rodrigue, French Jews, Turkish Jews; Graetz, The Jews in Nineteenth-Century France; Leff, Sacred Bonds of Solidarity. Graetz connects the Alliance to a ‘national’ Jewish narrative as does Silber, “A Hebrew Heart Beats in Hungary,” 84–105.
- 8.
Birnbaum and Katznelson, eds., Paths of Emancipation.
- 9.
On Crémieux see Posener, Adolphe Crémieux; Amson, Adolphe Crémieux.
- 10.
“Ueber das Verhältnis des Herrn v. Streckfuß zur Emancipation der Juden” (1833), reproduced in Jacoby, Gesammelte Schrifte und Reden, Erster Theil, 2nd. ed., 4–42. On Jacoby see Silberner, Johann Jacoby.
- 11.
K, “Preußen und die Juden,” 301–7; I.K., “Notizen,” 1471. For context see Schmitt, “Ignaz Kuranda’s Die Grenzboten.”
- 12.
Veit, Der Entwurf einer Verordnung über die Verhältnisse der Juden und das Edikt Vom 11. März 1812.
- 13.
For context see Hamburger, Juden im öffentlichen Leben, and Toury, Die Politische Orientierungen der Juden in Deutschland, A-B.
- 14.
See Langewiesche, “Pogrom-Alltag im ‘Völkerfrühling’ 1848. Revolutionserfahrungen Europäischer Juden,” in Fenske, ed., Alltag als Politik - Politik im Alltag, 445–64.
- 15.
On France see Philippe, “Les Juifs Français”; on Venice see Levis Sullam, “Gli Ebrei e il 1848–49 a Venezia,” in Cecchinato, et al., eds., La Differenza Repubblicana, 75–84. On Germany see Hamburger, Juden im öffentlichen Leben Deutschlands, III, 1. On Austria see Häusler, “Demokratie und Emanzipation 1848,” 92–111.
- 16.
See for instance Sorkin, “Montefiore and the Politics of Emancipation,” 23–5.
- 17.
See Herzog, Intimacy and Exclusion, Chapter 2. More generally, see Isabella, “Citizens or Faithful?,” 555–78.
- 18.
Keates, The Siege of Venice, 122.
- 19.
We find indications of Fischhof’s strident anti-Catholicism in a much later letter. See Adolf Fischhof, Emmersdorf, May 231,877, to Michael Etienne, Sehr verehrter Freund, H.I.N.-65,341, Wienbibliothek Handschriften.
- 20.
Adolf Fischhof, Grundrechte - annotated in Fischhof’s hand, H.I.N.-99,568/1, Wienbibliothek Handschriften.
- 21.
See for instance Letter 165. Jacoby to Hermann Büttner, Königsberg 11/07/1861; Jacobys Antrag in der Königsberger Versammlung liberaler Urwähler vom 20 Mai 1870, Silberner, ed., Johann Jacoby Briefwechsel 1850–1877, 155, 509.
- 22.
On Eduard Horn, see Silber, ‘Einhorn, Ignác’, http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Einhorn_Ignac. For Bamberger’s perception of the central role played by Horn and the converted Hungarian journalist Friedrich Szarvady in the world of Hungarian exiles in Paris see Bamberger, 18 May 1861, to Moritz Hartmann, H.I.N. 45.599, Wienbibliothek.
- 23.
Ludwig Bamberger to Moritz Hartmann, undated, H.I.N.-45,990, Wienbibliothek.
- 24.
Proceedings of the General Anti-Slavery Convention, 167.
- 25.
See Kertzer, The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara (London: Picador, 1997). Green, Montefiore, Chapters 12–13 explores the broader nexus of mobilisation around civil and religious liberty c.1858–1861. Specifically, on the Syrian initiatives see Leff, Sacred Bonds of Solidarity, 151–3; Green, Montefiore, 289–92
- 26.
Eisenbach, The Emancipation of the Jews in Poland, 431–2. Chapter 10 provides the best internationally conceived account of the relationship between Jewish rights and Polish nationalism.
- 27.
See Clark and Kaiser, eds., Culture Wars; Paz, Popular Anti-Catholicism; Joskowicz, The Modernity of Others.
- 28.
On British support for Italy see Beales, England and Italy 1859–1860. More generally Brown, Palmerston and the Politics of Foreign Policy 1846–55. On the anti-Catholic dimension see Lohrli, “The Madiai,” 29–50.
- 29.
Alessandro Grazi, “David Levi. A Child of the Nineteenth Century,” Quest. Issues in Contemporary Jewish History 8 (November 2015): http://www.quest-cdecjournal.it/focus.php?id=363
- 30.
Na’aman, “Jüdische Aspekte des deutschen Nationalvereins (1859–1867),” 285–308.
- 31.
On Fischhof’s see Reifowitz, Imagining an Austrian Nation, Chapter 2; Charmatz, Adolf Fischhof, also Kwan, Liberalism and the Habsburg Monarchy.
- 32.
Unger, Bunte Betrachtungen und Bemerkungen, 20.
- 33.
See Laqua, “Pacifism in Fin-de-Siècle Austria,” 199–224; Laqua, “Pacifism in Fin-de-Siècle Austria”; Harris, A Study in the Theory and Practice of German Liberalism, 31.
- 34.
Ignaz Kuranda, Leipzig, August 101,847, to Ludwig August Frankl, H.I.N.-98,696, Wienbibliothek.
- 35.
Adolphe Crémieux, Comité Central, Alliance Israélite Universelle, 1868, to Eduard Lasker, Member of the Chamber of Deputies, Berlin, National Library of Israel. My thanks to Andreas Pfuetzner for sharing this document.
- 36.
See his correspondence with Moritz Hartmann in the Wienbibliothek and his correspondence with Oppenheim, Ludwig Bamberger Nachlass N 2008, folders 155 and 156. On Bamberger see Koehler, Ludwig Bamberger and Zucker, Ludwig Bamberger. Zucker, “Ludwig Bamberger and the Rise of Anti-Semitism in Germany, 1848–1893,” 332–52.
- 37.
Ibid, 334.
- 38.
Namen-Verzeichniss sämmtlicher Mitglieder der Gesellschaft Hachnassath-Kallah.
- 39.
See Weir, Secularism and Religion in Nineteenth-Century Germany, 318, 227.
- 40.
Heinrich Bernhard Oppenheim, Berlin, October 6 to Ludwig Bamberger, Lieber Freund, N2008/156 (116) Photo 109, Bundesarchiv, Berlin.
- 41.
Berliner Rumänen Comité Protokolle 1872–1874 (Abschriften), P83 J26, Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People, Jerusalem (1872–1804). Thanks to Andreas Pfuetzner for sharing this document. See also Heinrich Oppenheim, Die Judenverfolgungen in Rumänien.
- 42.
Cited after Weir, Secularism and Religion, 228.
- 43.
Levi D’Ancona, “Paths of Jewish Integration, 244–5.
- 44.
Steinsdorfer, Die Liberale Reichspartei (LRP) von 1871, 223–6.
- 45.
Harris, Theory and Practice of German Liberalism, 14.
- 46.
Green, “Spirituality, Tradition and Gender,” 747–60.
- 47.
Notably in her autobiographical work, Fanny Lewald, Meine Lebensgeschichte, Volumes I-III.
- 48.
On Luzzatti see Capuzzo, “Luigi Luzzatti, gli Ebrie e gli Armeni,” in Ballini, ed., Luigi Luzzatti e la Grande Guerra, 189–226; on Samuel see Wasserstein, Herbert Samuel. On Strauss see Cohen, A Dual Heritage. On the persistence of this pattern in the twentieth century see Loeffler, “Nationalism Without a Nation?,” 367–98.
- 49.
For some initial reflections on this issue see Luisa Levi D’Ancona Modena “Baronnesses and Revolutionaries: the Activism of Foreign-born Jewish Women in Liberal Italy”, forthcoming in Journal of Modern Jewish Studies, November 2021.
- 50.
On Wolf see Levene, War, Jews and the New Europe. On Nathan see Feder, Politik und Humanität.
- 51.
Goldmark, Pilgrims of ‘48, engages very explicitly with this theme.
- 52.
Wolf, “The ‘Grenzboten’ Jubilee,” 51–3.
- 53.
Abramsky, “Lucien Wolf’s Efforts,” 283.
- 54.
Abramsky, “Lucien Wolf’s Efforts,” 282.
- 55.
Cited after Feder, Politik und Humanität, 63.
- 56.
Nathan, “Revolution, Reaktion, Anarchie,” 165–7.
- 57.
Manela, The Wilsonian Moment; Mazower, No Enchanted Palace.
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Green, A. (2020). 1848 and Beyond: Jews in the National and International Politics of Secularism and Revolution. In: Green, A., Levis Sullam, S. (eds) Jews, Liberalism, Antisemitism. Palgrave Critical Studies of Antisemitism and Racism. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48240-4_14
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