Abstract
Although security and safety can both be traced back to antiquity, security was only recognised as a serious problem in the 1980s. At that time safety had already an accepted set of methods and solutions. The ‘new’ problem of security was therefore initially treated as a variant of safety and treated analogously, the predominant approaches being security by design, by prevention and by protection. Security, however, differs significantly from safety both because security breaches are intentional rather than haphazard, and because the secondary effects are more serious than the primary. This chapter considers these differences and concludes that security is not something that can be managed by itself or in isolation. The challenge is instead to manage for security so that a system or an organisation remains secure.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was an early packet-switching network and the first network to implement the TCP/IP protocol suite.
- 2.
The BRRD is part of the EU laws that collectively govern the financial sector across the entire European Union.
References
CISA. (2019). National Critical Functions Overview. https://www.cisa.gov/national-critical-functions-overview. Accessed 20 Sep 2019.
ComputerSweden. (2019). 2.7 miljoner inspelade samtal till 1177 Vårdguiden helt oskyddade på internet. https://computersweden.idg.se/2.2683/1.714787/inspelade-samtal-1177-vardguiden-oskyddade-internet. Accessed 20 Sep 2019.
Corcoran, W. R., Finnicum, D. J., Hubbard, F. R., Musick, C. R., & Walzer, R. F. (1980). The operator’s role and safety functions (No. AECL—7056), 12(11), 290–305.
Corcoran, W. R., Porter, N. J., Church, J. F., Cross, M. T., & Guinn, W. M. (1981). The critical safety functions and plant operation. Nuclear Technology, 55(3), 690–712.
Hale, A., Kirwan, B., & Kjellen, U. (2007). Safe by design: Where are we now? Safety Science, 45(1–2), 305–327.
Hollnagel, E. (2014). Safety-I and safety-II: The past and future of safety management. Farnham, UK: Ashgate.
Hollnagel, E. (2018). To feel secure or to be secure, that is the question. In A. J. Masys (Ed.), Security by design. Innovative perspectives on complex problems (pp. 171–180). New York, US: Springer International Publishing AG.
Hollnagel, E., Woods, D. D., & Leveson, N. C. (Eds.). (2006). Resilience engineering: Concepts and precepts. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing Ltd.
Meijer, C. H. (1982, March). Computer-based operator support systems. In Third Corporate Technological Awareness Conference. Atlanta, GA.
Single Resolution Board. (2017). Critical functions. https://srb.europa.eu/en/content/critical-functions. Accessed 20 Sep 2019.
Spreafico, C., Russo, D., & Rizzi, C. (2017). A state-of-the-art review of FMEA/FMECA including patents. Computer Science Review, 25, 19–28.
Vivek, S. Yanni, D., Yunker, P. J., & Silverberg, J. L. (2019). Cyberphysical risks of hacked internet-connected vehicles. Physical Review E, 100(1). https://doi.org/10.1103/physreve.100.012316.
Weick, K. E. (1987). Organizational culture as a source of high reliability. California Management Review, 29(2), 112–127.
Westrum, R. (2006). A typology of resilience situations. In E. Hollnagel, D. D. Woods, & N. Leveson (Eds.), Resilience engineering: Concepts and precepts (pp. 55–65). Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing Ltd.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hollnagel, E. (2021). Managing for Security. In: Jacobs, G., Suojanen, I., Horton, K., Bayerl, P. (eds) International Security Management. Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42523-4_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42523-4_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-42522-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-42523-4
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)