Abstract
In this chapter, we aim to demonstrate how the trends, scales, and factors of long-term migration in the CIS countries have changed over time. After the collapse of the USSR, its territory became an arena of mass migrations, which were initially caused by economic and political shocks. In the late 1990s, significant economic and demographic differences between the region’s main donor and recipient countries became evident. A regional migration system has been formed and exists in the CIS, with the main center in Russia and a second center in Kazakhstan. Relations between the majority of other states that made up the former USSR are relatively weak. A year-long outflow of the Russian-speaking population from the states of Transcaucasia and Central Asia, as well as migration among the representatives of the titular nations of these countries to Russia and Kazakhstan have noticeably changed the population structure, both in donor and recipient countries. A significant part of the flow from the states of the European part of the CIS has been reoriented toward countries outside the former USSR.
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Notes
- 1.
This is a system of benefits for those who work in the far north and similar areas with severe climate.
- 2.
The high proportion of births of those born outside the USSR in Armenia is related to the fact that, in the 1950s and 1960s, the Armenians from other countries repatriated to their historic homeland.
- 3.
In 1991, the number of the Soviet Army servants amounted to 3,400,000 persons.
- 4.
In the USSR, the internal migration was limited by the existing system of registration (“propiska”) (Light 2016).
- 5.
At the end of 2013, a sharp decline in energy prices sharply reduced incomes of the population in Russia and other oil- and gas-producing countries (e.g., Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan).
- 6.
This was the final year the current statistics in Russia registered the ethnicity of a migrant.
- 7.
The censuses held in Azerbaijan (1999 and 2009), Georgia (2002), and Moldova (2004) did not cover the entire territory of these countries. The National Statistical Service of Azerbaijan does not receive data from Nagorny-Karabakh, Georgia’s statistics—from the territory of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. Armenian statisticians believe that the population of Armenia in the last Soviet census of 1989 was underestimated by about 160 thousand people. In the self-proclaimed Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, the census was conducted in 2004 and 2015.
- 8.
This estimate is obtained from population censuses adjusted for undercount. Registration gives a lower estimate of net migration (6.7 million). Estimates of net migration obtained from the census results are not distributed by the exit and entrance areas, as well as by the social and demographic characteristics of those participating in the resettlement.
- 9.
The migration of residents of Transnistria, of which departure and entry is not always reflected in the central register of the population of Moldova, is important. An attempt to register people who have been absent for more than a year on the basis of border control data does not always produce reliable results.
- 10.
Monitoring of the implementation of the State Program to Assist Voluntary Resettlement of Ethnic Russians Living Abroad in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (by quarters 2017–2018). Data provided by the Directorate General for Migration Issues (formerly—the Federal Migration Service) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia on request.
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Denisenko, M., Mkrtchyan, N., Chudinovskikh, O. (2020). Permanent Migration in the Post-Soviet Countries. In: Denisenko, M., Strozza, S., Light, M. (eds) Migration from the Newly Independent States. Societies and Political Orders in Transition. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36075-7_3
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