Abstract
This chapter presents the results of a research carried out in 2017 as part of the framework of a technical consultancy in ecotourism and ethnotourism in Indigenous lands through a Technical Cooperation Project between the Brazilian National Foundation for Indigenous Peoples (FUNAI) and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). The objectives of this research were to understand the Indigenous protagonism and collaboration frameworks done by multiple actors for tourism development in the Yanomami lands, located in the northernmost Amazonia, Roraima state. The concern was to examine the existing local synergies and cooperation, decision-making processes, as well as the public policies that deal with the implementation of tourism in Indigenous lands and its effects on their territory. The historical and current state of tourism activities in Yanomami lands were of attention. Methodologically, it was carried out extensive literature review and analysis of government documents and reports, as well as assessment of public policies. For primary data collection, semi-structured interviews were used as a way to reveal the role and participation of Yanomami Associations in tourism planning and territorial management. The chapter presents the advances of tourism activities as part of a process of ethnodevelopment in the Yanomami lands.
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Notes
- 1.
The Brazilian National Foundation for Indigenous Peoples (FUNAI) is the official indigenist organ of the Brazilian State. Created by Law No. 5,371, dated December 5, 1967; it is the coordinator and principal executor of the Brazilian Federal Government's indigenist policy. Its institutional mission is to protect and promote the rights of Indigenous peoples in Brazil (FUNAI 2018).
- 2.
The environmental agency that up to 2007 had the competence in the management of federal UCs in Brazil. It included the PARNA of Pico da Neblina. In 2007, the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio) was created with the purpose of assuming the management of the federal CUs. Nowadays the ICMBio is the federal organ that is responsible for the management of de PARNA of Pico da Neblina.
- 3.
Management document of the CUs foreseen and mandatory in the SNUC (Brasil, 2002).
- 4.
Federal organ created on 2007 to manage the federal CUs of Brazil.
- 5.
Council envisaged in the SNUC to enable participation in the management of the CU of organized civil society, public agencies and Indigenous and traditional populations of the surrounding area and/or overlapping areas (Brasil, 2002).
- 6.
Is the regional instance of planning, articulation, shared management and social control. It is also a space where Indigenous people, FUNAI and other Federal Government officials jointly plan FUNAI's actions in the region (in this case—in the Rio Negro region and its ILs), accompany its execution and evaluate the results of the indigenes policy—including PNGATI.
Management tool provided for in the PNGATI for Indigenous territorial and environmental management of ILs (Brasil, 2012). The Yanomami TI PGTA and the PARNA Pico da Neblina Management Plan are in the process of elaboration, presenting dialogs and agreements between the parties, including in relation to the tourism in Yaripo.
- 7.
The management tool provided in the PNGATI for Indigenous territorial and environmental management of ILs (Brasil, 2012). The Yanomami IL PGTA and the PARNA Pico da Neblina Management Plan are in the elaboration process, presenting dialogs and agreements between the parties, including in relation to Yaripo tourism.
- 8.
Project implemented during the period from 2010 to 2016 by the cooperation between FUNAI, Ministry of the Environment (MMA), Indigenous Organizations, Global Environment Facility (GEF), The Nature Conservancy (TNC) and United Nations Development Program (UNDP). The overall objective of the project was to strengthen Indigenous management practices, sustainable use and conservation of natural resources and social inclusion of Indigenous peoples, consolidating the ILs contribution as essential areas for the biological conservation and cultural diversity of the Brazilian forests (Oliveira, Modercin & Bezerra, 2016).
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de Oliveira, C.A.F., AYRCA, AMYK (2020). Ecotourism in the Yanomami Land: A Proposal for Territorial Management and Indigenous Ethnodevelopment. In: Leal Filho, W., King, V., Borges de Lima, I. (eds) Indigenous Amazonia, Regional Development and Territorial Dynamics. The Latin American Studies Book Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29153-2_6
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