Abstract
The chapter presents an analysis of the communication provision of the European Union’s (EU’s) anti-terrorist activities against the background of the growing threat of international terrorism. Tensions on the world stage and unresolved socioeconomic issues lead to the fact that terrorist organizations are turning to the rhetoric of social change in their propaganda. The case of the Islamic State (IS) shows an increasing opportunity for terrorists to use elements of strategic communication to achieve their political goals. In such circumstances, the very structure of counter-terrorist agencies, the content of strategic documents, and political and social factors that affect the nature of the measures taken determine the effectiveness of the communication provision for counter-terrorist activities no less than the use of propaganda or public relations.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
Terror , unlike terrorism , correlates more with state practice, but both have the aim of intimidation.
- 2.
Although far-left terrorist groups are condemned, Europol calls their agenda “anti-authoritarian .” The term “authoritarianism ” has a strong negative connotation that automatically gives additional legitimacy to the “anti-authoritarian ” fighters (see, for example, Council of the EU 2015, p. 9).
References
Aaron D (2008) In their own words: voices of Jihad – compilation and commentary. RAND Corporation, Santa Monica.
Al Qaeda (2000) The al Qaeda manual. U. S. Department of Justice. http://www.justice.gov/ag/manualpart1_1.pdf. Accessed 21 Apr 2019.
Al-Maqdisī AM (2012) Mein Herr! Das Gefängnis ist mir lieber als das, wozu sie mich aufrufen (My Lord! I prefer prison to what they call me). Millatu Ibrahim. http://millatu-ibrahim.com. Accessed 29 Mar 2013.
Almohammad A, Winter C (2019) From directorate of intelligence to directorate of everything: the Islamic State’s emergent amni-media nexus. J Perspectives on Terrorism 13(1):41–53.
Arbatova NK, Kokeev AM (eds) (2011) Evropejskij Sojuz i regional’nye konflikty (European Union and regional conflicts). National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.
Bailes AJK (2003) Trends and challenges in international security. In: SIPRI yearbook 2003: armaments, disarmament and international security. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Bakker E (2006) Jihadi terrorists in Europe: their characteristics and the circumstances in which they joined the jihad: an exploratory study. Clingendael Institute, The Hague.
Bazarkina DY (2013) Modeli obshhestvennyh preobrazovanij glazami terroristov: revoljucija ili reakcija? Popytka komparativnogo analiza na opyte ES (Models of social transformation through the eyes of terrorists: revolution or reaction? Attempt of comparative analysis on the EU experience). J Gosudarstvennoe upravlenie. Elektronnyj vestnik (Public administration. Electronic Bulletin) 41:198–217.
Bazarkina DY (2016) Rol’ kommunikacii v formirovanii fenomena sovremennogo terrorizma (The role of communication in the formation of the phenomenon of contemporary terrorism). J Informacionnye Vojny (Information Warfare) 2(38):65–70.
Bazarkina DY (2017) Rol’ kommunikacionnogo obespechenija v antiterroristicheskoj dejatel’nosti Evropejskogo Sojuza (The Role of the Communication Provision in the EU Antiterrorist Activity). DSc Thesis. Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences (IERAS), Moscow.
BBC (2005) Harry says sorry for Nazi costume: Prince Harry has apologised for wearing a swastika armband to a friend’s fancy dress party. BBC News. 13 Jan. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4170083.stm. Accessed 22 Apr 2019.
Belov VB (ed) (2009) Germanija. Vyzovy XXI veka (Germany: Challenges of the twenty-first century). Ves’ Mir, Moscow.
Berwick A (2011) 2083: A European declaration of independence. http://www.kevinislaughter.com/wp-content/uploads/2083+-+A+European+Declaration+of+Independence.pdf. Accessed 3 Mar 2019.
Bin Laden O (1996) Declaration of war against the Americans occupying the land of the two holy places. PBS News Hour. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/internatio-nal/fatwa_1996.html. Accessed 29 Mar 2013.
Bin Laden O (2004) Osama Bin Laden’s latest message. Middle East Web Log. http://www.mideastweb.org/log/archives/00000155.htm. Accessed 3 Mar 2019.
Blood & Honour (2012) United Europe. J Blood and Honour. The Independent Voice of Rock against Communism 44:3.
Blood & Honour (2016) Magazines. Blood & Honour – Great Britain. http://www.bloodandhonourworldwide.co.uk/home1.html. Accessed 3 Mar 2016.
Bockstette C (2008) Jihadist terrorist use of strategic communication management techniques. The Marshall Center Occasional Paper Series, vol 20. The Marshall Center, Garmisch-Partenkirchen.
Brandon J (2008). Virtual caliphate: Islamic extremists and their websites. Centre for Social Cohesion, London.
Brewer J (2010) A practitioner’s guide to political frames. Cognitive Policy Works. http://www.cognitivepolicyworks.com/blog/2010/06/29/a-practitioners-guide/. Accessed 30 Nov 2015.
Cantlie J (2015). Paradigm shift. Part 2. J Dabiq 12:47–50.
Coombs WT, Holladay SJ (eds) (2010) The handbook of crisis communication. Wiley-Blackwell, Southern Gate.
Council of Europe (2005) Council of Europe convention on the prevention of terrorism. CETS No.196, 16 May. Council of Europe, Warsaw.
Council of the EU (2002) Council framework decision of 13.06.2002 on combating terrorism (2002/475/JHA) (OJ L 164, 22.6.2002, p. 3). Council of the EU, Brussels.
Council of the EU (2005) The European Union counter-terrorism strategy. 30 Nov. Council of the EU, Brussels.
Council of the EU (2008) Council framework decision 2008/919/JHA of 28.11.2008. L 330. 09.12.2008. Council of the EU, Brussels.
Council of the EU (2009) EU counter-terrorism strategy – discussion paper. 26 Nov. Council of the EU, Brussels.
Council of the EU (2010) EU counter-terrorism strategy – discussion paper. 10 May. Council of the EU, Brussels.
Council of the EU (2011) EU action plan on combating terrorism. 17 Jan. 15893/1/10 REV 1. Council of the EU, Brussels.
Council of the EU (2014) Revised EU strategy for combating radicalisation and recruitment to terrorism. 19 May (OR. en) 9956/14. Council of the EU, Brussels.
Council of the EU (2015) EU action plan on human rights and democracy. General Secretariat of the Council of the EU, Brussels.
Council of the EU (2016) Council decision (CFSP) 2016/1136 of 12.07.2016 updating the list of persons, groups and entities subject to Articles 2, 3 and 4 of common position 2001/931/CFSP on the application of specific measures to combat terrorism, and repealing decision (CFSP) 2015/2430. Council of the EU, Brussels.
Crelinsten R (2009) Counterterrorism. Polity Press, Cambridge.
Crenshaw M (2011) Explaining terrorism: causes, processes and consequences. Routledge, New York.
Cuesta U, Canel MJ, Gurrionero MG (eds) (2012) Comunicación y terrorismo (Communication and terrorism). Technos, Madrid.
Devoic B (2012) The post-9/11 European Union counterterrorism response: legal-institutional framework. Thesis. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California.
Djorič M (2019) ISIS propaganda – Serbia case study. Paper presented at the 5th international conference “Transformation of international relations in the twenty-first century: challenges and prospects” (TIR 5), Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 26 April 2019.
Dodd V (2009) Britain: government anti-terrorism strategy ‘spies’ on innocent: data on politics, sexual activity and religion gathered by UK government. Global Research. https://www.globalresearch.ca/britain-government-anti-terrorism-strategy-spies-on-innocent/15722. Accessed 22 Apr 2019.
Dodd V (2011) “They asked me to be a spy, to keep an eye on the Muslim community in Edinburgh”. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/may/23/terrorism-act-muslim. Accessed 22 Apr 2019.
Echevarria AJ, II (2008) Wars of ideas and the war of ideas. Strategic Studies Institute, Carlisle, PA.
Eurojust (2007) Secure Communication link Eurojust – Europol. http://www.eurojust.europa.eu/press/pressreleases/pages/2007/2007-06-07.aspx. Accessed 3 Mar 2019.
European Commission (2015) Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. The European agenda on security. Strasbourg, 28 Apr. COM (2015) 185 final.
Europol (2007–2018) EU terrorism situation and trend report (TE-SAT) 2007–2018. Europol, The Hague.
Europol (2018) Internet organized crime threat assessment (IOCTA) 2018. Europol, The Hague.
Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (2008) Der Medienjihad der Islamisten. Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, Berlin.
Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (2010) Zerrbilder von Islam und Demokratie. Argumente gegen extremistische Interpretationen von Islam und Demokratie. Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, Berlin.
Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (2019a) Glossar: terrorismus (Glossary: terrorism). Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution). https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/de/service/glossar/_lT. Accessed 21 Apr 2019.
Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (2019b) What is left-wing extremism? Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution). http://www.verfassungsschutz.de/en/en_fields_of_work/leftwing_extremism/. Accessed 3 Mar 2019.
Federal Republic of Germany (2019) Strafgesetzbuch Deutschlands 7. Abschnitt: Straftaten gegen die öffentliche Ordnung §129a: Bildung terroristischer Vereinigungen (Criminal Code of the Federal Republic of Germany. Section 7: Offences Against Public Policy. §129a: Formation of Terrorist Organizations). Dejure. https://dejure.org/gesetze/StGB. Accessed 21 Apr 2019.
Federal Security Service of Russian Federation (2019) Edinyj federal’nyj spisok organizacij, v tom chisle inostrannyh i mezhdunarodnyh organizacij, priznannyh v sootvetstvii s zakonodatel’stvom Rossijskoj Federacii terroristicheskimi (Unified federal list of organizations, including foreign and international organizations recognized as terrorist in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation). Federal Security Service of Russian Federation. http://www.fsb.ru/fsb/npd/. Accessed 21 Apr 2019.
Flanagan R (ed) (2019) Understanding the war on terror: perspectives, challenges and issues. Nova Science Publishers, New York.
Ganor B (2019) Artificial or human: a new era of counterterrorism intelligence? J Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2019.1568815.
Gardham В (2011) MI6 attacks al-Qaeda in “Operation Cupcake”. The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/8553366/MI6-attacks-al-Qaeda-in-Operation-Cupcake.html. Accessed 3 Mar 2019.
Garev AV (2010) Informacionnye ugrozy sovremennogo mezhdunarodnogo terrorizma (Information threats of contemporary international terrorism). Institute of Africa, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.
Government of the United Kingdom (2011) CONTEST: The United Kingdom’s strategy for countering terrorism. Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for the Home Department by Command of Her Majesty, July 2011. http://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/97995/strategy-contest.pdf. Accessed 3 Mar 2019.
Grinevskiy OA, Gromyko AA (eds) (2009) Problemy jekstremizma i terrorizma v Evrope: prichiny i sledstvija (Problems of extremism and terrorism in Europe: causes and consequences). Reports of the Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences (IERAS), vol 239. Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences (IERAS), Moscow.
Gromoglasova ES (2010) Nadnacional’nyj i setevoj principy v Evropejskom Sojuze (Supranational and network principles in the European Union). J Mezhdunarodnye Processy (International Processes) 8(23):74–79.
Gromyko AA (ed) (2013) Bol’shaja Evropa v global’nom mire: novye vyzovy – novye reshenija (Greater Europe in the global world: new challenges – new solutions). Reports of the Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences (IERAS), vol 292. Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences (IERAS), Moscow.
Gromyko AA, Ananyeva EV (eds) (2014) Dilemmy Britanii. Poisk putej razvitija (Britain’s Dilemmas. Search for ways of development). Ves’ Mir, Moscow.
Haslerud G, Tranøy BS (2005) Fighting terrorist finance–issues, impacts and challenges. Forsvarets Forskningsinstitutt (Norwegian Defence Research Establishment), Kjeller.
Informal Anarchist Federation (2004) Premier communiqué de la FAI (Janvier 2004) (First FAI news release, Jan 2004). In: Agence Presse Associative (APA). http://apa.online.free.fr/article.php3?id_artic-le=243. Accessed 3 Mar 2019.
Informal Anarchist Federation (2010) Le principali azioni firmate FAI, Federazione Anarchica Informale. In: ANSA.it. http://www.ansa.it/web/notizie/rubriche/associata/2010/03/27/visualizza_new.html_1737582394.html. Accessed 3 Mar 2019.
Johnson P (2015) Charlie Hebdo attacks: Anti-Islam parties are now on the march across Europe. Religion should be able to cope with being satirized. The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11330287/Charlie-Hebdo-attacks-Anti-Islam-parties-are-now-on-the-march-across-Europe.html. Accessed 3 Mar 2019.
Jordans F (2015) Charlie Hebdo attack raises fears of more support for Europe’s right. The World Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/08/europe-right-wing_n_6435660.html?utm_hp_ref=world. Accessed 13 Mar 2016.
Kargalova MV (ed) (2011) Social’naja Evropa v XXI veke (Social Europe in the twenty-first century). Ves’ Mir, Moscow.
Karni AH (2005) Chto takoe politicheskij Islam? Slovo v pol’zu novoj klassifikacii (What is political Islam? A word in favor of the new classification). In: OSCE yearbook 2003. MGIMO University, Moscow.
Koraeus M (2008) Who knows? The use of knowledge management in crisis. Crismart, Elanders – Vällingby.
Lasswell HD (2007) The structure and function of communication in society. J Iletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi (Communication Theory Research Journal) 24:215–228.
McKinley M (2012) Filtering IR: what students should be taught at university and why it won’t be–the case of international terrorism. Paper presented at the CEEISA 9th convention, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 21 Sep 2012.
Melvin NJ (2006) Islam, conflict and terrorism. In: SIPRI yearbook 2006: armaments, disarmament and international security. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Militante Gruppe (2002) Für einen revolutionären Aufbauprozess – Für eine militante Plattform (For a revolutionary construction process – for a militant platform). Interim. №550. http://mirror.so36.net/home.arcor.de/dokumentationX/texte/beitraege_20020415_plattform.html. Accessed 3 Mar 2019.
Militante Gruppe (2007) Anschlagserklärung 18. Mai 2007 (Declaration of intent 18. May 2007). Interim. http://mirror.so36.net/home.arcor.de/dokumentationX/texte/erklaerung_20070518_razzia.html. Accessed 3 Mar 2019.
Musawi MA (2010) Cheering for Osama: how jihadists use Internet discussion forums. Quilliam Foundation, London.
Nacos BL (2002) Mass-mediated terrorism: the central role of the media in terrorism and counterterrorism. Rowman & Littlefield, New York.
Napoleoni L (2003) Modern jihad: tracing the dollars behind the terror networks. Pluto Press, London.
Napoleoni L (2017) ISIS: the terror nation. Seven Stories, New York.
National Anti-Criminal and Antiterrorist Foundation (2010) Nezakonnyj oborot narkotikov – ugroza nacional’noj bezopasnosti (Drug trafficking as a threat to national security). National Anti-Criminal and Antiterrorist Foundation, Moscow.
Nechiporenko OM (2008) Izbytochnaja informacija o terroristicheskih ugrozah kak jelement naprjazhennosti v obshhestve (Excessive information about terrorist threats as an element of tension in society). In: Instituty grazhdanskogo obshhestva protiv globalizacii prestupnosti i terrorizma: sbornik statej (Civil society institutions against the globalization of crime and terrorism: collected papers). National Anti-Criminal and Anti-Terrorist Foundation, Moscow.
Office of the Press Secretary (2001) Remarks by the President upon arrival: the south lawn. White House, President George W. Bush. https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010916-2.html. Accessed 21 Apr 2019.
OSCE (2001) The Bucharest plan of action for combating terrorism. In: OSCE. https://www.osce.org/atu/42524. Accessed 21 Apr 2019.
Pantserev KA (2011) Informacionnaja politika stran Tropicheskoj Afriki v uslovijah globalizacii mirovogo porjadka (Information policy in the countries of tropical Africa in the context of globalization of the world order). DSc Thesis Summary. Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg.
Pashentsev EN (2012) Kommunikacionnyj menedzhment i strategicheskaja kommunikacija (Communication management and strategic communication). ICSPSC, Moscow.
Pashentsev EN (2016a) Prognosticheskoe oruzhie i bor’ba s terrorizmom (Prognostic weapons and counter-terrorism). J Protivodejstvie terrorizmu. Problemy XXI veka (Counter-terrorism: challenges of the twenty-first century) 2:9–13.
Pashentsev EN (2016b) Strategicheskaja kommunikacija BRIKS i ugrozy primenenija prognosticheskogo oruzhija (BRICS strategic communication and the threat of use of prognostic weapons). J Strategicheskaja stabil’nost’ (Strategic Stability) 2:34–38.
Patriot Act (2019) US Code Title 18, Part I, Chapter 113b: Terrorism, §2331: Definitions.
Petrenko AI (2012) Osobennosti informacionno-psihologicheskogo vozdejstvija v processe provedenija operacij informacionno-psihologicheskih vojn (Peculiarities of psychological influence during the operations of psychological warfare). In: Mir I politika (Peace and politics). http://mir-politika.ru/1535-osobennosti-informacionno-psihologicheskogo-vozdeystviya-v-processe-provedeniya-operaciy-informacionno-psihologicheskih-voyn.html. Accessed 27 Aug 2014.
Potemkina OY (2011) Prostranstvo svobody, bezopasnosti i pravosudija Evropejskogo Sojuza (Area of freedom, security and justice of the European Union). Grif & Co, Moscow.
Potemkina OY (2013) Supranational and intergovernmental methods of integration in the area of freedom, security and justice of the European Union. DSc Thesis. Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences (IERAS), Moscow.
Potemkina OY (ed) (2012) Evropejskij Sojuz v XXI veke: vremja ispytanij (The European Union in the twenty-first century: a time of trial). Ves’ Mir, Moscow.
Ramalingam V (2014) Old threat, new approach: tackling the far right across Europe. Guide for policy makers. Institute for Strategic Dialogue, European Commission – Directorate-General Home Affairs, Brussels.
Rotfeld AD (2002) Global security after 11 September 2001. In: SIPRI yearbook 2002: armaments, disarmament and international security. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Russian Federation (2006) Federal Law No. 35-FZ of March 6, 2006 “On Counteraction to Terrorism” (amended by the Federal Law No. 505-FZ of December 31, 2014). Adopted by the State Duma on February 26, 2006. Approved by the Council of the Federation on March 1, 2006.
Sageman M (2004) Understanding terrorist networks. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, PA.
Savorskaya EV (2014) Rol’ politicheskih setej v ES (The role of political networks in the EU). J Mirovoe Razvitie (World Development) 12:81–90.
Sergeev VM, Alexeenkova ES (eds) (2011) Novoe prostranstvo mirovoj politiki: vzgljad iz SShA (A new space of world politics: a view from the USA). MGIMO University, Moscow.
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (2009) Convention of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Against Terrorism. http://eng.sectsco.org/documents/. Accessed 21 Apr 2019.
Silke A (ed) (2011) The psychology of counter-terrorism. Routledge, London.
Simons G (2010) Mass media and modern warfare. Ashgate, Farnham.
Sköns E (2005) Financing security in a global context. In: SIPRI yearbook 2005: armaments, disarmament and international security. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Slaughter A-M (2004) A new world order. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Smirnov AI, Kokhtyulina IN (2012) Global’naja bezopasnost’ i «mjagkaja sila 2.0»: vyzovy i vozmozhnosti dlja Rossii (Global security and soft power 2.0: challenges and opportunities for Russia). VNIIgeosistem, Moscow.
Steinacker G (2005) Rol’ OBSE kak regional’noj organizacii po bezopasnosti v bor’be s mezhdunarodnym terrorizmom (The role of the OSCE as a regional security organization in countering international terrorism). In: OSCE yearbook 2003. MGIMO University, Moscow.
Stepanova EA (2010) Terrorism in asymmetrical conflict at local-regional and global levels: ideological and organizational aspects. Summary of the DSc Thesis. Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.
Stokes B, Wike R, Poushter J (2016) Europeans face the world divided. Pew Global Research. http://www.pewglobal.org/2016/06/13/europeans-see-isis-climate-change-as-most-serious-threats. Accessed 3 Mar 2019.
Stone D (2008) Global public policy, transnational policy communities, and their networks. The Policy Studies J 36(1):19–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2007.00251.x.
Strezhneva MV (2008) “Transpravitel’stvennye seti” v ES (“Trans-governmental networks” in the EU). J Mezhdunarodnye Processy (International Processes) 6(1/16):122–134.
Sundiev IY, Smirnov AA, Kostin VN (2014) Novoe kachestvo terroristicheskoj propagandy: mediaimperija IGIL (New quality of terrorist propaganda: ISIS media empire). S. P. Kurdyumov website. http://spkurdyumov.ru/biology/novoe-kachestvo-terroristicheskoj-propagandy-mediaimperiya-igil/. Accessed 3 Mar 2019.
Tregubova E (2014) Posobniki terrorizma (Accomplices of terrorism: who buys oil from ISIS militants?). Argumenty i Fakty (Arguments and Facts). http://www.aif.ru/money/economy/1372353. Accessed 22 Apr 2019.
Tsvetkova NA, Yarygin GO (2013) Politizacija “cifrovoj diplomatii”: publichnaja diplomatija Germanii, Irana, SShA i Rossii v social’nyh setjah (Politicization of digital diplomacy in Germany, Iran, USA and Russia). J Vestnik (Herald) of Saint Petersburg University. Series 6: Philosophy, Cultural Studies, Political Science, Law, International Relations 1:119–124.
UK. Terrorism Act 2000. Government of the United Kingdom, London.
US Military Academy (2006) Harmony and disharmony: exploiting al-Qa’ida’s organizational vulnerabilities. US Military Academy, West Point, NY.
Vice News (2014) The Islamic State (full length). Vice News on YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AUjHb4C7b94. Accessed 3 Mar 2019.
Vinogradova EA (2015) Rol’ strategicheskoj kommunikacii vo vneshnej politike ALBA (na primere otnoshenij so stranami ES) (The role of strategic communication in the foreign policy of ALBA (on the example of relations with EU member states)). PhD Thesis. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow.
Vinogradova SM (2017) Strategicheskaja kommunikacija i takticheskie media: opponenty ili poputchiki? (Strategic communication and tactical media: opponents or fellow travelers?). J Sovremennaja periodicheskaja pechat’ v kontekste kommunikativnyh processov (Contemporary Periodicals in the Context of Communication Processes) 2(11):44–49.
Vinogradova SM, Ruschin DA (2015) Politicheskie tehnologii i publichnaja diplomatija v rossijskom politicheskom marketinge (Political technologies and public diplomacy in Russian political marketing). In: Subetto A (ed) Noosfernoe obrazovanie v evrazijskom prostranstve (Noospheric education in Eurasia), vol 5. Asterion, Saint Petersburg, pp 412–418.
Voronkov LS (2013) O mnogoobrazii integracionnyh processov v Evrope (On the diversity of integration processes in Europe). J Vestnik MGIMO-Universiteta (MGIMO Review of International Relations) 4:98–105.
Weimann G (2006) Terror on the Internet: the new arena, the new challenges. US Institute of Peace Press, Washington, DC.
Winter C (2019) Making sense of Jihadi Stratcom: the case of the Islamic State. J Perspectives on Terrorism 13(1):54–62.
Wolska-Liśkiewicz E (2016) Strategic communication of DAESH. Paper for the conference “Contemporary System of Combating Terrorism in Poland and the World.” Hotel Presidential in Rzeszow, Poland, May 18–20. Blueprint.
Wood G (2017) The way of the strangers: encounters with the Islamic State. Allen Lane, UK.
Zaman A (2008) Reputacionnyj risk (Reputational risk). Olympus-Business, Moscow.
Zhurkin VV (2005) Evrosojuz v XXI veke: evropejskaja politika bezopasnosti i oborony (European Union in the twenty-first century: European security and defence policy). Reports of the Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences (IERAS), vol 170. Institute of Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences (IERAS), Moscow.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bazarkina, D. (2020). Counter-Terrorism as Part of Strategic Communication: The EU’s Experience and Possibilities for Russia. In: Pashentsev, E. (eds) Strategic Communication in EU-Russia Relations . Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27253-1_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27253-1_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-27252-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-27253-1
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)