Abstract
This chapter examines the creation and maintenance of Chile’s maternalistic social state as seen from the lens of the implementation of its state milk program, one of the key features of Chile’s maternalistic architecture. This chapter will add to this literature by examining and reflecting on the mechanisms that contribute to the resilience of maternalism. It examines the paternalistic origins of these programs, which were put in place by progressive and conservative, democratic and authoritarian governments. There is an analysis of the way the defense of the program has also been spearheaded by forces of different political coalitions. The chapter concludes by categorizing Chile as a case of “persistent maternalism” within the recent discussions and typologies in the global and regional welfare literature.
Special thanks to Alejandra Ramm for inviting me to participate (and shake off my postpartum fog) in the 2014 conference she organized and for sticking with this project throughout these years. Thanks also to Jasmine Gideon and Isabel Castillo for their insightful suggestions.
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Notes
- 1.
- 2.
- 3.
See Molyneux (2007: 5).
- 4.
See Illanes (2007).
- 5.
See Molina Bustos (2006).
- 6.
Milk bars were initiatives aligned with temperance movements and also implemented in other countries. For more on these, see: Valenze (2011).
- 7.
Press conference Feb 8 1972, Available at https://www.marxists.org/espanol/allende/1972/febrero08.htm, Accessed October 11 2016.
- 8.
Interview Dr. Fernando Mönckeberg Barros, CONIN offices Santiago: November 17th 2011.
- 9.
Ministry of Health Nutritionist #1. September 26–27 2011.
- 10.
Expert Interview 3, Nutritionist Caritas/Minsal, December 27 2011.
- 11.
Interview: September 27th, 2011.
- 12.
Recoleta clinic worker interview #1, October 18th 2011.
- 13.
Expert Interview 3, Nutritionist Caritas/Minsal, December 27 2011.
- 14.
Expert Interview 3, Nutritionist Caritas/Minsal, December 27 2011.
- 15.
Recoleta Family Interview #1: November 7th, 2011.
- 16.
Macul family interview 6, 14 December 2011.
- 17.
Interview October 14th 2011.
- 18.
- 19.
Sister Karoline Meyer, Author Interview. Santiago: February 5th 2013.
- 20.
For example, a hunger strike at the Danish embassy was staged by the children of political prisoners (Rojas Flores 2010: 698–706).
- 21.
Infante Barros, Dr. Antonio (2011), Subsecretary of Health (2002–2005), Author Interview. Santiago: 20 December 2011.
- 22.
Cecilia Castillo (2012). Author Interview. Santiago: January 6.
- 23.
Interview December 29, 2011, Ex -Senate.
- 24.
Cecilia Castillo (2012). Author Interview. Santiago: January 6.
- 25.
Torche presents a more nuanced view, analyzing the program not only insofar as a caloric supplement but its overall impact, and speaking about the difficulties of making a clear assessment of the program’s continued utility (2003).
- 26.
Interview January 6th, 2012, Santiago.
- 27.
Dr. Riumalló was harshly critiqued by his colleagues (public health specialists who had been against the dictatorship) for leaking information about scheduled cutbacks to the press and according to Dr. Jiménez de la Jara, because of this died isolated. Interview July 26th, 2013, School of Public Health Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.
- 28.
“Gobierno deja de dar leche a niños de 4 a 6 años.” La Segunda, December 18th, 2002.
“Decisión gubermental: Expertos en nutrición polemizan por recorte a entrega de leche para niños”, Victor Hugo Durán, El Mercurio, December 19th 2002.
“Medida Afectará a Casi 200 Mil Menores: Critican fuerte recorte de leche a niños.”Ana María Morales, La Tercera, December 19th 2002.
“Ministerio de Salud dice que no se justifica la entrega de leche a niños mayores”, La Segunda, December 19th 2002.
“Pediatras se suman a las críticas: Estudio del gobierno está ‘obsoleto’”, La Segunda, December 19th 2002.
“Mala Leche: La filtración del proyecto que terminaba la entrega de leche a menores de 4 a 6 años terminó convirtiéndose en una tormenta en un vaso de leche.”, La Nación, December 20th 2002.
“Polémica por supuesta suspensión de leche a menores de entre 4 y 6 años. La historia de cómo se cortó la leche.”, E. Araya/P. Valenzuela, La Nación, December 20th, 2002.
“Ahora Artaza anunció investigación para aclarar “error comunicacional” de la leche”, La Segunda, December 20th 2012.
¡Ningún niño se va a quedar sin leche! Las Últimas Noticias, December 20th 2002.
“Ministerio de Salud tuvo que poner reversa en polémico anuncio: Lagos golpea la mesa: no se quitará la leche a los niños.” Luciana Lechuga, Las Útimas Noticias, December 20th 2002.
“Instructivos inéditos: Documentos complican la versión de Salud sobre el recorte de la leche,” Victor Hugo Durán, El Mercurio, December 21st, 2002.
“Por Recortes en Entrega de Leche a Menores: Artaza asume culpa tras severa reprimenda del Presidente Lagos”, Ana María Morales, La Tercera, December 21st 2002.
“Sumario en salud por filtración de documentos: Artaza llora la leche derramada,” Ermy Arraya M, La Nación, December 21st 2002.
“Diputado Accorsi pidió que empiecen a rodar las cabezas: Indignación de Lagos obliga a Artaza a iniciar sumario por recorte de leche,” M Lopez/G Muñoz, Las Útimas Noticias, December 21st 2002.
“Decisión de Recortar la Entrega de Leche en Consultorios Generó Gran Polémica: Los entretelones de la medida que provocó el enojo de Lagos.” Ana María Morales/Lorena Letelier, La Tercera, December 22nd 2012.
“Gobierno hizo retroceder a Salud: El recorte de leche tenía fecha de vencimiento,” Victor Hugo Durán/Cecilia, La Tercera, December 24th 2002.
“Instructivo se mandó a los 28 Servicios de Salud, Además a los Seremis: Gobierno envía a última hora oficio para frenar recorte de leche a niños.” Ana María Morales, La Tercera, December 24th 2002.
- 29.
“Decisión gubermental: Expertos en nutrición polemizan por recorte a entrega de leche para niños”, Victor Hugo Durán, El Mercurio, December 19th 2002.
- 30.
¡Ningún niño se va a quedar sin leche! Las Últimas Noticias, December 20th 2002.
- 31.
Skype Interview: July 23 2013.
- 32.
Interviewed August 8th 2013, Fundación Democracia y Desarrollo, Santiago.
- 33.
Interview July 22nd, 2013. Café Literario, Santiago, Chile.
- 34.
Skype Interview, July 23 2013.
- 35.
Interview July 22nd, 2013. Café Literario, Santiago, Chile.
- 36.
“Ministro de Salud fuertemente criticado por sus dichos: El Presidente Lagos advirtió que Pedro García lo “pudo haber dicho mejor”, al aludir a las vacas como las responsables de la eventual falta de leche que afecta los consultorios del país.” El Mercurio, June 12th 2003.
- 37.
Interview July 22nd, 2013. Café Literario, Santiago, Chile.
- 38.
Interview December 20th 2011.
- 39.
Departamento Nutrición y Alimentos/División Políticas Públicas, Minsal, August 10 2016.
- 40.
Twitters concentrated under the hashtags “#minsalsinnegocio” and “minsalsinrelleno”.
- 41.
Selected blogs include:
“La cosaesseria #minsalsinnegocio”, Leslie Power; Blog Post, July 25 2016; https://revoluciondelamor.wordpress.com/2016/07/25/esto-es-grave-minsasinnegocio/.
En defensa de la Lactancia Materna; José Luis Contrera; July 30 2016; Blog: www.alimentosysalud.cl; http://medicinafamiliarchile.blogspot.cl/2016/07/en-defensa-de-la-lactancia-materna.html?spref=tw.
- 42.
“Minsal entrega leche tarro (Nutrilon) descuidando lactancia”; El Quinto Poder, July 7 2016; http://www.elquintopoder.cl/salud/alerta-minsal-entrega-leche-tarro-nutrilon-descuidando-lactancia/.
“¿Cuida el Ministerio de Salud de Chile la lactancia materna?”, Dra Cecilia Castillo; Columna de Opinion; CIPER Chile, July 14 2016; http://ciperchile.cl/2016/07/14/cuida-el-ministerio-de-salud-de-chile-la-lactancia-materna/.
“Piloto de Salud para entregar fórmulas lácteas a recién nacidos genera debate entre expertos”, Nadia Cabello; Nacional; El Mercurio, July 17 2016.
“Exfuncionaria del Minsal cuestiona entrega de suplemento alimenticio en La Araucanía”; Diego Vera, Amparo Montoya, Radio BíoBío, August 5 2016, http://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/2014/10/29/minsal-reducira-entrega-de-leche-purita-y-evalua-entrega-especial-para-lactantes-y-ninos-alergicos.shtml.
“La batalla de la leche”; Mónica Stipicic, La Tercera, August 13 2016.
“Despilfarro de recursos públicos: Subsecretaría de Salud debe devolver $422 millones por compra excesiva de leches.” El Mostrador. October 14, 2017.
“Piden renuncia del subsecretario de Salud por compras excesivas de leche”. Nadia Cabello y Manuel Valencia. El Mercurio. October 15, 2017.
- 43.
Alejandra Ramm presents similar thoughts on new strains of maternalism in a TV interview. “Maternidad Política”, El Interruptor, Dec 19 2016.
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Goldsmith Weil, J. (2020). Constructing Maternalism from Paternalism: The Case of State Milk Programs. In: Ramm, A., Gideon, J. (eds) Motherhood, Social Policies and Women's Activism in Latin America. Studies of the Americas. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21402-9_4
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