Abstract
Rough rice, or paddy, consists of a white starchy endosperm kernel surrounded by a tightly adhering bran coat, an adhering germ with the total enclosed within a loose outer hull or husk. All rice is milled before consumption, producing hull, bran, germ, and white rice. Although a small amount of rice is consumed as brown rice, which still contains the bran and germ, white rice is the principal food staple of over 2.5 billion people worldwide.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aizono, Y., Funatsu, M., Fujiki, Y., and Watanabe, M. 1976. Purification and characterization of rice bran lipase. Agric. Biol. Chem. 40(2): 317–324.
Aoe, S., Ohta, F., and Ayano, Y. 1989. Effect of rice bran hemicellulose on cholesterol metabolism in rats. Nippon Eiyoshokuryo Gakkaishi 42: 55.
Baldi, G., Fossati, G., and Fantone. 1976. Rice by-products II. Protein soluble fraction and amino acid composition. Riso 25(4): 347–356 (in Italian).
Barber, S., and Benedito de Barber, C. 1980. Rice bran: Chemistry and technology. In Rice: Production and Utilization, edited by B. S. Luh. Westport, CT: AVI, pp. 790–862.
Barber, S., and Benedito de Barber, C. 1985a. Rice Bran: An Underutilized Raw Material. United Nation Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) Publication E, 84. II. B.3.
Barber, S., and Benedito de Barber, C. 1985b. Chemical and biological data of rice proteins for nutrition and feeding. Proc. Int. Assoc. Cereal Chem. Symp. Amino Acid Compn. and Biol. Value of Cereal Proteins. Budapest, Hungary, 1983, edited by R. Lasztity, M. Hidvegi pp. 481-496. D. Reidel Pub. Co.
Barber, S., and Maquieira, A. 1977. Rice bran proteins I. Extractability of proteins from raw and heat-stabilized bran. Rev. Agroquim. Tecnol. Aliment. 17(2): 209–222 (in Spanish; English Summary).
Barber, S., Navarro, L., and Tortosa, E. 1972a. Histology of rice embryo. Rev. Agroquim. Tecnol. Aliment. 12(2): 232–255 (in Spanish).
Barber, S., Navarro, L., and Tortosa, E. 1972b. Histochemistry of the rice embryo. I. Carbohydrates. Rev. Agroquim. Tecnol. Aliment. Technol. 12(4): 597–608. (in Spanish; English summary).
Barber, S., Navarro, L., and Tortosa, E. 1976. Histochemistry of the rice embryo. II. Lipids, proteins, amino acids and minerals. Rev. Agroquim. Technol. Aliment. 16(4): 516–530 (in Spanish).
Barber, S., Benedito de Barber, C., Flores, M. J., and Montes, J. J. 1978. Toxic constituents of rice bran. I. Trypsin inhibitor activity of raw and heat-treated bran. Rev. Agroquim. Tecnol. Aliment. 18(1): 80–88. (in Spanish; English summary).
Barber, S. et al. 1977a. Process for the stabilization of rice bran. I. Basic research studies. In Proceedings of Rice By-product Utilization, International Conference, 1974, Valencia, Spain. Vol. II. Rice By-Products Preservation, edited by S. Barber and E. Tortosa. Valencia: Institute for Agricultural Chemistry and Food Technology.
Barber, S. et al. 1977b. High protein flours from rice bran by wet fractionation process. In Proceedings of Rice By-Products Utilization, International Conference, 1974, Valencia, Spain. Vol. IV. Rice Bran Utilization: Food and Feed, edited by S. Barber and E. Tortosa. Valencia: Institute for Agricultural Chemistry and Food Technology.
Barber, S., Benedito de Barber, C., and Martinez, J. 1981. Rice bran proteins. II. Potential value of rice bran fractions as protein food ingredients. Rev. Agroquim. Tecnol. Aliment. 21(2): 247–258.
Benedito de Barber, C., and Barber, S. 1978. Toxic constituents of rice bran. II. Hemagglutinating activity of raw and heat-treated bran. Rev. Agroquim. Tecnol. Aliment. 18(1): 89–94 (in Spanish; English summary).
Benedito de Barber, C., Martinez, J., and Barber, S. 1977. Effects of parboiling processes on the chemical composition and nutritional characteristics of rice bran. In Proceedings of Rice By-Products Utilization, International Conference, 1974, Valencia, Spain. Vol. IV. Rice Bran Utilization: Food and Feed, edited by S. Barber and E. Tortosa. Valencia: Institute for Agricultural Chemistry and Food Technology.
Betschart, A. A., Fong, R. Y., and Saunders, R. M. 1977. Rice by-products: comparative extraction and precipitation of nitrogen from U.S. and Spanish bran and germ. J. Food Sci. 42(4): 1088–1093.
CFTRI. 1983. Rice bran and rice bran oil. An annotated bibliography 1970–1980. CFTR I Bibliographical Ser. No. 28. Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India.
Chand, K., and Gupta, C. P. 1975. Design of rice bran stabilizer. Rice Process. Engrg. Cntr. Rept. 1(1): 39–40.
Chang, T., and Bardenas, E. A. 1965. Mutant Traits. In Morphology and Varietal Characteristics of the Rice Plant. International Rice Research Institute Technical Bulletin 4.
Chen, L., and Houston, D. F. 1970. Solubilization and recovery of protein from defatted rice bran. Cereal Chem. 47(1): 72–79.
Connor, M. A., Saunders, R. M., and Kohler, G. O. 1977. Preparation and properties of protein concentrates obtained by wet alkaline processing of rice bran. In Proceedings of Rice By-Products Utilization, International Conference, 1974, Valencia, Spain. Vol. IV. Rice Bran Utilization: Food and Feed, edited by S. Barber and E. Tortosa, Valencia: Institute for Agricultural Chemistry and Food Technology.
De Groot, A. P., and Slumps, P. 1969. Effects of severe alkali treatment of proteins on amino acid composition and nutritive value. J. Nutr. 98: 45–48.
Del Rosario, A. R., Briones, V. P., Vidal, A. J., and Juliano, B. O. 1968. Composition and endosperm structure of developing and mature rice kernel. Cereal Chem. 45(3): 225–235.
Desikachar, H. S. R. 1977. Preservation of by-products of rice milling. In Proceedings of Rice By-Products Utilization, International Conference, 1974, Valencia, Spain. Vol. II. Rice By-Products Preservation, edited by S. Barber and E. Tortosa. Valencia: Institute for Agricultural Chemistry and Food Technology.
Eriksen, S., and Fagerson, I. S. 1976. Flavours of amino acids and peptides. Int. Flavours 1: 13–16.
Fito, P. J., and Sanz, F. J. 1974. Equilibrium moisture contents in drying of rice bran. In Proceedings of the 4th International Congress on Food Science and Technology. Vol. IV. Madrid. Pub. by Instituto de Agroquimica y Tecnologia de Alimentes, CSIC, Valencia, Spain.
Fossati, G., Baldi, G., and Ranghino, F. 1976. Rice by-products I. Chemical composition and inorganic constituents. Riso 25(4): 339–345 (in Italian).
Gohl, B. 1981. Tropical feeds. Feed information summaries and nutritive values. Animal Products Health Series 12, Rome: FAO.
Harper, J. M. 1989. Food extruders and their applications. In Extrusion Cooking, edited by C. Mercier, P. Linko, and J. M. Harper. St. Paul, MN: AACC, pp. 1–15.
Hegsted, M., Windhauser, M. M., Loster, F. B., and Morris, S. K. 1990. Stabilized rice bran and oat bran lower cholesterol in humans. FASEB J. 4: A368, Abstract No. 590.
Horikoshi, M., and Morita, Y. 1975. Localization of globulin in rice seed and changes in globulin content during seed development and germination. Agric. Biol. Chem. 39(12): 2309–2314.
Houston, D. F. 1972a. Rice bran and polish. In Rice, Chemistry and Technology, edited by D. F. Houston. St. Paul, MN: AACC.
Houston, D. F., and Kohler, G. O. 1970. Nutritional Properties of Rice. Washington, DC: National Academy of Science.
Houston, D. F., and Mohammad, A. 1966. Air classification and sieving of rice bran and polish. Rice J. 69(8): 20–21, 44.
Hunnell, J. W., and Nowlin, J. F. 1972. Solvent extractive rice milling. In Rice, Chemistry and Technology, edited by D. F. Houston. St. Paul, MN: AACC.
Juliano, B. O. 1972. The rice caryopsis and its composition, In Rice, Chemistry and Technology, edited by D. F. Houston. St. Paul, MN: AACC.
Juliano, B. O. 1985. Rice bran. In Rice Chemistry and Technology, edited by B. O. Juliano. St. Paul, MN: AACC, pp. 647–687.
Kahlon, T. S., Saunders, R. M., Chon, F. L, Chiu, M. C., and Betschart, A. A. 1989. Effect of rice bran and oat bran on plasma cholesterol in hamsters. Cereal Foods World 34: 768, Abstract No. 111.
Kalbrener, J. E., Warner, K., and Eldridge, A. C. 1974. Flavors derived from linoleic and linolenic acid hydroperoxides. Cereal Chem. 51: 406–416.
Kasahara, K. 1976. Identification of aroma-components of roasted rice bran. J. Japan Soc. Food Nutr. 29(3): 171–181.
Kennedy, B. H., and Schelstraete, M. 1975. Chemical, physical, and nutritional properties of high-protein flours and residual kernel from the overmilling of uncoated milled rice. III. Iron, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and phytic acid. Cereal Chem. 52(2): 173–182.
Kratzer, F. H., Earl, L., and Chiaravanont, C. 1974. Factors influencing the feeding value of rice bran for chickens. Poultry Sci. 53: 1795–1800.
Leonzio, M. 1967. The pentosans content of the rice caryopsis and principal byproducts. Riso 16(4): 313–319 (in Italian; English summary).
Lew, E. J. L., Houston, D. F., and Fellers, D. A. 1975. A note on protein concentrate from full-fat rice bran. Cereal Chem. 52(5): 748–750.
Liener, I. E. 1972. Nutritional value of food products. In Soybeans: Chemistry and Technology Vol I: Proteins, edited by A. K. Smith and S. J. Circle. Westport, CT: AVI.
Little, R. R., and Dawson, E. H. 1960. Histology and histochemistry of raw and cooked rice kernels. Food Res. 25(5): 611–622.
Lynn, J. 1969. Edible rice bran foods. In Protein-Enriched Cereal Foods for World Needs, edited by M. Milner. St. Paul, MN: AACC.
Mercier, C., Linko, P., and Harper, J. M. 1989. Extrusion Cooking. St. Paul, MN, AACC.
Mihara, S. 1970. Nakataki water process separating rice bran components. Chem. Econ. Eng. Rev. 36-38, 42.
Milner, M. 1965. FAO/WHO Protein Advisory Group News Bulletin 5,39FA. In Nutritional Properties of Rice. Washington, DC: National Academy of Science.
Mitsuda, H., Ikeda, K., and Yasumoto, K. 1973. Studies on protein foods (Part 8). Protein extraction from rice bran by alkaline-anion exchange resin method. J. Japan Soc. Food Nutr. 26(3): 171–175.
Mitsuda, H., Kawai, F., Suzuki, A., and Honjo, J. 1977b. Studies on the production of a protein-rich fraction from ricebran by means of fractional sedimentation in n-hexane. In Rice Report 1976, edited by S. Barber, H. Mitsuda, H. S. R. Desikachar, and E. Tortosa. International Union of Food Science and Technology. Working Party on Rice Utilization. Valencia: Institute for Agricultural Chemistry and Food Technology.
Mitsuda, H., Yasumoto, K., and Iwami, K. 1968. Analysis of volatile components in rice bran. Agric. Biol. Chem. 32(4): 453–458 (in Japanese).
Mitsuda, H., Yasumoto, K. and Yamamoto, S. 1977a. Protein in rice bran and polish for human nutrition. In Proceedings of Rice By-Products Utilization, International Conference, 1974, Valencia, Spain. Vol. IV. Rice Bran Utilization: Food and Feed, edited by S. Barber and E. Tortosa. Valencia: Institute for Agricultural Chemistry and Food Technology.
Morita, Y., and Ida, S. 1968. Studies on respiratory enzymes in rice kernel. Part I. Isolation and purification of cytochrome c and peroxidase 556 from rice embryo. Agric. Biol. Chem. 32(4): 441–447.
Morita, Y., and Ida, S. 1972. A preliminary crystallographic investigation of rice cytochrome c. J. Mol. Biol. 71: 807–808.
Morita, Y., Wadano, A., and Ida, S. 1971. Studies on respiratory enzymes in rice kernel. Part VI. Characterization of blue protein of rice bran. Agric. Biol. Chem. 35(2): 255–260.
Morita, Y., and Yoshida, C. 1968. Studies on Γ-globulin of rice embryo. I. Isolation and purification of Γ-globulin from rice embryo. Agric. Biol. Chem. 32(5): 664–670 (in Japanese).
Moruzzi, G., and Caldarera, C. M. 1964. Occurrence of polyamines in the germs of cereals. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 105: 209–210.
National Academy of Science. 1971. Atlas of Nutritional Data on United States and Canadian Feeds. Washington, DC: National Academy of Science.
Noland, P. R., Scott, N. W., and North, A. W. 1960. Rice bran can be used for growing-finishing swine. Arkansas Farm. Res. 9(5): 9.
O’Dell, B. L., de Boland, A. R., and Koirtyohann, S. R. 1972. Distribution of phytate and nutritionally important elements among the morphological components of cereal grains. J. Agric. Food Chem. 20(3): 718–721.
Ogawa, M., Tanaka, K., and Kasai, Z. 1975. Isolation of high phytin containing particles from rice grains using an aqueous polymer two phase system. Agric. Biol. Chem. 39(3): 695–700.
Piliang, N. G., Bird, H. R., Sunde, M. L., and Pringle, D. J. 1982. Rice bran as the major energy source for laying hens. Poultry Sci. 61: 357–363.
Pineda, J. A. 1976. Histology and histochemistry of rice bran and its application to IATA fractionation process. D. C. thesis. Univ. of Valencia, Spain (in Spanish).
Puski, G. 1975. Modification of functional properties of soy proteins by proteolytic enzyme treatment. Cereal Chem. 52: 655–664.
Randall, J. M., Sayre, R. N., Schultz, W. G., Fong, R. Y., Mossman, A. P., Tribelhorn, R. E., and Saunders, R. M. 1985. Rice bran stabilization by extrusion cooking for extraction of edible oil. J. Food Sci. 50: 361–364, 368.
Saio, K., and Noguchi, A. 1983. The microstructure of polished, milled and air-classified rice and rice bran. Nippon Shokuhin Gakkaishi 30: 331–338.
Saunders, R. M. 1986. Rice bran: Composition and potential food uses. Food Rev. Intern. 1(3): 465–495.
Saunders, R. M. 1990. The properties of rice bran as a foodstuff. Cereal Foods World 35(7): 632–636.
Sawai, H., and Morita, Y. 1970a. Studies in Γ-globulin of rice embryo. II. Separation of three components of Γ-globulin by ion-exchange chromatography. Agric. Biol. Chem. 34(1): 53–56.
Sawai, H., and Morita, Y. 1970b. Studies on Γ-globulin of riceembryo. III. Molecular dimension and chemical composition of Γ-globulin. Agric. Biol. Chem. 34(1): 61–67.
Sayre, R. N., Saunders, R. M., Enochian, R. V., Schultz, W. G., and Beagle, E. C. 1982. Review of rice bran stabilization systems with emphasis on extrusion cooking. Cereal Foods World 27: 317–322.
Shastry, B. S., and Rao, M. R. R. 1975. Studies on lipoxygenase from rice bran. Cereal Chem. 52(5): 597–603.
Shastry, B. S., and Rao, M. R. R. 1976. Chemical studies on rice bran lipase. Cereal Chem. 53(2): 190–200.
Shibuya, N., Iwasaki, T., and Chikubu, S. 1975. Lipase activity in the rice kernel. Rep. Natl. Food Res. Inst. 30: 10–13.
Srimani, B. N., Chattopadhyay, P., and Bose, A. N. 1977. Stabilization of rice bran. I. Direct measurement of the lipase activity in rice bran and the methods for the inactivation of the same. In Proceedings of Rice By-Products Utilization, International Conference, 1974, Valencia, Spain. Vol. II. Rice By-Products Preservation, edited by S. Barber and E. Tortosa. Valencia: Institute for Agricultural Chemistry and Food Technology (in Spanish).
Takei, T. 1977. Utilization of defatted rice bran as fish soluble adsorbent material. In Proceedings of Rice By-Products Utilization, International Conference, 1974, Valencia, Spain. Vol. IV: Rice Bran Utilization: Food and Feed, edited. by S. Barber and E. Tortosa. Valencia: Institute for Agricultural Chemistry and Food Technology.
Tanaka, K., Ogawa, M., and Kasai, Z. 1976. The rice scutellum: Studies by scanning electron microscopy and electron microprobe X-ray analysis. Cereal Chem. 53(5): 643–649.
Tanaka, K., Yoshida, T., and Kasai, Z. 1974. Radioautographic demonstration of the accumulation site of phytic acid in rice and wheat grains. Plant Cell Physiol. 15: 147–151.
Thrasher, D. M., Mullins, A. M., and Scott, V. B. 1967. Using rice bran in modern hog rations. La. Agric. 10(3): 8–9, 13.
Tortosa, E. et al. 1977. Process for the stabilization of rice bran. V. Pilot and field feeding trials of growing-fattening pigs with stabilized bran. In Proceedings of Rice By-Products Utilization, International Conference, 1974, Valencia, Spain. Vol. IV. Rice Bran Utilization: Food and Feed, edited by S. Barber and E. Tortosa. Valencia: Institute for Agricultural Chemistry and Food Technology.
Tortosa, E., and Benedito de Barber, C. 1978. The rice bran and its potential value for animal feeding. Rev. Agroquim. Tecnol. Aliment. 18(4): 408–421.
UNIDO. 1977. Research and development of a small-scale, low cost rice bran stabilizing unit. In Proceedings of Seminar on Edible Rice Bran Oil. Bombay: Solvent Extractor’s Association.
USDHEW/FAO. 1968. Food Composition Table for Use in Africa. Bethesda, MD/Rome: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare/Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations.
USDHEW/FAO. 1972. Food Composition Table for Use in East Asia. Bethesda, MD/Rome: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare/Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations.
Varela, G., and Escriva, J. 1977. Process for the stabilization of rice bran. IV. Nutritional quality of the protein of raw and stabilized bran. In Proceedings of Rice By-Products Utilization, International Conference, 1974, Valencia, Spain. Vol. IV. Rice Bran Utilization: Food and Feed, edited by S. Barber and E. Tortosa. Valencia: Institute for Agricultural Chemistry and Food Technology.
Williams, M., and Baer, S. 1965. The expansion and extraction of rice bran. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 42: 151–155.
Yokochi, K. 1977. Rice bran processing for the production of rice bran oil and characteristics and uses of the oil and deoiled bran. In Proceedings of Rice By-Products Utilization, International Conference, 1974, Valencia, Spain. Vol. III. Rice Bran Utilization, edited by S. Barber and E. Tortosa. Valencia: Institute for Agricultural Chemistry and Food Technology.
Yoshida, S., Forno, D. A., and Cock, J. H. 1971. Safranin-phenol method for detection of silicified cell in rice tissue. Laboratory Manual for Physiological Studies of Rice. Los Banos, Philippines: IRRI.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Luh, B.S., Barber, S., Benedito de Barber, C. (1991). Rice Bran: Chemistry and Technology. In: Luh, B.S. (eds) Rice. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3754-4_25
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3754-4_25
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-3756-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-3754-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive