Abstract
In the 1950s men and women lived separate and dissimilar lives: the breadwinner husband and the homemaker wife. The baby boom changed that, creating new traditions and a new way of life. But the new traditions have rules that are just as rigid as those of the old ones. The most important rule is that it now takes two incomes to make ends meet.
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Notes
U.S. Bureau of the Census, “Money Income,” Table 16.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1986 Current Population Survey, unpublished data.
Greg J. Duncan, Years of Poverty, Years of Plenty: The Changing Economic Fortunes of American Workers and Families (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Institute for Social Research, Survey Research Center, 1984 ), p. 28.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, “Earnings in 1983 of Married-Couple Families, by Characteristics of Husbands and Wives,” Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 153, March 1986, Tables 1A, 1C.
United States League of Savings Institutions, Homeownership/Returning to Tradition ( Chicago: United States League of Savings Institutions, 1986 ), p. 16.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, “Money Income,” Table 16.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, “Money Income,” Table 16.
This calculation is based on men’s incomes in 1963 and 1984 in U.S. Bureau of the Census, “Money Income,” Table 28; median cost of a new home in 1963 and 1984, published Census Bureau data; and median costs of real estate taxes, utilities, and insurance in United States League of Savings Institutions, p. 7.
George Sternlieb and James W. Hughes, “Running Faster to Stay in Place,” American Demographics, June 1982, p. 19.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, “Household and Family Characteristics: March 1984,” Current Population Reports,Series P-20, No. 398, April 1985, Table 3.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, Labor Force Statistics Derived from the Current Population Survey,Volume 1, Bulletin 2096, September 1982, pp. 716, 722.
Howard Hayghe, “Working Mothers Reach Record Number in 1984,” Research Summaries, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, December 1984, p. 31.
Ibid.
The 1985 Virginia Slims American Women’s Opinion Poll Study Conducted by The Roper Organization, Inc. (New York, Virginia Slims, 1986), p. 87.
Howard N. Fullerton, Jr., “The 1995 Labor Force: BLS’ Latest Projections,” Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, November 1985, p. 22.
F. Thomas Juster, “Preferences for Work and Leisure,” Economic Outlook USA, Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, Volume 13, No. 1, First Quarter 1986, pp. 15–17.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, “Money Income,” Table 16.
Kingsley Davis, “Wives and Work: The Sex Role Revolution and Its Consequences, Population and Development Review,Volume 10, No. 3, September 1984, pp. 397–417.
Shirley J. Smith, “Revised Worklife Tables Reflect 197980 Experience,” Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 1985, pp. 23–29.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1986, p. 400.
Anne McDougall Young, “One-Fourth of the Adult Labor Force are College Graduates,” Research Summaries, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 1985, p. 43.
George T. Silvestri and John M. Lukasiewicz, “Occupational Employment Projections: The 1984–95 Outlook,” Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, November 1985, pp. 42–57.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1984 Current Population Survey, unpublished data.
Robert E. Hall, “The Importance of Lifetime Jobs in the U.S. Economy,” American Economic Review, September 1982, pp. 716–724, as cited in Employee Benefit Research Institute, “Pension Vesting Standards: ERISA and Beyond,” EBRI Issue Brief, No. 51, February 1986, p. 8.
Employee Benefit Research Institute, “Pension Vesting Standards: ERISA and Beyond,” EBRI Issue Brief,No. 51, February 1986, pp. 11, 12.
Ellen Sehgal, “Occupational Mobility and Job Tenure in 1983,” Monthly Labor Review, October 1984, pp. 18–23.
The Roper Organization, Inc., Roper Reports 85–2, p. 238.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1986 Current Population Survey, unpublished data.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, “Education in the United States: 1940–1983,” p. 11.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, “Money Income,” Table 29.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, “Money Income and Poverty Status of Families and Persons in the United States: 1985 (Advance Data From the March 1986 Current Population Survey),” Current Population Reports,Series P-60, No. 154, August 1986, Table 10.
Ibid., Table 14.
Wharton Econometric Forecasting Associates income projections for households headed by 35- to 44-year-olds, cited in Demographic Forecasts, American Demographics,July 1986, p. 58.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, “Money Income (Advance Data),” Tables 18, 19.
Fabian Linden, “The Dream is Alive,” American Demographics, June 1986, pp. 4, 6.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, “Money Income (Advance Data),” Tables 10, 14.
Ibid., Table 10.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Weekly Earnings of Wage and Salary Workers: Second Quarter, 1986,” USDL 86305, 1986.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, “Money Income,” Table 33.
David E. Bloom, “Women and Work,” American Demographics, September 1986, p. 27.
James P. Smith and Michael P. Ward, Women’s Wages and Work in the Twentieth Century (Santa Monica, California: The Rand Corporation, Inc., 1984), p. xiv.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, “Earnings in 1983 of Married-Couple Families,” p. 7.
Suzanne M. Bianchi, “Wives Who Earn More Than Their Husbands,” American Demographics, July 1984, pp. 1923, 44.
Virginia Slims,p. 83.
Stephen J. Rose, The American Profile Poster-Who Owns What, Who Makes How Much, Who Works Where and Who Lives with Whom ( New York: Pantheon Books, 1986 ), pp. 9–11.
Ibid., p. 9.
David Landis, “Location Still Rules Over Price of Homes,” LISA Today,4 August 1986, p. B-1.
Wharton, Demographic Forecasts, p. 58.
Courtenay Slater, “The Working Rich,” American Demographics, July 1985, pp. 4, 6–7.
FIND/SVP, The Affluent Market ( New York: FIND/SVP, The Information Clearing House, Inc., March 1984 ), p. 4.
Wharton, Demographic Forecasts, p. 58.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, “Money Income (Advance Data),” Table 14.
Wharton, Demographic Forecasts, p. 58.
Wharton Econometric Forecasting Associates income projections for households headed by 45- to 54-year-olds, cited in Demographic Forecasts, American Demographics,August 1986, p. 58.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, “Lifetime Earnings Estimates for Men and Women in the United States: 1979,” Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 139, February 1983, p. 3.
David E. Bloom and Michael P. Martin, “Fringe Benefits à la Carte,” American Demographics, February 1983, pp. 22–25, 49.
Judith Langer, “Langer Addresses ARF on Future Trends, Techniques,” press release issued by Anita Hunter Associates, 12 May 1986.
Interview with Helen Axel, “Baby Boomers Rearranging Benefit Plans,” Syracuse Post Standard,9 September 1985, pp. D-1, D-6.
Dana E. Friedman, “Child Care for Employees’ Kids,” Special Report, Harvard Business Review, March-April 1986, pp. 28–34.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employee Benefits in Medium and Large Firms, 1985,Bulletin 2262, 1986.
Virginia Slims,p. 99.
Employee Benefit Research Institute analysis cited in Betsy Morris, “Frequent Job Changes May Hurt Young Workers Upon Retirement,” The Wall Street Journal,24 July 1986, Section 2, p. 1.
Employee Benefit Research Institute, “Pension Vesting Standards,” pp. 1, 15.
Betsy Morris, “Frequent Job Changes May Hurt Young Workers Upon Retirement,” The Wall Street Journal,24 July 1986, Section 2, p. 1.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, “Money Income,” Table 36.
Eugene H. Becker, “Self-Employed Workers: An Update to 1983,” Monthly Labor Review, July 1984, pp. 14–18.
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© 1987 Cheryl Russell
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Russell, C. (1987). The New Rules. In: 100 Predictions for the Baby Boom. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3468-0_3
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