Skip to main content

A Survey of Boundary Integral Equation Methods for the Numerical Solution of Laplace’s Equation in Three Dimensions

  • Chapter
Numerical Solution of Integral Equations

Part of the book series: Mathematical Concepts and Methods in Science and Engineering ((MCSENG,volume 42))

Abstract

The principal reformulations of Laplace’s equation as boundary integral equations (BIEs) are described, together with results on their solvability and the regularity of their solutions. The numerical methods for solving BIEs are categorized, based on whether the method uses local or global approximating functions, whether the method is of collocation or Galerkin type, and whether the equation being solved is defined on a region whose boundary is smooth or only piecewise smooth. Some of the major ideas in the mathematical analysis of these numerical methods are outlined. Certain problems are associated with all numerical methods for boundary integral equations. Principal among these are numerical integration and the iterative solution of linear systems of equations. The research literature for these topics as they arise in solving BIEs is reviewed, and some of the major ideas are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Banerjee, P., and Watson, J., Editors, Developments in Boundary Element Methods—4, Elsevier Applied Sciences Publishers, New York, New York, 1986.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  2. Beskos, D., Editor, Boundary Element Methods in Mechanics, Elsevier Publishers, Amsterdam, Holland, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Brebbia, C., Editor, Topics in Boundary Element Research, Vol. 1: Basic Principles and Applications, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Brebbia, C., Editor, Topics in Boundary Element Research, Vol. 2: Time-Dependent and Vibration Problems, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Brebbia, C., Editor, Topics in Boundary Element Research, Vol. 3: Computational Aspects, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Brebbia, C., Telles, J., and Wrobel, L., Boundary Element Techniques: Theory and Applications in Engineering, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1984.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  7. Brebbia, C., and Walker, S., Boundary Element Techniques in Engineering, Newnes-Butterworths, London, England, 1980.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  8. Cruse, T., Pitko, A., and Armen, H., Editors, Advanced Topics in Boundary Element Analysis, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, New York, 1985.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  9. Du, Q. H., Editor, Boundary Elements, Pergamon Press, London, England, 1986.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  10. Hess, J., and Smith, A., Calculation of Potential Flows about Arbitrary Bodies, Progress in Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 8, Edited by D. Küchemann, Pergamon Press, London, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Ingham, D., and Kelmanson, M., Boundary Integral Equation Analyses of Singular, Potential, and Biharmonic Problems, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1984.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  12. Lachat, J., and Watson, J., Effective Numerical Treatment of Boundary Integral Equations, International Journal for Numerical Methods for Engineering, Vol. 10, pp. 991–1005, 1976.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  13. Lean, M., and Wexler, A., Accurate Numerical Integrations of Singular Boundary Element Kernels over Boundaries with Curvature, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 21, pp. 211–228, 1985.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  14. Shaw, R., Periaus, J., Chaudouet, A., Wu, J., Marino, C., and Brebbia, C., Editors, Innovative Numerical Methods in Engineering, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1986.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  15. Watson, J., Advanced Implementation of the Boundary Element Method for Two-and Three-Dimensional Elastostatics, Developments in Boundary Element Methods—1, Edited by P. Banerjee and R. Butterfield, Elsevier Applied Sciences Publishers, London, England, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Watson, J., Hermitian Cubic and Singular Elements for Plane Strain, Developments in Boundary Elements Methods—4, Edited by P. Banerjee and J. Watson, Elsevier Applied Sciences Publishers, New York, New York, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Grisvard, P., Elliptic Problems in Nonsmooth Domains, Pitman Publishers, Boston, Massachusetts, 1985.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  18. Kellogg, O., Foundations of Potential Theory, Dover Publications, New York, New York, 1929.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  19. Wendland, W., Die Behandlung von Randwertaufgaben im3 mit Hilfe von Einfach und Doppelschichtpotentialen, Numerische Mathematik, Vol. 11, pp. 380–404, 1968.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  20. Mikhlin, S., Mathematical Physics: An Advanced Course, North-Holland, Amsterdam, Holland, 1970.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  21. Jaswon, M., and Symm, G., Integral Equation Methods in Potential Theory and Elastostatics, Academic Press, London, England, 1977.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  22. Günter, N., Potential Theory, Ungar, New York, New York, 1967.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  23. Pogorzelski, W., Integral Equations and Their Applications, Vol. 1, Pergamon Press, London, England, 1966.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  24. Johnson, C., and Scott, L. R., An Analysis of Quadrature Errors in Second-Kind Boundary Integral Equations, SIAM Journal of Numerical Analysis, Vol. 26, pp. 1356–1382, 1989.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  25. Wendland, W., Boundary Element Methods and Their Asymptotic Convergence, Theoretical Acoustics and Numerical Techniques, Edited by P. Filippi, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Nedelec, J., Curved Finite Element Methods for the Solution of Singular Integral Equations on Surfaces in3, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 8, pp. 61–80, 1976.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  27. Atkinson, K., and De Hoog, F., The Numerical Solution of Laplace’s Equation on a Wedge, IMA Journal of Numerical Analysis, Vol. 4, pp. 19–41, 1984.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  28. Chandler, G., Galerkin’s Method for Boundary Integral Equations on Polygonal Domains, Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society, Series B, Vol. 26, pp. 1-13, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Chandler, G., and Graham, I., Product Integration-Collocation Methods for Noncompact Integral Operators, Mathematics of Computing, Vol. 50, pp. 125–138, 1988.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  30. Costabel, M., and Stephan, E., On the Convergence of Collocation Methods for Boundary Integral Equations on Polygons, Mathematics of Computing, Vol. 49, pp. 461–478, 1987.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  31. Graham, I., and Chandler, G., High-Order Linear Functionals of Solutions of Second-Kind Integral Equations, SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, Vol. 25, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Atkinson, K., The Numerical Evaluation of Particular Solutions for Poisson’s Equation, IMA Journal of Numerical Analysis, Vol. 5, pp. 319–338, 1985.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  33. Atkinson, K., A Survey of Numerical Methods for the Solution of Fredholm Integral Equations of the Second Kind, SIAM, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1976.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  34. Atkinson, K., The Numerical Solution of Laplace’s Equation in Three Dimensions, SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, Vol. 19, pp. 263–274, 1982.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  35. Ragozin, D., Constructive Polynomial Approximation on Spheres and Projective Spaces, Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, Vol. 162, pp. 157–170, 1971.

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  36. Atkinson, K., Algorithm 629: An Integral Equation Program for Laplace’s Equation in Three Dimensions, ACM Transactions for Mathematical Software, Vol. 11, pp. 85–96, 1985.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  37. Atkinson, K., The Numerical Solution of Laplace’s Equation in Three Dimensions—2, Numerical Treatment of Integral Equations, Edited by J. Albrecht and L. Collatz, Birkhäuser, Basel, Switzerland, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Lin, T. C., The Numerical Solution of the Helmholtz Equation Using Integral Equations, PhD Thesis, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Saavedra, J., Boundary Integral Equations for Nonsimply Connected Regions, PhD Thesis, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Wendland, W., Asymptotic Accuracy and Convergence, Progress in Boundary Element Methods, Vol. 1, Edited by C. Brebbia, Wiley, New York, New York, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Wendland, W., On Galerkin Collocation Methods for Integral Equations of Elliptic Boundary-Value Problems, Numerische Behandlung von Integralgleichungen, Edited by J. Albrecht and L. Collatz, Birkhäuser, Basel, Switzerland, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Schwab, C., and Wendland, W., 3D BEM and Numerical Integration, Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Boundary Element Methods in Engineering, Edited by C. Brebbia, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Wendland, W., On Some Mathematical Aspects of Boundary Element Methods for Elliptic Problems, The Mathematics of Finite Elements and Applications—5, Edited by J. Whiteman, Academic Press, London, England, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Giroire, J., Integral Equation Methods for Exterior Problems for the Helmholtz Equation, Report No. 40, Center for Applied Mathematics, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Jeng, G., and Wexler, A., Isoparametric, Finite-Element, Variational Solution of Integral Equations for Three-Dimensional Fields, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 11, pp. 1455–1471, 1977.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  46. Giroire, J., and Nedelec, J., Numerical Solution of an Exterior Neumann Problem Using a Double-Layer Potential, Mathematics of Computing, Vol. 32, pp. 973–990, 1978.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  47. Wendland, W., Asymptotic Accuracy and Convergence for Point Collocation Methods, Topics in Boundary Element Research, Vol. 2: Time-Dependent and Vibration Problems, Edited by C. Brebbia, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Atkinson, K., Piecewise Polynomial Collocation for Integral Equations on Surfaces in Three Dimensions, Journal of Integral Equations (Supplementary Issue), Vol. 9, pp. 24–48, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Anselone, P., Collectively Compact Operator Approximation Theory, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1971.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  50. Atkinson, K., Solving Integral Equations on Surfaces in Space, Constructive Methods for the Practical Treatment of Integral Equations, Edited by G. Hämmerlin and K. Hoffman, Birkhäuser, Basel, Switzerland, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Stroud, A., Approximate Calculation of Multiple Integrals, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1971.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  52. Lyness, J., and Jespersen, D., Moderate-Degree Symmetric Quadrature Rules for the Triangle, Journal of the Institute for Mathematics and Applications, Vol. 15, pp. 19–32, 1975.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  53. Johnson, C., Finite Element Methods with Applications, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Fairweather, G., Rizzo, F., and Shippy, D., Computation of Double Integrals in the Boundary Integral Equation Method, Advances in Computer Methods for Partial Differential Equations—3, Edited by R. Vichnevetsky and R. Stepleman, IMACS, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Pina, H., Numerical Integration, Topics in Boundary Element Research, Vol. 3: Computational Aspects, Edited by C. Brebbia, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Schwab, C., and Wendland, W., On Numerical Quadrature in Boundary Element Methods, Numerical Methods in Partial Differential Equations (to appear).

    Google Scholar 

  57. Hackbusch, W., Multigrid Methods and Applications, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1985.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  58. Schippers, H., Multigrid Methods for Boundary Integral Equations, Numerische Mathematik, Vol. 46, pp. 351–363, 1985.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  59. Schippers, H., Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Multigrid Methods in Boundary Element Calculations, Topics in Boundary Element Research, Vol. 3: Computational Aspects, Edited by C. Brebbia, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Nowak, Z., Use of the Multigrid Method for Laplacian Problems in Three Dimensions, Multigrid Methods, Edited by W. Hackbusch and U. Trottenberg, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Nowak, Z., and Hackbusch, W., On the Complexity of the Panel Method, Report No. 8608, Institut für Informatik und Praktische Mathematik, Christian Albrecht Universität, Kiel, Germany, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Atkinson, K., Iterative Variants of the Nyström Method for the Numerical Solution of Integral Equations, Numerische Mathematik, Vol. 22, pp. 17–31,1973.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  63. Mandel, J., On Multilevel Iterative Methods for Integral Equations of the Second Kind and Related Problems, Numerische Mathematik, Vol. 46, pp. 147–157,1985.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  64. Landweber, L., An Iteration Formula for Fredholm Integral Equations of the First Kind, American Journal of Mathematics, Vol. 73, pp. 615–624, 1951.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  65. Strand, O., Theory and Methods Related to Singular-Function Expansion and Landweber’s Iteration for Integral Equations of the First Kind, SI AM Journal on Numerical Analysis, Vol. 11, pp. 798–825, 1974.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  66. Golub, G., and van Loan, C., Matrix Computations, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1983.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  67. Atkinson, K., and Graham, I., An Iterative Variant of the Nyström Method for Boundary Integral Equations on Nonsmooth Boundaries, The Mathematics of Finite Elements and Applications, Edited by J. Whiteman, Academic Press, New York, New York, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

Additional References

  1. Angell, T., Kleinman, R., and Kral, J., Layer Potentials on Boundaries with Corners and Edges, Casopis Pro Pestovani Matematiky, Vol. 113, pp. 387–402, 1988.

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  2. Atkinson, K., An Empirical Study of Boundary Element Methods for Integral Equations on Surfaces in Three Dimensions, Technical Report in Computational Mathematics 1, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Atkinson, K., and Graham, I., Iterative Solution of Linear Systems Arising from the Boundary Integral Method, 1989 (submitted).

    Google Scholar 

  4. Burton, A., and Miller, G., The Application of Integral Equation Methods to the Numerical Solution of Some Exterior Boundary-Value Problems, Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series A, Vol. 323, pp. 201–210, 1971.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  5. Costabel, M., Principles of Boundary Element Methods, Computer Physics Reports, Vol. 6, pp. 243–274, 1987.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  6. Costabel, M., Boundary Integral Operators on Lipschitz Domains: Elementary Results, SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis, Vol. 19, pp. 613–626, 1988.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  7. Costabel, M., and Stephan, E., An Improved Boundary Element Galerkin Method for Three-Dimensional Crack Problems, Journal of Integral Equations and Operator Theory, Vol. 10, pp. 467–504, 1987.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  8. Costabel, M., and Wendland, W., Strong Ellipticity of Boundary Integral Operators, Zeitschrift für Reine und Angewandte Mathematik, Vol. 372, pp. 34–63, 1986.

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  9. Dauge, M., Elliptic Boundary-Value Problems on Corner Domains, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1988.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  10. Hebeker, F., Efficient Boundary Element Methods for Three-Dimensional Exterior Viscous Flows, Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations, Vol. 2, pp. 273–297, 1986.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  11. Hebeker, F., Characteristics and Boundary Elements for Three-Dimensional Nonstationary Navier-Stokes Flows, Panel Methods in Mechanics, Edited by J. Ballmann, R. Eppler, and W. Hackbusch, GAMM Seminar, Kiel, Germany, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Hebeker, F., On the Numerical Treatment of Viscous Flows Against Bodies with Corners and Edges by Boundary Element and Multigrid Methods, Numerische Mathematik (to appear).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Kleinman, R., and Roach, G., Boundary Integral Equations for the Three-Dimensional Helmholtz Equation, SIAM Review, Vol. 16, pp. 214–236, 1974.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  14. Kral, J., and Wendland, W., Some Examples Concerning Applicability of the Fredholm-Radon Method in Potential Theory, Aplikace Matematiky, Vol. 31, pp. 293–308, 1986.

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  15. Lean, M., Friedman, M., and Wexler, A., Applications of the Boundary Element Method in Electrical Engineering Problems, Developments in Boundary Element Methods—1, Edited by P. Banerjee and R. Butterfield, Elsevier Applied Sciences Publishers, London, England, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Miranda, C., Partial Differential Equations of Elliptic Type, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1970.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  17. Petersdorff, T. V., and Stephan, E., Decompositions in Edge and Corner Singularities for the Solution of the Dirichlet Problem of the Laplacian in a Polyhedron, Mathematische Nachrichten, 1989 (submitted).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Stephan, E., Boundary Integral Equations for Screen Problems in3, Integral Equations and Operations Theory, Vol. 9, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Stephan, E., A Boundary Integral Equation Method for Three-Dimensional Crack Problems in Elasticity, Mathematical Methods in Applied Sciences, Vol. 8, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Stephan, E., Boundary Integral Equations for Magnetic Screens in U 3, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Vol. 102A, pp. 189–210, 1986.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  21. Stephan, E., Boundary Integral Equations for Mixed Boundary Value Problems in3, Mathematische Nachrichten, Vol. 134, pp. 21–53, 1987.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  22. Schmitz, H., Über das Singuläre Verhalten der Lösungen von Integralgleichungen auf Flächen mit Ecken, PhD Thesis, Universität Stuttgart, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Volk, K., Zur Berechnung von Singulärfunktionen Dreidimensionaler Elastischer Felder, PhD Thesis, Universität Stuttgart, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Wendland, W., Volk, K., and Schmitz, H., A Boundary Element Method for Three-Dimensional Singularities of Elastic Fields, Preprint, Universität Stuttgart, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Wendland, W., and Zhu, J., The Boundary Element Method for Three Dimensional Stokes Flows Exterior to an Open Surface, Computers and Mathematics with Applications, 1989 (submitted).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Atkinson, K.E. (1990). A Survey of Boundary Integral Equation Methods for the Numerical Solution of Laplace’s Equation in Three Dimensions. In: Golberg, M.A. (eds) Numerical Solution of Integral Equations. Mathematical Concepts and Methods in Science and Engineering, vol 42. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2593-0_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2593-0_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-2595-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-2593-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics