Abstract
It has been shown in the previous chapters that metallic iron, derived from triply promoted magnetite, is the only ammonia catalyst in general use today. This does not represent a step in a long evolutionary process. The catalyst is not very different in either form or performance from that first used commercially at Oppau in 1913. Despite dramatic improvements in process efficiencies the magnetite catalyst still demands what are relatively high pressures (typically in excess of 130 Bar), high temperatures (up to 823 K), and very large catalyst volumes (in excess of 60 m3) to achieve good process economics, although pressures down to around 80 bar are used in the most recent processes.
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Tennison, S.R. (1991). Alternative Noniron Catalysts. In: Jennings, J.R. (eds) Catalytic Ammonia Synthesis. Fundamental and Applied Catalysis. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9592-9_9
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