Abstract
Most knowledge of the basic reproductive biology of companion animals such as the dog has been derived from studies directed at developing contraceptive technologies to combat overpopulation of pets. The bitch has been used as a model in the study of some steroid hormones (El Etreby et al., 1979; Frank et al., 1979), and the male dog has been used extensively in studies of prostate function (Huggins, 1945). In addition, spermatozoa of the dog have been used in studies of sperm metabolism and motility (Wales and White, 1958; Tash et al., 1986, 1988). However, there are numerous unique aspects of canine reproductive biology that make the dog worthy of study for its own sake even though these same aspects make the use of the dog as a model for human reproductive biology questionable. Furthermore, a more complete study of fertilization in the dog is indicated by the need for effective contraceptive technology for this species (Mahi-Brown, 1986).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Andersen, A. C., and Simpson, M. E., 1973, The Ovary and Reproductive Cycle of the Dog (Beagle), Geron-X, Inc., Los Altos.
Andersen, K., 1974, Intrauterine insemination with frozen semen in dogs, in: Proceedings 12th Nordic Veterinary Congress, Reykjavik, Iceland, pp. 153–154.
Bischoff, T. L. W, 1845, Entwicklungsgeschichte des Hunde-Eies, Friedrich Vieweg and Sohn, Braunschweig.
Boucher, J. H., Foote, R. H., and Kirk, R. W, 1958, The evaluation of semen quality in the dog and the effects of frequency of ejaculation upon semen quality, libido, and depletion of sperm reserves, Cornell Vet. 48: 67–86.
Bowen, R. A., 1977, Fertilization in vitro of feline ova by spermatozoa from the ductus deferens, Biol. Reprod. 17: 144–147.
Brinster, R. L., 1965a, Studies on the development of mouse embryos in vitro. I. The effect of osmolality and hydrogen ion concentration, J. Exp. Zool. 158: 49–58.
Brinster, R. L., 19656, Studies on the development of mouse embryos in vitro. II. The effect of energy source, J. Exp. Zool. 158: 59–68.
Brinster, R. L., 1965c, Studies on the development of mouse embryos in vitro. III. The effect of fixed nitrogen source, J. Exp. Zool. 158: 69–78.
Brinster, R. L., 1965d, Studies on the development of mouse embryos in vitro. IV. Interaction of energy sources, J. Reprod. Fertil. 10: 227–240.
Cain, J. L., Cain, G. R., Feldman, E. C., Lasley, B. L., and Stabenfeldt, G. H., 1988, Use of pulsatile intravenous administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone to induce fertile estrus in bitches, Am. J. Vet. Res. 49: 1993–1996.
Christensen, G. C., 1979, The urogenital system, in: Miller’s Anatomy of the Dog, ed. 2 ( H. E. Evans and G. C. Christensen, eds.), W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 544–601.
Concannon, P. W, 1986, Canine physiology of reproduction, in: Small Animal Reproduction and Infertility: A Clinical Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment ( T. J. Burke, ed.), Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, pp. 23–77.
Doak, R. L., Hall, A., and Dale, H. E., 1967, Longevity of spermatozoa in the reproductive tract of the bitch, J. Reprod. Fertil. 13: 51–58.
El Etreby, M. F., Graft, K.-J., Beier, S., Elger, W., Gunzel, P, and Neuman, F, 1979, Suitability of the beagle dog as a test model for the tumorigenic potential of contraceptive steroids, short review, Contraception 20: 237–255.
Evans, E. I., 1933, The transport of spermatozoa in the dog, Am. J. Physiol. 105: 287–293.
Evans, H. E., 1974, Prenatal development of the dog, in: Gaines Veterinary Symposium at Cornell University, pp. 18–28.
Evans, H. E., 1979, Reproduction and prenatal development, in: Miller’s Anatomy of the Dog, ed. 2 ( H. E. Evans and G. C. Christensen, eds.), W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 13–77.
Evans, H. M., and Cole, H. H., 1931, An introduction to the study of the oestrous cycle in the dog, Mem. Univ. Calif. 9: 65–119.
Fielden, E. D., 1971, Artificial insemination in the dog, N. Z. Vet. J. 19: 178–184.
Foote, R. H., Swierstra, E. E., and Hunt, W. L., 1972, Spermatogenesis in the dog, Anat. Rec. 173: 341–352.
Frank, D. W, Kirton, K. T., Murchison, T. E., Quinlan, W. J., Coleman, M. E., Gilbertson, T. J., Feenstra, E. S., and Kimball, F. A., 1979, Mammary tumors and serum hormones in the bitch treated with medroxyprogesterone acetate or progesterone for four years, Fertil. Steril. 31: 340–346.
Froman, D. P, Amann, R. P, Riek, P M., and Olar, T. T, 1984, Acrosin activity of canine spermatozoa as an index of cellular damage, J. Reprod. Fertil. 70: 301–308.
Garner, D. L., Finkel, D., Johnson, L. A., and Pace, M. M., 1986, Assessment of spermatozoa) function using dual fluorescent staining and flow cytometric analyses, Biol. Reprod. 34: 127–138.
Ghosal, S. K., LaMarche, P H., Bhanja, P, Joardar, S., Sengupta, A., and Midya, T., 1983, Duration of meiosis and spermiogenesis in the dog, Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 25: 678–681.
Grandage, J., 1972, The erect dog penis: A paradox of flexible rigidity, Vet. Rec. 91: 141–147.
Hamner, C. E., Jennings, L. L., and Sojka, N. J., 1970, Cat (Fells catus L.) spermatozoa require capacitation, J. Reprod. Fertil. 23: 477–480.
Hancock, J. L., and Rowlands, I. W., 1949, The physiology of reproduction in the dog, Vet. Rec. 47: 771–776.
Harrop, A. E., 1960, Reproduction in the Dog. Bailliere, Tindal and Cox, London.
Holst, P. A., and Phemister, R. D., 1971, The prenatal development of the dog: Preimplantation events, Biol. Reprod. 5: 194–206.
Holst, P. A., and Phemister, R. D., 1974, Onset of diestrus in the beagle bitch: Definition and significance, Am. J. Vet. Res. 35: 401–406.
Huggins, C., 1945, The physiology of the prostate gland, Physiol Rev. 25: 281–295.
Huggins, C., 1947, The prostatic secretion, Harvey Lect. 42: 148–193.
Huggins, C., Masina, M. H., Eichelberger, L., and Wharton, J. D., 1939, Quantitative studies of prostatic secretion. I. Characteristics of the normal secretion; the influence of thyroid, suprarenal, and testis extirpation and androgen substitution on the prostatic output, J. Exp. Med. 70: 543–556.
Isaacs, W. B., and Coffey, D. S., 1984, The predominant protein of canine seminal plasma is an enzyme, J. Biol. Chem. 259: 11520–11526.
Kennelly, J. J., and Johns, B.E., 1976, The estrous cycle of coyotes, J. Wildl. Manag. 40: 272–277.
Kinney, G. M., Pennycook, J. W, Schriver, M. D., Templeton, J. W, and Kraemer, D. C., 1979, Surgical collection and transfer of canine embryos, Biol. Reprod. 20 (Suppl. 2): 96A.
Kuroda, H., and Hiroe, K., 1972, Studies on the metabolism of dog spermatozoa. I. Seasonal variation on the semen quality and of the aerobic metabolism of spermatozoa, Jpn. J. Anim. Reprod. 17: 89–98.
Mahi, C. A., and Yanagimachi, R., 1976, Maturation and sperm penetration of canine ovarian oocytes in vitro, J. Exp. Zool. 196: 189–196.
Mahi, C. A., and Yanagimachi, R., 1978, Capacitation, acrosome reaction, and egg penetration by canine spermatozoa in a simple defined medium, Gamete Res. 1: 101–109.
Mahi-Brown, C. A., 1986, Prospects for control of fertility in the female dog by active immunization with porcine zona pellucida proteins, in: Immunological Approaches to Contraception and Promotion of Fertility ( G. P Talwar, ed.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 301–309.
Mead, R. A., 1981, Delayed implantation in mustelids with special emphasis on the spotted skunk, J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl. 29: 11–24.
Meizel, S., 1985, Molecules that initiate or help stimulate the acrosome reaction by their interaction with the mammalian sperm surface, Am. J. Anat. 174: 285–302.
Pearson, O. P, and Enders, R. K., 1943, Ovulation, maturation and fertilization in the fox, Anat. Rec. 85: 69–83.
Phemister, R. D., Holst, P A., Spano, J. S., and Hopwood, M. L., 1973, Time of ovulation in the beagle bitch, Biol. Reprod. 8: 74–82.
Province, C. A., Amann, R. P, Pickett, B. W., and Squires, E. L., 1984, Extenders for preservation of canine and equine spermatozoa at 5°C, Theriogenology 22: 409–415.
Seager, S. W. J., 1969, Successful pregnancies utilizing frozen dog semen, A. I. Digest 17: 1–2.
Seager, S. W. J., and Fletcher, W. S., 1972, Collection, storage, and insemination of canine semen, Lab. Anim. Sci. 22: 177–182.
Seager, S. W, J., Platz, C. C., and Fletcher, W. S., 1975, Conception rates and related data using frozen dog semen, J. Reprod. Fertil. 45: 189–192.
Seal, U. S., Plotka, E. D., Packard, J. M., and Mech, L.D., 1979, Endocrine correlates of reproduction in the wolf. I. Serum progesterone, estradiol and LH during the estrous cycle, Biol. Reprod. 21: 1057–1066.
Setchell, B. P, and Brooks, D. E., 1988, Anatomy, vasculature, innervation, and fluids of the male reproductive tract, in: The Physiology of Reproduction, Vol. 1(E. Knobil and J. D. Neill, eds.), Raven Press, New York, pp. 753–836.
Shille, V. M., and Stabenfeldt, G. H., 1980, Current concepts in reproduction of the dog and cat, in: Advances in Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine, Vol. 24 ( C. A. Brandly and C. E. Cornelius, eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 211–243.
Shille, V. M., Thatcher, M.-J., Buhi, W. C., Alvarez, I. M., and Lannon, A. P, 1988, Protein synthesis by endometrium and embryo during early pregnancy in the bitch, Biol. Reprod. 38 (Suppl. 1): 132.
Smith, F O., and Graham, E. F., 1984, Cryopreservation of canine semen: Technique and performance, in: Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination Vol. 2, Urbana-Champaign, p. 216.
Sokolowski, J. H., 1971, The effects of ovariectomy on pregnancy maintenance in the bitch, Lab. Anim. Sci. 21: 696–699.
Sokolowski, J. N., Zimbelman, R. G., and Goyings, L.S., 1973, Canine reproduction: Reproductive organs and related structures of the nonparous, parous, and postpartum bitch, Am. J. Vet. Res. 34: 1001–1013.
Takeisi, M., Mikami, T., Kodama, Y., Tsunekane, T., and Iwaki, T., 1976, Studies on the reproduction in the dog. VII. Artificial insemination using the frozen semen, Jpn. J. Anim. Reprod. 22: 28–33.
Takeishi, M., Akai, R., Tsunekane, T., Iwaki, T., and Nakanowatari, K., 1980, Studies on the reproduction in dogs—A trial of ova transplantation in dogs, Jpn. J. Anim. Reprod. 26: 151–153.
Tash, J. S., Hidaka, H., and Means, A. R., 1986, Axokinin phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase is sufficient for activation of sperm flagellar motility, J. Cell Biol. 103: 649–655.
Tash, J. S., Krinks, M., Patel, J., Means, R. L., Klee, C. B., and Means, A. R., 1988, Identification, characterization, and functional correlation of calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase in sperm, J. Cell. Biol. 106: 1625–1633.
Tesoriero, J. V, 1981, Early ultrastructural changes of developing oocytes in the dog, J. Morphol. 168: 171–179.
Tesoriero, J. V, 1982, A morphologic, cytochemical, and chromatographic analysis of lipid yolk formation in the oocytes of the dog, Gamete Res. 6: 267–279.
Tsutsui, T., 1975, Studies on the reproduction in the dog. V. On cleavage and transport of fertilized ova in the oviduct, Jpn. J. Anim. Reprod. 21: 70–75.
Tsutsui, T., and Shimizu, T., 1975, Studies on the reproduction in the dog. IV. On the fertile period of ovum after ovulation, Jpn. J. Anim. Reprod. 21: 65–69.
Valtonen, M. H., Rajakoski, E. J.,and Makela, J. I., 1977, Reproductive features in the female racoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), J. Reprod. Fertil. 51: 517–518.
Van der Stricht, O., 1923, Etude comparée des ovules des mammifères aux différentes périodes de l’ovogenèse, d’après les travaux du Laboratoire d’Histologie et d’Embryologie de l’Université de Gand, Arch. Biol., Paris 33: 229–300.
Wales, R. G., and White, I. G., 1958, The interaction of pH, tonicity and electrolyte concentration on the motility of dog spermatozoa, J. Physiol. (Lond.) 141: 273–280.
Wassarman, P. M., 1988, The mammalian ovum, in: The Physiology of Reproduction, Vol. 1 ( E. Knobil and J. D. Neill, eds.), Raven Press, New York, pp. 69–102.
Woodall, P. E, and Johnstone, I. P, 1988, Dimensions and allometry of testes, epididymides and spermatozoa in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris), J. Reprod. Fertil. 82: 603–609.
Yanagimachi, R., 1988a, Sperm–egg fusion, in: Current Topics in Membranes and Transport, Vol. 32, Membrane Fusion in Fertilization, Cellular Transport and Viral Infection ( N. Duzgunes and F. Bronner, eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 3–43.
Yanagimachi, R., 1988b, Mammalian fertilization, in: The Physiology of Reproduction, Vol. 1 ( E. Knobil and J. D. Neill, eds.), Raven Press, New York, pp. 135–185.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mahi-Brown, C.A. (1991). Fertilization in Dogs. In: Dunbar, B.S., O’Rand, M.G. (eds) A Comparative Overview of Mammalian Fertilization. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-8982-9_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-8982-9_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-8984-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-8982-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive