Skip to main content

Pediatric Neuroanesthesia

  • Chapter
Pediatric Neurosurgery
  • 123 Accesses

Abstract

Several factors are responsible for the advances we witnessed over the last decade in the field of pediatric neurosurgery. Better understanding of the pathophysiology of increased intracranial pressure and its control, the pharmacological effects of anesthetic agents on the cerebral blood flow and metabolism, preoperative control of metabolic disturbances, specialized postoperative intensive care units, aggressive invasive monitoring, and newer diagnostic tools, such as computed transmission tomography and somatosensory evoked potentials, enabled the pediatric neurosurgeon to deal successfully with lesions considered inoperable a few years ago.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Kety SS, Schmidt CF: Determiniation of cerebral blood flow in man by the use of nitrous oxide in low concentrations. Am J Physiol 43: 53–65, 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Hoedt-Rasmussen K, Sveindottir E, Lassen NA: Regional cerebral blood flow in man determined by intra-cranial injection of radioactive inert gas. Cire Res 18: 237, 1966.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Pasztor E, Symon L, Dorsch NWC, Branston NM: The hydrogen clearance method in assessment of blood flow in cortex, white matter and deep nuclei of baboons. Stroke, 4: 556, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Pamier JL, Weyne J, Demeester G, Leusen I: Influence of changes in acid-base composition of the ventricular system on cerebral blood flow in cats. Arch 333: 337, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Reivich M, Jehle J, Sokoloff L, Ketty SS: Measurement of regional cerebral blood flow with antipyrine-14C in awake cats. J Appl Physiol 27: 296, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Severinhaus JW, Chiodi H, Egar EA et al.: Cerebral blood flow in man at high altitude: The role of cerebrospinal fluid pH in normalization of flow in chronic hypocapnia. Cire Res 19: 274, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Harp JR, Woolman H: Cerebral metabolic effects of hyperventilation and deliberate hypotension. Br J Anaesth 45: 256, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Rosmoff HL: Distribution of intracranial contents with controlled hyperventilation: Implications for neuroanesthesia. Anesthesiology 24: 640, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Purves MJ, James IM: Observations on the control of cerebral blood flow in sheep fetus and newborn lamb. Cire Res 25: 651, 1969.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Reivich M, Brann AW, Shapiro H: Reactivity of cerebral vessels to CO2 in the newborn rhesus monkey. Eur Neurol 6: 132, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Shapiro HM: Intracranial hypertension: Therapeutic and anesthetic considerations. Anesthesiology 43: 445–71, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Strandgaard S, Olsen J, Skinhoj E, et al.: Autoregulation of brain circulation in severe arterial hypertension. Br Med J 159: 507–10, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Moss AJ, Leibling W, Adams FH: The flush method for determining blood pressure in the first year of life. Pediatrics 21: 950, 1958.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Brock M, et al.: Regional cerebral blood flow and vascular reactivity in cases of brain tumor. In Ross Russel RW (ed): Brain and Blood Flow. London, Pitman Medical, 1971, p 281.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Palvolgyi R: Regional cerebral blood flow in patients with intracranial tumors. J Neurosurg 31: 149, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Crockard HA, Brown FD, Mullen JA: The effect of trimethaphan and sodium nitroprusside on cerebral blood flow in the rhesus monkey. Acta Neurochir 35: 85, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Kogure K, Schienberg P, Rienmuth OM et al.: Mechanisms of cerebral vasodilatation in hypoxia. J Appl Physiol 29: 223, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Siesjo BK, Nielsen L: Influence of arterial hypoxemia upon labile phosphates and upon extracellular and intracellular lactate and pyruvate concentration in the rat brain. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 27: 83, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Duc G: Assessment of hypoxia in the newborn, suggestions for a practical approach. Pediatrics 48: 469, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Olesen J: Contralateral focal increase in cerebral blood flow in man during arm work. Brain 94: 635, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Raichle, M.: Sensori-motor area increase of oxygen uptake and blood flow in the human brain during contralateral hand exercise. Preliminary observations by the 0–15 method. In Ingvar DH, Lassen NA (ed): Brain Work, the Coupling of Function. Metabolism and Blood Flow in the Brain. Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 1975, p 372.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Ingvar DH: Patterns of brain activity revealed by measurement of regional cerebral blood flow. In Ingvar DH, Lassen NA (ed): Brain Work, the Coupling of Function. Metabolism and Blood Flow in the Brain. Copenhagen, Munksgaard, 1975, p 397.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Kety SS: Discussion on psychoactive drugs and anxiety, their influence on cerebral circulation and metabolism. In Ingvar DH, Lassen NA (ed): Brain Work the Coupling of Function, Metabolism and Blood Flow in the Brain. Copenhagen, Munksgaard, 1975, p 472.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Michenfelder JD, Theye RA: Canine systemic and cerebral effects of hypotension induced by hemorrhage, trimethaphan, halothane and nitroprusside, Anesthesiology 46: 188, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Fitch W, MacKenzie A, et al.: The effects of decreasing arterial blood pressure on cerebral blood flow in the baboon, influence of sympathatic nervous system. Circ Res 37: 550, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Mayer MW, Klassen AC: Regional brain blood flow during sympathetic stimulation. Stroke 4: 370, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Monro A: Observations on the structure and function of the nervous system. Edinburgh, Creech and Johnston, cited by Mc Lone DG, Bondaceff W and Raimondi AS. J. of Neureopath and Experimental Neurol. 30: 627, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Kellie G: An account of the appearances observed in the dissection of two or three individuals presumed to have perished in the storm of third and whose bodies were discovered in the vicinity of Leith on the morning of the 4th of November, 1821, with some reflections on the pathology of the brain. Transaction of the Medico-Chirurgical Society of Edinburgh 1: 84, 1824.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Sahar A, Hochwald GM, Ranshoff J: Cerebrospinal fluid and cranial sinus pressure. Arch Neurol (Chicago) 23: 413, 1970.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Langfitt TW, Weinstein JD, Kassel NF: Cerebral vasomotor paralysis produced by intracranial hypertension. Neurology 15: 622–41, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Schutta HE, Kassel NF, Langfitt TW: Brain swelling produced by injury and aggravated by arterial hypertension. Brain 91: 281–94, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Keaney NP, Pickerodt VWA, McDowal DG, et al.: Cerebral circulatory and metabolic effects of hypotension produced by deep halothane anesthesia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 36: 898, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Freeman J, Ingvar DH: Elimination of hypoxia of cerebral blood flow autoregulation and EEG relationship. Exp Brain Res 5: 61, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Schettini A, McKay L, Mahig J, Modell JH: The response of brain surface pressure to hypercapnia, hypoxia and hyperventilation. Anesthesiology 36: 4, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Marshall WJS, Jackson JLF, Langfitt TW: Brain swelling caused by trauma and arterial hypertension. Arch Neurol (Clin) 21: 545, 1969.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Wollman H, Alexander SC, Cohen PJ et al.: Cerebral circulation of man during halothane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 25: 180, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Michenfelder JD, Theye RA: Effect of methoxyflurane on canine cerebral blood flow. Anesthesiology 38: 123, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Jorgensen PB, Hendriksen HT: The effect of fluorxene on intracranial pressure in patients with intracranial space-occupying lesions. Br J Anaesth 45: 599, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Theye RA, Michenfelder JD: The effect of nitrous oxide on canine cerebral metabolism. Anesthesiology 29: 1119, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. McDowall DG, Barker J, Jennett WB: Cerebrospinal fluid pressure measurement during anesthesia. Anaesthesia 21: 189, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Shapiro HM, Galindo A, Wyte SR, et al.: Rapid intra-operative reduction of intracranial pressure with thiopentone. Br J Anaesth 45: 1057, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Takahaski T, Takasaki M, Namiki A, Dohi S: Effects of althesin on cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Br J Anaesth 45: 179, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Fitch W, Barker J, Jennett WB, et al.: The influence of neuroleptanalgesic drugs on cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Br J Anaesth 41: 800, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. List WF, Crumrine RS, Cascorbi HF, Weiss WH: Increased cerebospinal pressure after ketamine. Anesthesiology 36: 98, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Jennett WB, Barker J, Fitch W, McDowall DG: Effect of anaesthesia on intracranial pressure in patients with space-occupying lesions. Lancet 1: 61, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Adams RW, Gronert GA, Stundt TM, Michenfelder JD: Halothane hypocapnia cerebrospinal fluid pressure in neurosurgery. Anesthesiology 37: 510, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Gordon E: The action of drugs on the intracranial contents. In Boulton TB, et al. (eds): Progress in Anesthesiology. Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, 1970, p 60.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Zatoni J, Siani C, Rivano C: In Lavin P, Beer R, Weit-hoff E (eds): Proceedings of the First Symposium on Modern Anaesthetic Agents. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1975, p 272.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Michenfelder JD, Cucchiara RF: Canine cerebral oxygen consumption during enflurane anesthesia and its modification during induced seizures. Anesthesiology 40: 575, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Smith AL, Wollman H: Cerebral blood flow and metabolism, effect of anesthetic drugs and techniques. Anesthesiology, 36: 378, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Michenfelder JD, Theye RA: Hypothermia: Effect on canine brain and whole body metabolism. Anesthesiology 29: 1107, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. McQueen JD, Jeanes LD: Influence of hypothermia on intracranial hypertension. J Neurosurg 19: 277, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Ishak B, Gutierrez F, Seleny FL: Anesthetic management of arteriovenous malformations of the brain in infants and children. Anesthesiol Rev 12: 23, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Johnston IH, Jennett B: The place of continuous intra-cranial pressure monitoring in neurosurgical practice. Acta Neurochir 29: 53, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Troupp H: Ventricular pressure recording after severe brain injuries. Eur Neurol 11: 227, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Lundberg N: Continuous recording and control of ventricular fluid pressure in neurosurgical practice. Acta Psychiatry Neurol Scand Suppl 149, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Miller JD: Intracranial pressure monitoring. Br J Hosp Med 19 (5): 497, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Croneos NJ, Turner JM, Givson RM, et al.: Comparison of extradural with intraventricular pressure in patients after head injury. In Brock M, Dietz H (eds): Intracranial Pressure II. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1976, p 51.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Vries JK, Becker DP, Young HF: A subarachnoid screw for monitoring intracranial pressure (technical note). J 78. Neurosurg 39: 416, 1973.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Wyler AR, Kelly WA: Use of antibiotics with external ventriculostomies. J Neurosurg 37: 185, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Lundberg N: Monitoring of the intracranial pressure. In Critchley M, O’Leary JL, Jennet B (eds): Scientific Foundations of Neurology. Philadelphia Davis FA, 1972, p 356–71.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Janny P, Jouan JP, Janny M et al: A statistical approach to long term monitoring of intracranial pressure. In Brock M, Dietz H (eds): Intracranial Pressure. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Schettini A, Malig J, Moreshead G: Influence of cerebral vascular factors on brain relative stiffness. In Brock M, Dietz H (eds): Intracranial Pressure. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1972, p 27–32.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Szewczykowsli J, Dytko P, Junicki A, et al.: A method of estimating intracranial decompression in man. J Neurosurg 45: 155, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Avezaat CJJ, van Eijindhoven JHM, Moolenaar WCJ: A new method of monitoring intracranial volume pressure relationship. In Becks JWF, Bosch DA, Brock M (eds): Intracranial Pressure III. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Springer-Verlag, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Downes JJ, Raphealy RC: Pediatric intensive care. Anesthesiology 43: 238, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Gregory G: Anesthetic management of specific surgical problems: Premature and term neonate. The Annual Refresher Course Lectures, ASA, 1979, p 102.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Holinger PC, Holinger LD, Reichert TJ: Respiratory obstruction and apnea in infants with bilateral abductor vocal cord paralysis: Meningomyelocele, hydrocephalus and Arnold-Chiari malformation. J Pcdiatr 92: 368, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Emery JL, Levic R: Movement of the brain stem vessels around the brain stem in children with hydrocephalus and Arnold-Chiari deformity. Dev Med Child Neurol (suppl) 11: 49, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Krisch WM, Duncan BR, Black FO, et al.: Laryngeal palsy in association with meningomyelocele, hydrocephalus and the Arnold-Chiari malformation. J Neurosurg 28: 207, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Gendell HM, McCallum JE, Reigel DH: Cricopharyngeal achalasia associated with Arnold-Chiari malformation in childhood. Child’s Brain 4: 65, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Cameron JL, Mitchell WH, Zuidema GD: Aspiration pneumonia, clinical outcome following documented aspiration. Arch Surg 106: 49, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. North JB, Jennett S: Abnormal breathing patterns associated with acute brain damage. Arch Neurol 31: 338, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Ducker TB: Increased intracranial pressure and pulmonary edema. Part I. Clinical study of 11 patients. J Neurosurg 28: 112, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Miller JD, Sullivan HD: Management of acute intracranial disasters. IAC 17: 59, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Hersch C: Electrocardiographic changes in subarachnoid hemorrhage, meningitis and intracranial space-occupying lesions. Br Heart J 26: 785, 1964.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Marshall AJ: Transient atrial fibrillation after minor head injury. Br Heart J 38: 948, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Mclaurin Rl, King LR: Recognition and treatment of metabolic disorders after head injury. Clin Neurosurg 19: 281, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Glatt BS, Rowe RD: Cerebral arteriovenous fistula associated with congestive heart failure in the newborn. Report of two cases. Pediatrics 26: 596, 1960.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Jennett B, Teasdale G: Aspects of coma after severe head injuries. Lancet, 1: 878, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Cotev S, Shalit MW: Effects of diazepam on cerebral blood flow and oxygen uptake after head injury. Anesthesiology 43: 117, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Burney RG, Winn R: Increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure during laryngoscopy and intubation for induction of anesthesia. Anesth Analg (Cleve) 54: 687, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Smith C: An endo-oesophageal stethoscope. Anesthesiology 15: 566, 1954.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Mullan S, Raimondi AJ: Respiratory hazards in surgical treatment of Arnold-Chiari malformation. J Neurosurg 19: 675, 1962.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Ishak B, McLone D, Seleny FL: Intra-operative autonomic dysfunction associated with Arnold-Chiari malformation. Child’s Brain 7: 146, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Raimondi AJ, Matsumoto S: A simplified technique for performing the ventriculo-peritoneal shunt. J Neurosurg 26: 357, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Grosfeld JL, Cooney DR, Smith J, Campbell RL: Intraabdominal complications follwing ventriculoperitoneal shunt procedures. Pediatrics 54: 791; 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Wilson CB, Bertan V: Perforation of the bowel complicating peritoneal shunts for hydrocephalus. Am Surg 32: 60, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Hougen TJ, Emmanoulides GC, Moss AJ: Pulmonary valvular dysfunction in children ventriculovenous shunts for hydrocephalus: A previously unreported condition. Pediatrics 55: 836, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Cooper IS, Amin I, Upton A, et al.: Chronic cerebellar stimulation in epilepsy: Clinical and anatomical studies. Arch Neurol 33: 559, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Cooper IS, Ricklan M, Amin I, et al.: Chronic cerebellar stimulation in cerebral palsy. Neurology 26: 744, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Fitch W, McDowall DG: The effect of halothane on the intracranial pressure gradients in the presence of in tracranial space-occupying lesions. Br J Anaesth 43:904,.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Albin MS, Chang JL, Babinski M, et al.: Intracardiac catheters in neurosurgical anesthesia. Letter to the editor. Anesthesiology 50: 67, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Michenfelder JD, Miller RH, Gronert GA: Evaluation of an ultrasonic device (doppler) for diagnosis of venous air embolism. Anesthesiology 36: 164, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Josephson S: Pulmonary hemodynamics during experi Scand J Clin Lab Insert 26 (Suppl) 115: 113, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Chander WF, Dimchoff DJ, Taren JA: Acute pulmonary edema following venous air embolism during a neu rosurgical procedure. J Neurosurg 40: 400, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Ishak BA, Seleny FL, Noah Z: Venous air embolism, a possible cause of acute pulmonary edema. Anesthesio logy 45: 453, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Perschau RA, Munson ES, Chapin JC: Pulmonary interstitial edema after multiple venous air embolism. Anes thesiology 45: 364, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Adornato DC, Gildenberg PL, Ferario CM, et al: Patho-physiology of intravenous air embolism in dogs. Anes thesiology 49: 120, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Gronert GA, Messick JM, Cucchiara RF, Michenfelder ¬JD: Paradoxical air embolism for a patent foramen ovale. Anesthesiology 50: 548, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Gildenberg PL, O’Brien RP, Britt WJ, Frost EAM: The efficacy of doppler monitoring for the detection of venous air embolism. J Neurosurg 54: 75, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Chang JL, Albin MS, Hung TK: Analysis and comparison of venous air embolism detection methods. Neurosurgery 7: 135, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Munson ES, Pual WL, Perry JC, et al: Early detection of venous air embolism using a Swan-Ganz catheter. An esthesiology 42: 223, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Steffey EP, Johns BH, Egar EI: Nitrous oxide intensifies the pulmonary arterial pressure response to venous injec tion of carbon dioxide in the dog. Anesthesiology 52: 52, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Michenfelder JD, Terry HR, Daw EG, Miller RH: Air embolism during neurosugery: A new method of treat ment. Anesth Analg (Cleve) 45: 390, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Tateishi H: Prespective study of air embolism. Br J An aesth 44: 1306, 1972

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Jordan WS, Graves CL, Boyd WA, et al: Cardiovascular effects of three techniques for inducing hypotension dur ing anesthesia. Anesth Anal (Cleve) 50: 1059, 1971.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Franciosa JA, Buiha NH, Limas CJ, et al.: Improved left ventricular function during nitroprusside infusion in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1: 650, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Fahmy NR: Nitroglycerin as a hypotensive drug during mental air embolism. Evidence of vasoconstriction. general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 49: 17, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Wang HH, Liu MP, Katz RL: A comparison of the cardiovascular effects of sodium nitroprusside and tri methaphan. Anesthesiology 46: 40, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Michenfelder JD, Tinker JH: Cyanide toxicity and thio sulfate protection during chronic administration of sodi um nitroprusside in the dog. Anesthesiology 47: 441, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Sellick BA: Induced hypothermia. In Hewer CL, (ed): Recent Advances in Anaesthesia and Analgesia. London, Churchill, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Michenfelder JD, Vihlein A, Dawe EF, Theye RA: Mod erate hypothermia in man, hemodynamic and metabolic effects. Br J Anaesth 37: 938, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Drew CE: Profound hypothermia in cardiac surgery. Report of three cases. Lancet, 1: 478, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Michenfelder JD, Kirklin JW, Vihlein A, et al.: Clinical experience with a closed chest method of producing pro found hypothermia and total circulatory arrest in neu rosurgery. Ann Surg 159: 125, 1964.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Kristiansen K, Krog J, Lund I: Experience with selective cooling of the brain. Acta Chir Scand Supl 253: 151, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1987 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ishak, B.A. (1987). Pediatric Neuroanesthesia. In: Pediatric Neurosurgery. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4202-2_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4202-2_16

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-4204-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-4202-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics