Skip to main content

Sarcoidosis

  • Chapter
Pulmonary Pathology
  • 90 Accesses

Abstract

Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease that involves the lungs in almost all afflicted individuals. The pathologist plays a major and essential role in the management of patients with sarcoidosis because definitive establishment of the diagnosis is dependent on the microscopic examination of tissue. The nature of this enigmatic disease has perplexed physicians since the first description of its histologic features by Boeck in 1905. Interest in sarcoidosis has stimulated an enormous amount of research into its etiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, abnormalities of the immune system, and clinical aspects. These efforts have resulted in thousands of publications1,2 and 10 international conferences on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders.3–5 Yet, despite the substantial increase in knowledge about the various aspects of sarcoidosis gained over the past 100 years, its etiology remains entirely unknown. Many excellent publications present comprehensive and updated coverage of its immunological, clinical and radiographic features, epidemiology, abnormal physiology, diagnostic modalities, and treatment.6–9a

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Mandel W, Thomas JH, Carman CT, McGovern JP. Bibliography on sarcoidosis 1878–1963. Washington, DC: U.S. Public Health Service Pubi. No. 1213, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Ito Y. Bibliography on sarcoidosis. Tokyo: World Ed Pubi Ltd, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Williams J W, Davies BH, eds. Eighth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous diseases. Cardiff: Alpha Omega, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Chrétien J, Marsac J, Saltiel JC, eds. Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ninth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Paris: Pergamon, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Johns CJ, ed. Tenth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 1986; 465.

    Google Scholar 

  6. James DG, Jones Williams W. Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Crystal RG, Bitterman PB, Rennard SI, Hance AJ, Keogh BA. Interstitial lung diseases of unknown cause, Part 1. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 154–166.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Crystal RG, Bitterman PB, Rennard SI, Hance AJ, Keogh BA. Interstitial lung diseases of unknown cause, Part 2. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 235–244.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Fanburg BL, ed. Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous diseases of the lung. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Berkmen YM. Radiologic aspects of intrathoracic sarcoidosis. Semin Roentgenol 1985; 20: 356–75.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. James DG, Turiaf J, Hosoda Y, Jones Williams W, Israel HL, Douglas AC, Siltzbach LE. Description of sarcoidosis: report of the committee on classification and definition. In: Siltzbach LE, ed. Seventh international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 1976; 278: 742.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Scadding JG. Sarcoidosis. London: Eyre and Spottis-woode, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Scadding JG. Further observations on sarcoidosis associated with M. tuberculosis infection. In: Levinsky L, Macholda F, eds. Proceedings of the fifth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Prague: Università Karlova, 1971: 89–92.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Zettergren L. Lymphogranulomatosis benigna; clinical and histopathological study of its relation to tuberculosis. Acta Soc med upsalien [Suppl 5] 1954; 59: 1–180.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Vanek J, Schwarz J. Demonstration of acid-fast rods

    Google Scholar 

  16. in sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1970; 101: 395–400.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Mankiewicz E, van Walbeek M. Mycobacteriophages: their role in tuberculosis and sarcoidosis. Arch Environ Health 1962; 5: 122–128.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Chapman, JS, Speight M. Further studies of mycobacterial antibodies in the sera of sarcoidosis patients. Acta Med Scand [Suppl] 1964; 425: 61–66.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Siltzbach LE. Sarcoidosis and mycobacteria. Am Rev Respir Dis 1968; 97: 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Fossä SD, Abeler V, Marlon PF, Lien HH, Hoie J. Sarcoid reaction of hilar and paratracheal lymph nodes in patients treated for testicular cancer. Cancer 1985; 56: 2212–2216.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Familial associations in sarcoidosis: a report to the Research Committee of the British Thoracic and Tuberculosis Association. Tubercle 1973;54:87–98.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Brewerton DA, Cockburn C, James DCO, James DG, Neville E. HLA antigens in sarcoidosis. Clin Exp Immunol 1977; 27: 227–229.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. James DG, Jones Williams W. Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1985: 220.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Sharma OP, Neville E, Walker AN, James DG. Familial sarcoidosis: a possible genetic influence. In: Siltzbach LE, ed. Seventh international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sei 1976: 278: 386–400.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Harf RA, Ethevenaux C, Gleize J, Perrin-Fayolle M, Guerin JC, Ollagnier C. Reduced prevalence of smokers in sarcoidosis: results of a case control study. In: Johns CJ, ed. Tenth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sei 1986; 465: 625–31.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Bresnitz EA, Israel H, Stolley PD, Soper K. Possible risk factors for sarcoidosis: A case control study. In: Johns CJ, ed. Tenth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sei 1986; 465: 632–42.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Adams DO. The biology of the granuloma. In: Ioachim HL, ed. Pathology of granulomas. New York: Raven, 1983: 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  28. James DG, Neville E. Pathobiology of sarcoidosis. Patho-biol Annu 1977; 7: 31–61.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Adams DO. The granulomatous inflammatory response. Am J Pathol 1976; 84: 163–192.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Tanaka A, Emori K, Nagao S, et al. Epithelioid granuloma formation requiring no T-cell function. Am J Pathol 1982; 106: 165–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Jagadha V, Andavolu RH, Huang CT. Granulomatous inflammation in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Clin Pathol 1985; 84: 598–602.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Boros DL. Granulomatous inflammation. Progr Allergy 1978; 24: 184–267.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Epstein WL. Granuloma formation in man. Pathobiol Annu 1977; 7: 1–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Spector WG. The macrophage: its origins and role in pathology. Pathobiol Annu 1974; 4: 33–64.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Spector WG. Granulomatous hypersensitivity. Prog Allergy 1967; 11: 36–88.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Crystal RG, Roberts WC, Hunninghake GW, Gadek JE, Fulmer JD, Line BR. Pulmonary sarcoidosis: a disease characterized and perpertuated by activated lung T lymphocytes. Ann Intern Med 1981; 94: 73–94.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Hunninghake GW, Gadek JE, Young RC, Kawanami O, Ferrans VJ, Crystal RG. Maintenance of granuloma formation in pulmonary sarcoidosis by T lymphocytes within the lung. N Engl J Med 1980; 302: 594–598.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Hunninghake GW, Fulmer JD, Young RC, Gadek JE, Crystal RG. Localization of the immune response in sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979; 120: 49–57.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Hunninghake GW, Crystal RG. Pulmonary sarcoidosis: a disorder mediated by excess helper T-lymphocyte activity at sites of disease activity. N Engl J Med 1981; 305: 429–434.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Daniele RP, Dauber JH, Rossman MD. Immunologic abnormalities in sarcoidosis. Ann Intern Med 1980; 92: 406–416.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Daniele RP. Cell-mediated immunity in pulmonary disease. Hum Pathol 1986; 17: 154–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Daniele RP. Pathogenesis of sarcoidosis: State of the art. Chest 1986(Suppl.); 89: 174S - 177S.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Rosen Y, Athanassiades TJ, Moon S, Lyons HA. Nongranulomatous interstitial pneumonitis in sarcoidosis: relationship to the development of epithelioid granulomas. Chest 1978; 74: 122–125.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Semenzato G, Pezzutto G, Chilossi M, Ossi E, Angi MR, Cipriani A. Immunohistological study in sarcoidosis: evaluation at different sites of disease activity. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1984; 30: 29–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Hunninghake GW, Crystal RG. Mechanisms of hypergammaglobulinemia in pulmonary sarcoidosis: site of increased antibody production and role of T lymphocytes. J Clin Invest 1981; 67: 86–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. van Furth R, Cohn ZA, Hirsch JG, Humphrey JH, Spec-tor WG, Langevoort HL. The mononuclear phagocyte system: a new classification of macrophages, monocytes and their precursor cells. Bull WHO 1972; 46: 845–852.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Spector WG. Chronic inflammation. In: Zweifach BW, Grant L, McCluskey RT, eds. The inflammatory process. Vol. 3. 2d ed. New York: Academic Press, 1974: 277–290.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Wilkinson PC. Chemotaxis and inflammation. Edinburgh: Churchill-Livingston, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Ward PA, Becker EL. Biology of leukotaxis. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 1977; 77: 125–148.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. van Furth R, Fedorko ME. Ultrastructure of mouse mononuclear phagocytes in bone marrow: colonies grown in vitro. Lab Invest 1976; 34: 440–450.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Nichols BA, Bainton DF. Ultrastructure and cytochemistry of mononuclear phagocytes. In: van Furth R, ed. Mononuclear phagocytes in immunity, infection and pathology. Oxford: Blackwell, 1975: 17–56.

    Google Scholar 

  52. van Furth R. Mononuclear phagocytes in inflammation. In: Vane JR, Ferreira SH, eds. Handbook of experimental pharmacology. Vol. 50, Part 1. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1978: 68–108.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Stewart CC, Lin HS. Macrophage growth factor and its relationship to colony stimulating factor. J Reticu-loendothel Soc 1978; 23: 269–285.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. van der Zeijst BAM, Stewart CC, Schlesinger S. Proliferative capacity of mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. J Exp Med 1978; 147: 1253–1266.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Cohn ZA. The activation of mononuclear phagocytes: fact, fancy and future. J Immunol 1978; 121: 813–816.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Nelson DS. Macrophages and cell-mediated immunity. In: Gadebusch HH, ed. Phagocytes and cellular immunity. Cleveland: CRC Press, 1979: 57–100.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Keller R. Mononuclear phagocytes and antitumor resistance: a discussion. In: James K, McBride A, Stuart A, eds. Symposium on the macrophage and cancer. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh, 1979: 31–49.

    Google Scholar 

  58. North RJ. The concept of the activated macrophage. J Immunol 1978; 121: 806–809.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Meltzer MS, Ruco LP, Boraschi B, Nacy CA. Macrophage activation for tumoricidal toxicity: analysis of intermediary reactions. J Reticuloendothel Soc 1979; 26: 403–416.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Lasser A. The mononuclear phagocytic system. Hum Pathol 1983; 14: 108–126.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Pierce CW. Macrophages: modulators of immunity. Am J Pathol 1980; 98: 10–28.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Unanue ER. The regulatory role of macrophages in antigen stimulation, Part 2: symbiotic relationships between lymphocytes and macrophages. Adv Immunol 1981; 31: 1–136.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Unanue ER. Secretory function of mononuclear phagocytes. Am J Pathol 1976; 83: 396–417.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Hunninghake GW. Release of interleukin-1 by alveolar macrophages of patients with active pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 129: 569–572.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Spector WG, Mariano M. Macrophage behavior in experimental granulomas. In: van Furth R, ed. Mononuclear phagocytes in infection, immunity and pathology. Oxford: Blackwell, 1975: 927–942.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Hirsch BC, Johnson WC. Concepts of granulomatous inflammation. Int J Dermatol 1984; 23: 90–100.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Soler P, Basset F, BernaudinJF, Chrétien J. Morphology and distribution of the cells of a sarcoid granuloma: ultrastructural study of serial sections. In: Siltzbach LE, ed. Seventh international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 1976; 278: 147–160.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Chambers TJ. Multinucleate giant cells. J Pathol 1978; 126: 125–148.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Papadimitriou JM, Sforsina D, Papaelias L. Kinetics of multinucleate giant cell formation and their modification by various agents in foreign body reactions. Am J Pathol 1973; 73: 349–364.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Black MM, Epstein WL. Formation of multinucleate giant cells in organized epithelioid cell granulomas. Am J Pathol 1974; 74: 263–274.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Ginns LC, Goldenheim PD, Burton RC, Colvin RB, Miller LG, Goldstein G, Hurwitz C, Kazemi H. T-lym-phocyte subsets in peripheral blood and lung lavage in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and sarcoidosis: analysis by monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1982; 25: 11–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Ward PA, Remold HG, David JR. Leukotactic factor produced by sensitized lymphocytes. Science 1969; 163: 1079–1081.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Oppenheim JJ. Lymphokines. In: Oppenheim JJ, Rosenstreich M, Potter M, eds. Cellular functions in immunity and inflammation. New York: Elsevier/North Holland, 1981: 259–282.

    Google Scholar 

  74. David JR, Rocklin RE. Lymphocyte mediators “the lymphokines.” In: Samter M, ed. Immunological diseases. Vol. 1. Boston: Little, Brown, 1978: 307–324.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Rocklin RE. Products of activated lymphocytes: leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF) distinct from migration inhibition factor (MIF). J Immunol 1974; 112: 1461–1466.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Pinkston P, Bitterman PB, Crystal RG. Spontaneous release of interleukin-2 by lung T lymphocytes in active pulmonary sarcoidosis. N Engl J Med 1983; 308: 793–800.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Hunninghake GW, Bedell GN, Zavala DC, Monnick M, Brady M. Role of interleukin-2 release by lung T- cells in active pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 128: 634–638.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Pinkston P, Bitterman PB, Crystal RG. Corticosteroid modulation of lungT-cell interleukin-2 release and lung T-cell proliferation in pulmonary sarcoidosis. In: International Committee On Sarcoidosis. 10th international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Abstracts. Baltimore, 1984: 48.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Byrne EB, Evans AS, Fouts DW, Israel HL. Serological hyperreactivity to Epstein-Barr virus and other viral antigens in sarcoidosis. In: Iwai K, Hosoda Y, eds. Proceedings of the sixth international conference on sarcoidosis. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1974: 218–225.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Lawrence EC, Martin RR, Blease RM, Teague RB, Awe RJ, Wilson KR, Deaton WJ, Bloom K, Greenberg SD, Stevens PM. Increased bronchoalveolar IgG secreting cells in interstitial lung diseases. N Engl J Med 1980; 302: 1186–1188.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Berman B, FoxJL, Teirstein AS. Quantitation of cutaneous Langerhans cells of sarcoidosis patients. In: Johns CJ. ed. Tenth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 1986; 465: 250–59.

    Google Scholar 

  82. James DG. Granulomatous disorders which mimic sarcoidosis. In: Iwai K, Hosoda Y, eds. Proceedings of the sixth international conference on sarcoidosis. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1974: 132–135.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Pertschuk LP, Silverstein E, Friedland J. Detection of angiotensin-converting enzyme in sarcoid granulomas. Am J Clin Pathol 1981; 75: 350–354.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Pertschuk LP, Stanek AE, Silverstein E, Friedland J. Immunocytochemical detection of angiotensin-converting enzyme in sarcoidosis granulomas. In: DeLellis RA, ed. Advances in immunohistochemistry (monographs in diagnostic pathology: Vol. 7 ). New York: Masson, 1984: 311–323.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Semenzato G, Pezzutto A, Chisoli M, Pizzola G. Redistribution of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes of patients with sarcoidosis. N Engl J Med 1982; 306: 48–49.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Modlin RL, Hofman FM, Meyer PR, Sharma OP, Taylor CR, Rea TH. In situ demonstration of T lymphocyte subsets in granulomatous inflammation: leprosy, rhino-scleroma and sarcoidosis. Clin Exp Immunol 1983; 51: 430–438.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Modlin RL, Hofman FM, Sharma OP, Gottlieb B, Taylor CR, Rea TH. Demonstration in situ of subsets of T lymphocytes in sarcoidosis. Am J Dermatopathol 1984; 6: 423–427.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. van Maarsseveen A, Mullink H, Alons C, Stam J. Com-partmentalisation of lymphocytes in the sarcoid granuloma. In: International Committee on Sarcoidosis. Tenth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Abstracts. Baltimore, 1984: 76.

    Google Scholar 

  89. van Maarsseveen A, Mullink H, Alons C, Stam J. Distribution of T lymphocyte subsets in different portions of sarcoid granulomas: Immunohistologic analysis with monoclonal antibodies. Hum Pathol 1986; 17: 493–500.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Viale G, Codecasa L, Bulgheroni P, et al. T-cell subsets in sarcoidosis: An immunocytochemical investigation of blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and prescalenic lymph nodes from eight patients. Hum Pathol 1986; 17: 476–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Van Den Oord JJ, DeWolf-Peeters C, Facchetti F, Desmet VJ. Cellular composition of hypersensitivity type granulomas. Hum Pathol 1984; 15: 559–565.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Ricker W, Clark M. Sarcoidosis: a clinico-pathologic review of 300 cases, including 22 autopsies. Am J Clin Pathol 1949; 19: 725–749.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Rosen Y, Vuletin JC, Pertschuk LP, Silverstein E. Sarcoidosis from the pathologist’s vantage point. Pathol Annu 1979; 14 (Part l): 405–439.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Carlens E, Hanngren A, Ivemark B. The concomitance of feverish onset of sarcoidosis and necrosis formation in the lymph nodes. In: Iwai K, Hosoda Y, eds. Proceedings of the sixth international conference on sarcoidosis. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1974: 409–412.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Dannenberg AM Jr, Sugimoto M. Liquefaction of caseous foci in tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1976; 113: 257–259.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Medlar EM. A study of the process of caseation in tuberculosis. Am J Pathol 1926; 2: 275–290.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Rich AR. The pathogenesis of tuberculosis. 2nd ed. Springfield: Thomas, 1951: 734–742.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Zak F. Contribution to the origin, development and experimental production of laminated calcino-siderotic Schaumann bodies. Acta Med Scand [Suppl] 1964; 425: 21–24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Jones Williams W. The nature and origin of Schaumann bodies. J Pathol Bacteriol 1960; 79: 193–201.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Drury RA. Problems in histological interpretation in sarcoidosis. Postgrad Med J 1970; 46: 478–483.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Cain H, Kraus B. The ultrastructure and morphogenesis of asteroid bodies in sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. In: Williams J W, Davies BH, eds. Eighth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous diseases. Cardiff: Alpha Omega, 1980: 30–37.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Jones Williams W, Williams D. “Residual bodies” in sarcoid and sarcoid-like granulomas. J Clin Pathol 1967; 20: 574–577.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Hamazaki T. Über ein Neues, säuerfeste Substanz führendes Spindelkörperchen der Menschlichen Lymphdrüsen. Virchows Arch [Pathol Anat] 1938; 301: 490–522.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Carter CJ, Gross MA. The selective staining of curious bodies in the lymph nodes as a means for the diagnosis of sarcoid. Stain Technol 1969; 44: 1–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Baro C, Butt CG. Hamazaki-Wesenberg bodies in sarcoidosis. Lab Med Bull Pathol 1970; 102: 281.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Boyd JF, Valentine JC. Unidentified yellow bodies in human lymph nodes. J Pathol 1970; 102: 58–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Doyle WF, Brahman HD, Burgess JH. The nature of the yellow-brown bodies in peritoneal lymph nodes. His-tochemical and electron microscopic evaluation of these bodies in a case of suspected sarcoidosis. Arch Pathol 1973; 96: 320–326.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Sieracki JC, Fisher ER. The ceroid nature of so-called “Hamazaki-Wesenberg” bodies. Am J Clin Pathol 1973; 59: 248–253.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Boutet M. Etude ultrastructurale et histochimique des corps d’Hamazaki-Wesenberg dans la sarcoidose gan-glionaire. Ann Anat Pathol 1975; 20: 201–212.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Wesenberg W. On acid-fast Hamazaki spindle bodies in sarcoidosis of lymph nodes and on double refractile cell inclusions in sarcoidosis of the lungs. Arch Klin Exp Dermatol 1966; 227: 101–107.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Vuletin JC, Rosen Y. Nature of pseudo-fungal budding structures (Hamazaki-Wesenberg bodies) and asteroid bodies in sarcoidosis (abstr). Am J Clin Pathol 1977; 68: 99.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Hall M, Eusebi V. Yellow-brown spindle bodies in mesenteric lymph nodes: a possible relationship with melanosis coli. Histopathology 1978; 2: 47–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Spencer H. Pathology of the lung. 4th ed. Oxford: Per-gamon, 1985: 828–829.

    Google Scholar 

  114. James DG, Neville E, Siltzbach LE, Turiaf J, Battesti JP, Sharma OP, Hosoda Y, Mikami R, Odaka M, Villar TG, Djuric B, Douglas AC, Middleton W, Karlish A, Blasi A, Olivieri D, Press P. A worldwide review of sar-oidcosis. In: Siltzbach LE, ed. Seventh international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 1976; 278: 321–334.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Rosen Y, Amorosa JK, Moon S, Cohen J, Lyons HA. Occurrence of lung granulomas in patients with stage 1 sarcoidosis. AJR 1977; 129: 1083–1085.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Eule H. Findings by lung biopsy in patients with Löf-gren’s syndrome. In: Levinsky L, Macholda F, eds. Proceedings of the fifth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Prague: Universita Karlova, 1971: 469–471.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Freiman DG. The pathology of sarcoidosis. Semin Roentgenol 1985; 20: 327–39.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. James DG, Jones Williams W. Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1985: 46–53.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Löfgren S. Erythema nodosum: studies on aetiology and pathogenesis in 185 adult cases. Acta Med Scand [Suppl 174] 1946; 124: 1–197.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Winterbauer RH, Moore KD. A clinical interpretation of bilateral hilar adenopathy. Ann Intern Med 1973; 78: 65–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. James DG, Jones Williams W. Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1985: 49.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Carrington CB, Gaensler EA, Mikus JP, Schachter AW, Burke GW, Goff AM. Structure and function in sarcoidosis. In: Siltzbach LE, ed. Seventh international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sei 1976; 278: 265–283.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Huang CT, Heurich AE, Rosen Y, Moon S, Lyons HA. Pulmonary sarcoidosis. Roentgenographic, functional and pathologic considerations. Respiration 1979; 37: 337–345.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Smellie H, Hoyle G. The natural history of pulmonary sarcoidosis. J Med 1960; 29: 539–558.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Daniel TM. Sarcoidosis. In: Baum GL, Wolinsky E, eds. Textbook of pulmonary diseases. 3rd ed. Boston: Little Brown, 1983: 685–701.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Fräser RG, Pare JAP. Diagnosis of disease of the chest. 2d ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1979: 1675–1689.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Longcope WT, Freiman DG. A study of sarcoidosis. Medicine 1952; 31: 1–132.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Rosen Y, Moon S. Unpublished data. 1977

    Google Scholar 

  129. Lacronique J, Bernaudin JF, Soler P, Lange F, Kawan-ami O, Saumon G, Georges R, Basset F. Alveolitis and granulomas: sequential course in pulmonary sarcoidosis. In: Chretien J, Marsac J, Saltiel JC, eds. Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ninth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Paris: Pergamon, 1983: 36–42.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Angi MR, Ossi E, Secchi AG, Cipriani A, Festi G, Trentin L, Pizzolo G, Semenzato G. The conjunctiva as a primary site of involvement in sarcoidosis. In: International Committee on Sarcoidosis. Tenth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Abstracts. Baltimore, 1984: 77.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Daniele RP, Elias JA, Epstein PE, Rossman MD. Bron-choalveolar lavage: role in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of interstitial lung disease. Ann Intern Med 1985; 102: 93–108.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Campbell DA, Poulter LW, Du Bois RM. Immunocompetent cells in bronchoalveolar lavage reflect the cell populations in transbronchial biopsies in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 132: 1300–06.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Baughman R, Strohofer S, Kim CK. Variation of differential cell counts of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1986; 110: 341–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Garcia JGN, Wolven RG, Garcia PL, Keogh BA. Assessment of interlobar variation of bronchoalveolar lavage cellular differentials in interstitial lung diseases. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133: 444–49.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Unanue ER, Benacerraf B. Immunologic events in experimental hypersensitivity granulomas. Am J Pathol 1973; 71: 349–364.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Spector WG, Heesom N. The production of granulo-mata by antigen—antibody complexes.} Pathol 1969; 98: 31–39.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Hunninghake GW, Kawanami O, Ferrans VJ, Young RC, Roberts WC, Crystal RG. Characterization of the inflammatory and immune effector cells in the lung parenchyma of patients with interstitial lung disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981; 123: 407–412.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Halsam PL, Turton CWG, Heard B, Lukoszek A, Collins JV. Bronchoalveolar lavage in pulmonary fibrosis: comparison of cells obtained with lung biopsy and clinical features. Thorax 1980; 35: 9–18.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Paradis IL, Rogers RM, Rabin BS, Dauber JH. Lymphocyte phenotypes in bronchoalveolar lavage and lung tissue in sarcoidosis. In: Johns CJ, ed. Tenth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 1986; 465: 148–56.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Reynolds HY, Newball HH. Analysis of proteins and respiratory cells obtained from human lungs by bronchial lavage. J Lab Clin Med 1974; 84: 559–573.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Hunninghake GW, Gadek JE, Kawanami O, Ferrans VJ, Crystal RG. Inflammatory and immune processes in the human lung in health and disease: evaluation by bronchoalveolar lavage. Am J Pathol 1979; 97: 149–206.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Crapo JD, Barry BE, Gehr P, Bachofen M, Weibel ER. Cell number and cell characteristics of the normal human lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 1982; 126: 332–337.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Keogh BA, Hunninghake GW, Line BR, Crystal RG. The alveolitis of pulmonary sarcoidosis: evaluation of natural history and alveolitis dependent changes in lung function. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 128: 256–265.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Israel-Biet D, Venet A, Chretien J. Persistent high alveolar lymphocytosis as a predictive criterion of chronic pulmonary sarcoidosis. In: Johns CJ. ed. Tenth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 1986; 465: 395–406.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Costabel U, Bross KJ, Guzman J, Nilles A, Rühle KH, Matthys H. Predictive value of bronchoalveolar T cell subsets for the course of pulmonary sarcoidosis. In: Johns CJ, ed. Tenth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 1986; 465: 418–26.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Takahashi M. Histopathology of sarcoidosis and its immunological bases. Acta Pathol Jpn 1970; 20: 171–182.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Teilum G. Morphogenesis and development of sarcoid lesions. Similarities to the group of collagenosis. Acta Med Scand [Suppl] 1964; 425: 14–18.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Addrizzo JR, Minkowitz S, Lyons HA. Triple biopsy in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. In: Levinsky L, Macholda F, eds. Proceedings of the fifth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Prague: Universita Karlova, 1971: 476–479.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Rosen Y, Moon S, Huang CT, Gourin A, Lyons HA. Granulomatous pulmonary angiitis in sarcoidosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1977; 101: 170–174.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Turiaf J, Battesti P, Marland P, Basset F, Amouroux F. Sarcoidosis involving large pulmonary arteries. In: Williams JW, Davies BH, eds. Eighth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous diseases. Cardiff: Alpha Omega, 1980: 3–8.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Freiman DG, Hardy HL. Beryllium disease. Hum Pathol 1970; 1: 25–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Kitaichi M, Izumi T. Comparative pulmonary pathology of sarcoidosis, chronic beryllium disease and hypersensitivity pneumonitis based on open lung biopsy specimens. In: International Committee on Sarcoidosis. Tenth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Abstracts. Baltimore, 1984: 65.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Littler LPW. Bronchoscopy in sarcoidosis. In: Levinsky L, Macholda F, eds. Proceedings of the fifth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Prague: Università Karlova, 1971: 463–465.

    Google Scholar 

  154. Siltzbach LE, Cahn LR. Random biopsy of bronchial and palatal mucosa in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. In: Lòfgren S, ed. Proceedings of the third international conference on sarcoidosis. Acta Med Scand [Suppl] 1964; 425: 230–233.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Miller A, Teirstein AS, Jackler I, Siltzbach LE. Evidence of airway involvement in late pulmonary sarcoidosis using flow-volume curves and nitrogen washout. In: Iwai K, Hosoda Y, eds. Proceedings of the sixth international conference on sarcoidosis. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1974: 421–424.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Olsson T, Bjòrnstad-Petersen H, Stjernberg NL. Bronchostenosis due to sarcoidosis. Chest 1979; 75: 663–666.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Miller A, Brown LK, Teirstein AS. Fixed upper airway obstruction (UAO) caused by bilateral bronchial stenosis in sarcoidosis. In: International Committee on Sarcoidosis. Tenth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Abstracts. Baltimore, 1984: 86.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Hadfield JW, Page RL, Flower CDR, Stark JE. Localized airways narrowing in sarcoidosis. Thorax 1982; 37: 443–447.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Chusid E, Siltzbach LE. Sarcoidosis of the pleura. Ann Intern Med 1974; 81: 190–194.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Wilen SB, Rabinowitz JG, Ulreich S, Lyons HA. Pleural involvement in sarcoidosis. Am J Med 1974; 57: 200–209.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Beekman JF, Zimmet SM, Chun BK, Miranda AA, Katz S. Spectrum of pleural involvement in sarcoidosis. Arch Intern Med 1976; 136: 323–330.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Vracko R. Significance of basal lamina for regeneration of injured lung. Virchows Arch [Pathol Anat] 1972; 355: 264–274.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Madri J A, Furthmayr H. Collagen polymorphism in the lung: an immunochemical study of pulmonary fibrosis. Hum Pathol 1980; 11: 353–366.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Editorial. Collagen in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Lancet 1979; 2: 1277–1278.

    Google Scholar 

  165. Rennard SI, Hunninghake GW, Bitterman PB, Crystal RG. Production of fibronectin by the human alveolar macrophage: mechanism for the recruitment of fibroblasts to the site of tissue injury in interstitial lung diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981; 78: 7147–7151.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Ruoslahti E, Enegvall E, Hayman EG. Fibronectin: current concepts of its structure and functions. Coll Rei Res 1981; 1: 95–128.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Bitterman PB, Rennard SI, Hunninghake GW. Human alveolar macrophage growth factor for fibroblasts: regulation and partial characterization. J Clin Invest 1982; 70: 806–822.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Mayock RL, Bertrand P, Morisson CE, Scott JH. Manifestations of sarcoidosis. Am J Med 1963; 35: 67–89.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Israel HL, Ostrow A. Sarcoidosis and aspergilloma. Am J Med 1969; 47: 243–250.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Fresko D, Lazarus SS. Reactive systemic amyloidosis complicating long-standing sarcoidosis. NY State J Med 1982; 82: 232–234.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Swanton RH, Peters DK, Burn JI. Sarcoidosis and amyloidosis. Proc R Soc Med 1971; 64: 1002–1003.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. R0mer FK. Sarcoidosis and cancer—a critical review. In: Williams JW, Davies BH, eds. Eighth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous diseases. Cardiff: Alpha Omega, 1980: 567–571.

    Google Scholar 

  173. Neville E, Walker AN, James DG. Prognostic factors predicting the outcome of sarcoidosis; an analysis of 818 patients. J Med 1983; 52: 525–533.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Huang CT, Heurich AE, Sutton AL, Rosen Y, Lyons HA. Mortality in sarcoidosis. In: Williams JW, Davies BH, eds. Eighth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous diseases. Cardiff: Alpha Omega, 1980: 522–526.

    Google Scholar 

  175. Sones M, Israel HL. Course and prognosis of sarcoidosis. Am J Med 1960; 29: 84–93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Battesti JP, Georges R, Basset F, Saumon G. Chronic cor pulmonale in sarcoidosis. Thorax 1978; 33: 76–84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Kent DC, Houk VN, Elliot RC, Sokolowisi JW, Baker JH, Sorensen K. The definitive evaluation of sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1970; 101: 721–727.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Aisner SC, Gupta PK, Frost JH. Sputum cytology in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Acta Cytol 1977; 21: 394–398.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Vernon SE. Nodular pulmonary sarcoidosis: diagnosis with fine needle aspiration biopsy. Acta Cytol 1985; 29: 473–476.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Shure D, Fedullo PF. Transbronchial needle aspiration of peripheral masses. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 128: 1090–1092.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Frable MA, Frable WJ. Fine needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of sarcoid of the head and neck. Acta Cytol 1984; 28: 175–177.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Selroos O. Fine needle aspiration biopsy of the spleen in diagnosis of sarcoidosis. In: Siltzbach LE, ed. Seventh international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sei 1976; 278: 517–571.

    Google Scholar 

  183. Fulkerson WJ. Current concepts: fiberoptic bronchoscopy. N Engl J Med 1984; 311: 511–515.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Teirstein AS, Chuang M, Miller A, Siltzbach LE. Flexi-ble-bronchoscope biopsy of lung and bronchial wall in intrathoracic sarcoidosis. In: Siltzbach LE, ed. Seventh international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sei 1976; 278: 522–527.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Koerner SK, Sakowitz AJ, Appelman RI, Becker NH, Schoenbaum SW. Transbronchial lung biopsy for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. N Engl J Med 1975; 293: 268–270.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Koontz CH, Joyner LR, Nelson RA. Transbronchial lung biopsy via the fiberoptic bronchoscope in sarcoidosis. Ann Intern Med 1976; 85: 64–66.

    Google Scholar 

  187. Khan MA, Corona F, Masson RG. Transbronchial lung biopsy for sarcoidosis. N Engl J Med 1976; 295: 225.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Poletti V, Patelli M, Spiga L, Ferracini R, Manetto V. Transbronchial lung biopsy in pulmonary sarcoidosis; is it an evaluable method in detection of disease activity? Chest 1986; 89: 361–65.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Smith LS, Seaquist M, Schillaci RF. Comparison of forceps used for transbronchial lung biopsy: bigger may not be better. Chest 1985; 87: 574–576.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Gilman MJ, Wang KP. Transbronchial lung biopsy in sarcoidosis. An approach to determine the optimal number of biopsies. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980; 122: 721–724.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Roethe RA, Fuller PB, Byrd RB, Hafermann DR. Transbronchial lung biopsy in sarcoidosis. Chest 1980; 77: 400–402.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Fechner RE, Greenberg SD, Wilson RK, Stevens PM. Evaluation of transbronchial biopsy of the lung. Am J Clin Pathol 1977; 68: 17–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Koch ML, Coté RA. Comparison of fluorescense microscopy with Ziehl-Neelsen stain for demonstration of acid-fast bacilli. Am Rev Respir Dis 1965; 91: 283–294.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Wellman KF, Teng KP. Demonstration of acid-fast bacilli in tissue sections by fluorescense. Can Med Assoc J 1962; 87: 837–841.

    Google Scholar 

  195. Woodard BH, Rosenberg SI, Farnham R, Adams DO. Incidence and nature of primary granulomatous inflammation in surgically removed material. Am J Surg Pathol 1982; 6: 119–129.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Lin CS, Ruiz A. Contamination by saprophytic acid-fast bacilli in the histology laboratory. Lab Med 1977; 8: 11–13.

    Google Scholar 

  197. Ulbright TM, Katzenstein AA. Solitary necrotizing granulomas of the lung. Am J Surg Pathol 1980; 4: 13–28.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Grange J M. Tuberculosis. In: Wilson G, Miles A, Parker MT, eds. Topley and Wilson’s principles of bacteriology, virology and immunity. Vol 3. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1983: 42–43.

    Google Scholar 

  199. Boyd WA. A textbook of pathology. 3d ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Feibiger, 1938.

    Google Scholar 

  200. Gottlieb JA, Fanburg BL, Pauker SG. A decision analytic view of the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. In: Fanburg BL, ed. Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous diseases of the lung. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1983: 349–380.

    Google Scholar 

  201. Williams RH, Nickerson DA. Skin reactions in sarcoid. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1935; 33: 403–405.

    Google Scholar 

  202. Siltzbach LE. The Kveim test in sarcoidosis. Am J Med 1961; 30: 495–501.

    Google Scholar 

  203. Chase MW. The preparation and standardization of Kveim antigen. Am Rev Respir Dis 1961; 84 (Part 2): 86–88.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Chapman J. The Kveim test. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1977; 101: 515–517.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Siltzbach LE. Qualities and behavior of satisfactory Kveim suspensions. In: Siltzbach LE, ed. Seventh international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 1976; 278: 665–669.

    Google Scholar 

  206. Mishra BB, Poulter LW, Sherlock S, James DG. The Kveim-Siltzbach granuloma: A model for sarcoid granuloma formation. In: Johns CJ, ed. Tenth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sei 1986; 465: 164–75.

    Google Scholar 

  207. Kataria YP, Park HK. Dynamics and mechanism of the sarcoidal granuloma: detecting T cell subsets, non T cells and immunoglobulins in biopsies at varying intervals of Kveim-Siltzbach test sites. In: Johns C J, ed. Tenth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sei 1986; 465: 221–32.

    Google Scholar 

  208. Cohn ZA, Fedorko ME, Hirsch JG, Turfiaf J, Chabot J. In: Turiaf J, Chabot J, James DC, Zatouroff MA, eds. La Sarkoidose. Report of the fourth international conference on sarcoidosis. Paris: Masson et Cie, 1967: 141–149.

    Google Scholar 

  209. Lieberman L. Elevation of serum angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in sarcoidosis. Am J Med 1975; 59: 365–372.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Friedland J, Silverstein E. Sensitive fluorometric assay for serum angiotensin-converting enzyme with the natural substrate angiotensin 1. Am J Clin Pathol 1977; 68: 225–228.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Studdy PR, James DC. The specificity and sensitivity of serum angiotensin converting enzyme in sarcoidosis and other diseases. Experience in twelve centres in six different countries. In: Chrétien J, Marsac J, Saltiel JC, eds. Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ninth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Paris: Pergamon, 1983: 332–344.

    Google Scholar 

  212. Silverstein E, Friedland J, Lyons HA. Serum angiotensin converting enzyme in sarcoidosis: clinical significance. Isr J Med Sei 1977; 13: 1001–1006.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Silverstein E, Friedland J, Lyons HA, Gourin A. Markedly elevated angiotensin converting enzyme in lymph nodes containing nonnecrotizing granulomas in sarcoidosis. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 1976; 73: 2137–2141.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Stanek AE, Silverstein E, Friedland J. Angiotensin converting enzyme is localized in the plasma membrane of the epithelioid cell of the sarcoidosis granuloma. Clin Res 1982; 30: 438A.

    Google Scholar 

  215. Silverstein E, Friedland J. Pathogenesis of sarcoidosis; T lymphocyte modulation of induction of angiotensin converting enzyme in human monocytes in culture. Evidence of mediation by lymphokine. In: International Committee on Sarcoidosis. Tenth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Abstracts. Baltimore, 1984: 96.

    Google Scholar 

  216. Ryder KW, Stephen J J, Saleem KO, Meredith HT. Serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity in patients with histoplasmosis. JAMA 1983; 249: 1888–1889.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Studdy PR, Bird R, James DG. Serum angiotensin converting enzyme (SACE) in the diagnosis and evaluation of pulmonary sarcoidosis. In: International Committee on Sarcoidosis. Tenth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Abstracts. Baltimore, 1984: 112.

    Google Scholar 

  218. Check IJ, Gowitt GT, Staton GW. Bronchoalveolar lavage cell differential in the diagnosis of sarcoid interstitial lung disease: likelihood ratios based on computerized data base. Am J Clin Pathol 1985; 84: 744–747.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Line BR, Fulmer JD, Reynolds HY, Roberts WC, Jones EA, Harris EK, Crystal RG. Gallium-67 citrate scanning in the staging of idiopathnic pulmonary fibrosis; correlation with physiologic and morphologic features and bronchoalveolar lavage. Am Rev Respir Dis 1978; 118: 355–365.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Hunninghake GW, Line BR, Szapiel SV, Crystal RG. Activation of inflammatory cells increases the localization of gallium-67 at sites of disease. Clin Res 1981;29:171 A.

    Google Scholar 

  221. Braude AC, Chamberlain DW, Rebuck AS. Pulmonary disposition of gallium-67 in humans: concise communication. J Nucl Med 1982; 23: 574–576.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Rizzato G, Blasi A. A European survey on the usefulness of gallium-67 lung scans in assessing sarcoidosis: Experience in 14 research centers in seven different countries. In: Johns CJ, ed. Tenth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 1986; 465: 463–78.

    Google Scholar 

  223. Hirsh BC, Johnson WC. Pathology of granulomatous diseases. Epithelioid granulomas, Part 1. Int J Dermatol 1984; 23: 237–246.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Liebow AA. The J. Burns Amberson Lecture. Pulmonary angiitis and granulomatosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1973; 108: 1–18.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Saldana MJ. Necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis: clin-ico-pathologic observations in 24 patients. Lab Invest 1978; 38: 364 (abstr).

    Google Scholar 

  226. Churg A, Carrington CB, Gupta R. Necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis. Chest 1979; 76: 406–413.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Koss MN, Hochholzer L, Feigin DS, Garancis JC, Ward PA. Necrotizing sarcoid-like granulomatosis: clinical, pathologic and immunopathologic findings. Hum Pathol 1980; 2 (Suppl): 510–519.

    Google Scholar 

  228. Stephen JG, Baimbridge MV, Corrin B, Wilkinson SP, Day D, Whimster WF. Necrotizing “sarcoidal” angiitis and granulomatosis of the lung. Thorax 1976; 31: 356–360.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Menon MPS, Beohar PC, Jain SK, Narayanan SK. Necrotizing sarcoid angiitis and granulomatosis of the lung. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 1980; 22: 123–127.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Fisher MR, Christ ML, Bernstein JR. Necrotizing sarcoid-like granulomatosis: radiologic-pathologic correlation. J Can Assoc Radiol 1984; 35: 313–315.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Rolfes DB, Weiss MA, Sanders MA. Necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis with suppurative features. Am J Clin Pathol 1984; 82: 602–607.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Gibbs AR, Jones William W. Necrotising sarcoidal granulomatosis. In: International Committee on Sarcoidosis. Tenth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Abstracts. Baltimore, 1984: 1–2.

    Google Scholar 

  233. Riihl GH, Schlanstein A, Hartung W. Nekrotisierende sarkoidale Granulomatose der Lunge. Prax Klin Pneu-mol 1985; 39: 284–287.

    Google Scholar 

  234. Katzenstein AA. The histologic spectrum and differential diagnosis of necrotizing granulomatous inflammation in the lung. In: FenoglioCM, Wolff M, eds. Progress in surgical pathology. Vol. 2. New York: Masson, 1980: 42–70.

    Google Scholar 

  235. Cole SR, Johnson KJ, Ward PA. Pathology of sarcoidosis, granulomatous vasculitis and other idiopathic granulomatous diseases of the lung. In Fanburg BL, ed. Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disease of the lung. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1983: 149–202.

    Google Scholar 

  236. Churg A. Pulmonary angiitis and granulomatosis revisited. Hum Pathol 1983; 14: 868–883.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Cole SR. Personal communication. 1984

    Google Scholar 

  238. Singh N, Cole SR, Krause PJ, Conway M, Garcia L. Necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis with extrapulmonary involvement. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981; 124:189— 191.

    Google Scholar 

  239. Dail DH. Personal communication. 1985

    Google Scholar 

  240. Kirks DR, McCormick VD, Greenspan RH. Pulmonary sarcoidosis. Roentgenologic analysis of 150 patients. AJR 1973; 117: 777–786.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Sharma OP, Hewlett R, Gordonson J. Nodular sarcoidosis: an unusual radiographic appearance. Chest 1973; 64: 189–192.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Sharma OP. Sarcoidosis: unusual pulmonary manifestations. Postgrad Med 1977; 61: 67–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. R0mer FK. Sarcoidosis with large nodular lesions simulating pulmonary metastases: an analysis of 126 cases of intrathoracic sarcoidosis. Scand J Respir Dis 1977; 58: 11–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Rose RM, Lee RGL, Costello P. Solitary nodular sarcoidosis. Clin Radiol 1985; 36: 589–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Onal E, Lopata M, Lourenco RV. Nodular pulmonary sarcoidosis. Chest 1977; 72: 296–300.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. Tellis CJ, Putman JS. Cavitation in large multinodular pulmonary disease. A rare manifestation of sarcoidosis. Chest 1977; 71: 792–793.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Ohsaki Y, Abe S, Yahara O, Murao M. Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy and cystic lung lesion. Chest 1977; 71: 81–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1988 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rosen, Y. (1988). Sarcoidosis. In: Dail, D.H., Hammar, S.P. (eds) Pulmonary Pathology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3932-9_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3932-9_15

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-3934-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-3932-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics