Abstract
The view of neurons in sensory cortices as performing feature detection on the peripheral input gained acceptance to a large extent from studies of cortical processing of visual information. In this view of the visual system, information from simple feature detectors in the retina (photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells) converges at the level of the primary cortex to give rise to more complex, orientation-tuned neurons. These, in turn, send their outputs to higher cortical areas where more complex features are detected. For example, in some parts of the Infero-Temporal cortex (IT) there are neurons that can be considered to be medium-level feature detectors: they are sensitive to features that are more complex than oriented bars but less complex than full visual objects (Fujita et al. 1992; Ito et al. 1995). These neurons presumably converge further up to produce object-sensitive neurons such as the face-sensitive cells (Perrett et al. 1982).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abeles M, Goldstein MH, Jr. (1970) Functional architecture in cat primary auditory cortex: columnar organization and organization according to depth. J Neurophysiol 33: 172–187.
Ahissar M, Ahissar E, Bergman H, Vaadia E (1992) Encoding of sound-source location and movement: activity of single neurons and interactions between adjacent neurons in the monkey auditory cortex. J Neurophysiol 67: 203–215.
Bakin JS, Kwon MC, Masino SA, Weinberger NM, Frostig RD (1996) Suprathreshold auditory cortex activation visualized by intrinsic signal optical imaging. Cereb Cortex 6: 120–130.
Barth C, Burkard R (1993) Effects of noise bursts rise time and level on the human stem auditory evoked response. Audiology 32: 225–233.
Bregman AS (1990) Auditory Scene Analysis: The Perceptual Organization of Sound. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Bregman A, Ahad P, Kim J, Melnerich L (1994) Resetting the pitch-analysis system. 1. Effects of rise times of tones in noise backgrounds or of harmonics in a complex tone. Perception and Psychophysics 56: 155–162.
Brosch M, Schreiner CE (1997) Time course of forward masking tuning curves in cat primary auditory cortex. J Neurophysiol 77: 923–943.
Calford MB, Semple MN (1995) Monaural inhibition in cat auditory cortex. J Neurophysiol 73: 1876–1891.
Calhoun BM, Schreiner CE (1998) Spectral envelope coding in cat primary auditory cortex: linear and non-linear effects of stimulus characteristics. Eur J Neurosci 10: 926–940.
Cariani PA, Delgutte B (1996a) Neural correlates of the pitch of complex tones. I. Pitch and pitch salience. J Neurophysiol 76: 1698–1716.
Cariani PA, Delgutte B (1996b) Neural correlates of the pitch of complex tones. II. Pitch shift, pitch ambiguity, phase invariance, pitch circularity, rate pitch, and the dominance region for pitch. J Neurophysiol 76: 1717–1734.
Colombo M, Rodman HR, Gross CG (1996) The effects of superior temporal cortex lesions on the processing and retention of auditory information in monkeys (Cebus apella). J Neurosci 16: 4501–4517.
Colombo M, D’Amato MR, Rodman HR, Gross CG (1990) Auditory association cortex lesions impair auditory short-term memory in monkeys. Science 247: 336–338.
Costalupes JA,Young ED, Gibson DJ (1984) Effects of continuous noise backgrounds on rate responses of auditory nerve fibers in cat. J Neurophysiol 51: 1326–1344.
Creutzfeldt O, Hellweg FC, Schreiner C (1980) Thalamocortical transformation of responses to complex auditory stimuli. Exp Brain Res 39: 87–104.
Dear SP, Fritz J, Haresign T, Ferragamo M, Simmons JA (1993) Tonotopic and functional organization in the auditory cortex of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus. J Neurophysiol 70: 1988–2009.
deCharms RC, Merzenich MM (1996) Primary cortical representation of sounds by the coordination of action-potential timing. Nature 381: 610–613.
deCharms RC, Blake DT, Merzenich MM (1998) Optimizing sound features for cortical neurons [see comments]. Science 280: 1439–1443.
Dinse HR, Godde B, Hilger T, Reuter G, Cords SM, Lenarz T, von Seelen W (1997a) Optical imaging of cat auditory cortex cochleotopic selectivity evoked by acute electrical stimulation of a multi-channel cochlear implant. Eur J Neurosci 9: 113–119.
Dinse HR, Reuter G, Cords SM, Godde B, Hilger T, Lenarz T (1997b) Optical imaging of cat auditory cortical organization after electrical stimulation of a multichannel cochlear implant: differential effects of acute and chronic stimulation. Am J Otol 18: S17–18.
Eggermont JJ (1993) Wiener and Volterra analyses applied to the auditory system. Hear Res 66: 177–201.
Eggermont J (1996) How homogeneous is cat primary auditory cortex? Evidence from simultaneous single-unit recordings. Aud Neurosci 2: 79–96.
Ehret G, Schreiner CE (1997) Frequency resolution and spectral integration (critical band analysis) in single units of the cat primary auditory cortex. J Comp Physiol (A) 181: 635–650.
Esser KH, Condon CJ, Suga N, Kanwal JS (1997) Syntax processing by auditory cortical neurons in the FM-FM area of the mustached bat Pteronotus parnellii. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94: 14019–14024.
Fishbach
Fishman YI, Reser DH, Arezzo JC, Steinschneider M (1998) Pitch vs. spectral encoding of harmonic complex tones in primary auditory cortex of the awake monkey. Brain Res 786: 18–30.
Fishman Y, Reser D, Arezzo J, Steinschneider M (2000) Complex tone processing in primary auditory cortex of the awake monkey. II. Pitch versus critical band representation. J Acoust Soc Am 108: 247–262.
Frostig RD, Gottlieb Y, Vaadia E, Abeles M (1983) The effects of stimuli on the activity and functional connectivity of local neuronal groups in the cat auditory cortex. Brain Res 272: 211–221.
Fujita I, Tanaka K, Ito M, Cheng K (1992) Columns for visual features of objects in monkey inferotemporal cortex [see comments]. Nature 360: 343–346.
Gaese BH, Ostwald J (1995) Temporal coding of amplitude and frequency modulation in the rat auditory cortex. Eur J Neurosci 7: 438–450.
Gao E, Suga N (1998) Experience-dependent corticofugal adjustment of midbrain frequency map in bat auditory system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95: 12663–12670.
Gibson DJ, Young ED, Costalupes JA (1985) Similarity of dynamic range adjustments in auditory nerve and cochlear nuclei. J Neurophysiol 53: 940–958.
Glass I, Wollberg Z (1983a) Auditory cortex responses to sequences of normal and reversed squirrel monkey vocalizations. Brain Behav Evol 22: 13–21.
Glass I, Wollberg Z (1983b) Responses of cells in the auditory cortex of awake squirrel monkeys to normal and reversed species-specific vocalizations. Hear Res 9: 27–33.
Goldstein MH Jr., Abeles M, Daly RL, McIntosh J (1970) Functional architecture in cat primary auditory cortex: tonotopic organization. J Neurophysiol 33: 188–197.
Goldstein MH Jr., Abeles M (1975) Note on tonotopic organization of primary auditory cortex in the cat. Brain Res 100: 188–191.
Grady CL, Van Meter JW, Maisog JM, Pietrini P, Krasuski J, Rauschecker JP (1997) Attention-related modulation of activity in primary and secondary auditory cortex. Neuroreport 8: 2511–2516.
Grunewald A, Linden JF, Andersen RA (1999) Responses to auditory stimuli in macaque lateral intraparietal area. I. Effects of training. J Neurophysiol 82: 330–342.
Hall JW, Haggard MP, Fernandes MA (1984) Detection in noise by spectrotemporal pattern analysis. J Acoust Soc Am 76: 50–56.
Harrison RV, Harel N, Kakigi A, Raveh E, Mount RJ (1998) Optical imaging of intrinsic signals in chinchilla auditory cortex. Audiol Neurootol 3: 214–223.
Heil P (1997a) Auditory cortical onset responses revisited. I. First-spike timing. J Neurophysiol 77: 2616–2641.
Heil P (1997b) Auditory cortical onset responses revisited. II. Response strength. J Neurophysiol 77: 2642–2660.
Heil P (1998) Further observations on the threshold model of latency for auditory neurons [comment]. Behav Brain Res 95: 233–236.
Heil P, Irvine DR (1996) On determinants of first-spike latency in auditory cortex. Neuroreport 7: 3073–3076.
Heil P, Irvine DR (1997) First-spike timing of auditory-nerve fibers and comparison with auditory cortex. J Neurophysiol 78: 2438–2454.
Heil P, Irvine DR (1998) Functional specialization in auditory cortex: responses to frequency-modulated stimuli in the cat’s posterior auditory field. J Neurophysiol 79: 3041–3059.
Heil P, Rajan R, Irvine DR (1992a) Sensitivity of neurons in cat primary auditory cortex to tones and frequency-modulated stimuli. I: Effects of variation of stimulus parameters. Hear Res 63: 108–134.
Heil P, Rajan R, Irvine DR (1992b) Sensitivity of neurons in cat primary auditory cortex to tones and frequency-modulated stimuli. II: Organization of response properties along the “isofrequency” dimension. Hear Res 63: 135–156.
Heil P, Rajan R, Irvine DR (1994) Topographic representation of tone intensity along the isofrequency axis of cat primary auditory cortex. Hear Res 76: 188–202.
Horikawa J, Hosokawa Y, Kubota M, Nasu M, Taniguchi I (1996) Optical imaging of spatiotemporal patterns of glutamatergic excitation and GABAergic inhibition in the guinea-pig auditory cortex in vivo. J Physiol (Lond) 497: 629–638.
Hosokawa Y, Horikawa J, Nasu M, Taniguchi I (1997) Real-time imaging of neural activity during binaural interaction in the guinea pig auditory cortex. J Comp Physiol A 181: 607–614.
Imig TJ, Adrian HO (1977) Binaural columns in the primary field (Al) of cat auditory cortex. Brain Res 138: 241–257.
Imig TJ, Brugge JF (1978) Sources and terminations of callosal axons related to binaural and frequency maps in primary auditory cortex of the cat. J Comp Neurol 182: 637–660.
Irvine DR, Huebner H (1979) Acoustic response characteristics of neurons in nonspecific areas of cat cerebral cortex. J Neurophysiol 42: 107–122.
Ito M, Tamura H, Fujita I, Tanaka K (1995) Size and position invariance of neuronal responses in monkey inferotemporal cortex. J Neurophysiol 73: 218–226.
Kanwal JS, Matsumura S, Ohlemiller K, Suga N (1994) Analysis of acoustic elements and syntax in communication sounds emitted by mustached bats. J Acoust Soc Am 96: 1229–1254.
Kitzes LM, Hollrigel GS (1996) Response properties of units in the posterior auditory field deprived of input from the ipsilateral primary auditory cortex. Hear Res 100: 120–130.
Klein D, Depireux D, Simon J, Shamma S (2000) Robust spectrotemporal reverse correlation for the auditory system: optimizing stimulus design. J Comput Neurosci 9: 85–111.
Klump GM, Langemann U (1995) Comodulation masking release in a songbird. Hear Res 87: 157–164.
Korte M, Rauschecker JP (1993) Auditory spatial tuning of cortical neurons is sharpened in cats with early blindness. J Neurophysiol 70: 1717–1721.
Kowalski N, Versnel H, Shamma SA (1995) Comparison of responses in the anterior and primary auditory fields of the ferret cortex. J Neurophysiol 73: 1513–1523.
Kowalski N, Depireux DA, Shamma SA (1996a) Analysis of dynamic spectra in ferret primary auditory cortex. I. Characteristics of single-unit responses to moving ripple spectra. J Neurophysiol 76: 3503–3523.
Kowalski N, Depireux DA, Shamma SA (1996b) Analysis of dynamic spectra in ferret primary auditory cortex. II. Prediction of unit responses to arbitrary dynamic spectra. J Neurophysiol 76: 3524–3534.
Langner G, Sams M, Heil P, Schulze H (1997) Frequency and periodicity are represented in orthogonal maps in the human auditory cortex: evidence from magnetoencephalography. J Comp Physiol (A) 181: 665–676.
Linden JF, Grunewald A, Andersen RA (1999) Responses to auditory stimuli in macaque lateral intraparietal area. II. Behavioral modulation. J Neurophysiol 82: 343–358.
Lutkenhoner B, Lamertmann C, Ross B, Steinstrater O (2001) Tonotopic organization of the human auditory cortex revisited: High-precision neuromagnetic studies. In: Houtsma A, Kohlrausch A, Prijs V, Schoonhoven R (eds) Physiological and Psychophysical Bases of Auditory Function. Maastricht: Shaker Publishing BV, p. 13.
Markram H, Lubke J, Frotscher M, Roth A, Sakmann B (1997) Physiology and anatomy of synaptic connections between thick tufted pyramidal neurones in the developing rat neocortex. J Physiol Lond 500: 409–440.
Matsubara JA, Phillips DP (1988) Intracortical connections and their physiological correlates in the primary auditory cortex (AI) of the cat. J Comp Neurol 268: 38–48.
Mendelson JR (1992) Neural selectivity for interaural frequency disparity in cat primary auditory cortex. Hear Res 58: 47–56.
Mendelson JR, Schreiner CE, Sutter ML, Grasse KL (1993) Functional topography of cat primary auditory cortex: responses to frequency-modulated sweeps. Exp Brain Res 94: 65–87.
Mendelson JR, Schreiner CE, Sutter ML (1997) Functional topography of cat primary auditory cortex: response latencies. J Comp Physiol (A) 181: 615633.
Meredith MA, Clemo HR (1989) Auditory cortical projection from the anterior ectosylvian sulcus (Field AES) to the superior colliculus in the cat: an anatomical and electrophysiological study. J Comp Neurol 289: 687–707.
Merzenich MM, Knight PL, Roth GL (1975) Representation of cochlea within primary auditory cortex in the cat. J Neurophysiol 38: 231–249.
Middlebrooks JC, Dykes RW, Merzenich MM (1980) Binaural response-specific bands in primary auditory cortex (AI) of the cat: topographical organization orthogonal to isofrequency contours. Brain Res 181: 31–48.
Middlebrooks JC, Clock AE, Xu L, Green DM (1994) A panoramic code for sound location by cortical neurons. Science 264: 842–844.
Nelken I, Versnel H (2000) Responses to linear and logarithmic frequency-modulated sweeps in ferret primary auditory cortex. European J Neurosci 12: 549562.
Nelken I, Young ED (1994) Two separate inhibitory mechanisms shape the responses of dorsal cochlear nucleus type IV units to narrow-band and wide-band stimuli. J Neurophysiol 71: 2446–2462.
Nelken I, Young ED (1997) Linear and Nonlinear Spectral Integration in Type IV Neurons of the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus. I. Regions of Linear Interaction. J Neurophys 78: 790–799.
Nelken I, Prut Y, Vaadia E, Abeles M (1994a) In search of the best stimulus: an optimization procedure for finding efficient stimuli in the cat auditory cortex. Hear Res 72: 237–253.
Nelken I, Prut Y, Vaadia E, Abeles M (1994b) Population responses to multifrequency sounds in the cat auditory cortex: one-and two-parameter families of sounds. Hear Res 72: 206–222.
Nelken I, Prut Y, Vaddia E, Abeles M (1994c) Population responses to multifrequency sounds in the cat auditory cortex: four-tone complexes. Hear Res 72: 223–236.
Nelken I, Bar Yosef O, Young ED (1997a) Responses of field AES neurons to virtual space stimuli. In: Palmer AR, Rees A, Summerfield AQ, Meddis R (eds) Psychophysical and Physiological Advances in Hearing. London: Whurr Publ. pp. 504–512.
Nelken I, Kim PJ, Young ED (1997b) Linear and Nonlinear Spectral Integration in Type IV Neurons of the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus. II. Predicting Responses With the Use of Nonlinear Models. J Neurophys 78: 800–811.
Nelken I, Rotman Y, Bar Yosef O (1999) Responses of auditory-cortex neurons to structural features of natural sounds. Nature 397: 154–157.
Nelken I, Jacobson G, Ahdut L, Ulanovsky N (2001) Neural correlates of comodulation masking release in auditory cortex of cats. In: Houtsma A, Kohlrausch A, Prijs V, Schoonhoven R (eds) Physiological and Psychophysical Bases of Auditory Function. Maastricht: Shaker Publishing BV.
Newman JD, Wollberg Z (1973a) Multiple coding of species-specific vocalizations in the auditory cortex of squirrel monkeys. Brain Res 54: 287–304.
Newman JD, Wollberg Z (1973b) Responses of single neurons in the auditory cortex of squirrel monkeys to variants of a single call type. Exp Neurol 40: 821–824.
Ohlemiller K, Kanwal J, Butman J, Suga N (1994) Stimulus design for auditory neuroethology: synthesis and manipulation of complex communication sounds. Aud Neurosci 1: 19–38.
Ohlemiller KK, Kanwal JS, Suga N (1996) Facilitative responses to species-specific calls in cortical FM-FM neurons of the mustached bat. Neuroreport 7: 1749–1755.
Olsen JF, Suga N (1991) Combination-sensitive neurons in the medial geniculate body of the mustached bat: encoding of relative velocity information. J Neurophysiol 65: 1254–1274.
O’Neil WE (1995) The Bat Auditory Cortex. In: Popper AN, Fay RR (eds) Hearing by Bats. New York: Springer-Verlag pp. 416–180.
Pantev C, Hoke M, Lutkenhoner B, Lehnertz K (1989) Tonotopic organization of the auditory cortex: pitch versus frequency representation. Science 246: 486–488.
Pantev C, Elbert T, Ross B, Eulitz C, Terhardt E (1996) Binaural fusion and the representation of virtual pitch in the human auditory cortex. Hear Res 100: 164–170.
Pelleg-Toiba R, Wollberg Z (1991) Discrimination of communication calls in the squirrel monkey: “call detectors” or “cell ensembles”? J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2: 257–272.
Perrett DI, Rolls ET, Caan W (1982) Visual neurones responsive to faces in the monkey temporal cortex. Exp Brain Res 47: 329–342.
Phillips DP (1988) Effect of tone-pulse rise time on rate-level functions of cat auditory cortex neurons: excitatory and inhibitory processes shaping responses to tone onset. J Neurophysiol 59: 1524–1539.
Phillips DP (1998) Factors shaping the response latencies of neurons in the cat’s auditory cortex [see comments]. Behav Brain Res 93: 33–41.
Phillips DP, Burkard R (1999) Response magnitude and timing of auditory response initiation in the inferior colliculus of the awake chinchilla. J Acoust Soc Am 105: 2731–2737.
Phillips DP, Cynader MS (1985) Some neural mechanisms in the cat’s auditory cortex underlying sensitivity to combined tone and wide-spectrum noise stimuli. Hear Res 18: 87–102.
Phillips DP, Irvine DR (1983) Some features of binaural input to single neurons in physiologically defined area AI of cat cerebral cortex. J Neurophysiol 49: 383–395.
Phillips DP, Sark
Phillips DP, Orman SS, Musicant AD, Wilson GF (1985) Neurons in the cat’s primary auditory cortex distinguished by their responses to tones and wide-spectrum noise. Hear Res 18: 73–86.
Phillips DP, Semple MN, Calford MB, Kitzes LM (1994) Level-dependent representation of stimulus frequency in cat primary auditory cortex. Exp Brain Res 102: 210–226.
Phillips DP, Semple MN, Kitzes LM (1995) Factors shaping the tone level sensitivity of single neurons in posterior field of cat auditory cortex. J Neurophysiol 73: 674–686.
Rauschecker JP, Korte M (1993) Auditory compensation for early blindness in cat cerebral cortex. J Neurosci 13: 4538–4548.
Rauschecker JP, Tian B, Hauser M (1995) Processing of complex sounds in the macaque nonprimary auditory cortex. Science 268: 111–114.
Reale RA, Imig TJ (1980) Tonotopic organization in auditory cortex of the cat. J Comp Neurol 192: 265–291.
Reale RA, Imig TJ (1983) Auditory cortical field projections to the basal ganglia of the cat. Neuroscience 8: 67–86.
Reale RA, Kettner RE (1986) Topography of binaural organization in primary auditory cortex of the cat: effects of changing interaural intensity. J Neurophysiol 56: 663–682.
Ricketts C, Mendelson JR, Anand B, English R (1998) Responses to time-varying stimuli in rat auditory cortex. Hear Res 123: 27–30.
Rotman Y, Bar Yosef O, Nelken I (2000) Relating Cluster and Population Responses to Natural Sounds and Tonal Stimuli in Cat Primary Auditory Cortex. Hear Res.
Rouiller EM, Innocenti GM, De Ribaupierre F (1990) Interconnections of the auditory cortical fields of the cat with the cingulate and parahippocampal cortices. Exp Brain Res 80: 501–511.
Schooneveldt GP, Moore BC (1989) Comodulation masking release (CMR) as a function of masker bandwidth, modulator bandwidth, and signal duration. J Acoust Soc Am 85: 273–281.
Schreiner CE (1992) Functional organization of the auditory cortex: maps and mechanisms. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2: 516–521.
Schreiner CE (1995) Order and disorder in auditory cortical maps. Curr Opin Neurobiol 5: 489–496.
Schreiner CE (1998) Spatial distribution of responses to simple and complex sounds in the primary auditory cortex. Audiol Neurootol 3: 104–122.
Schreiner CE, Calhoun BM (1994) Spectral Envelope Coding in Cat Primary Auditory Cortex: Properties of Ripple Transfer Functions. Auditory Neurosci 1: 39–62.
Schreiner CE, Mendelson JR (1990) Functional topography of cat primary auditory cortex: distribution of integrated excitation. J Neurophysiol 64: 1442–1459.
Schreiner CE, Sutter ML (1992) Topography of excitatory bandwidth in cat primary auditory cortex: single-neuron versus multiple-neuron recordings. J Neurophysiol 68: 1487–1502.
Schreiner CE, Urbas JV (1988) Representation of amplitude modulation in the auditory cortex of the cat. II. Comparison between cortical fields. Hear Res 32: 49–63.
Schreiner CE, Mendelson JR, Sutter ML (1992) Functional topography of cat primary auditory cortex: representation of tone intensity. Exp Brain Res 92: 105–122.
Schwarz DW, Tomlinson RW (1990) Spectral response patterns of auditory cortex neurons to harmonic complex tones in alert monkey (Macaca mulatta). J Neurophysiol 64: 282–298.
Semple MN, Kitzes LM (1993a) Binaural processing of sound pressure level in cat primary auditory cortex: evidence for a representation based on absolute levels rather than interaural level differences. J Neurophysiol 69: 449–461.
Semple MN, Kitzes LM (1993b) Focal selectivity for binaural sound pressure level in cat primary auditory cortex: two-way intensity network tuning. J Neurophysiol 69: 462–473.
Shamma SA, Symmes D (1985) Patterns of inhibition in auditory cortical cells in awake squirrel monkeys. Hear Res 19: 1–13.
Shamma SA, Versnel H (1995) Ripple Analysis in Ferret Primary Auditory Cortex. II. Prediction of Unit responses to Arbitrary Spectral Profiles. Auditory Neurosci 1: 255–270.
Shamma SA, Fleshman JW, Wiser PR, Versnel H (1993) Organization of response areas in ferret primary auditory cortex. J Neurophysiol 69: 367–383.
Shamma SA, Versnel H, Kowalski N (1995) Ripple Analysis in Ferret Primary Auditory Cortex. I. Response Characteristics of Single Units to Sinusoidally Rippled Spectra. Auditory Neurosci 1: 233–254.
Smolders JW, Aertsen AM, Johannesma PI (1979) Neural representation of the acoustic biotope. A comparison of the response of auditory neurons to tonal and natural stimuli in the cat. Biol Cybern 35: 11–20.
Steinschneider M, Reser DH, Fishman YI, Schroeder CE, Arezzo JC (1998) Click train encoding in primary auditory cortex of the awake monkey: evidence for two mechanisms subserving pitch perception. J Acoust Soc Am 104: 2935–2955.
Suga N (1990) Cortical Computional maps for Auditory Imaging. Neural Networks 3: 3–21.
Sutter ML, Schreiner CE (1991) Physiology and topography of neurons with multipeaked tuning curves in cat primary auditory cortex. J Neurophysiol 65: 1207–1226.
Sutter ML, Schreiner CE (1995) Topography of intensity tuning in cat primary auditory cortex: single-neuron versus multiple-neuron recordings. J Neurophysiol 73: 190–204.
Taniguchi I, Horikawa J, Hosokawa Y, Nasu M (1997) Optical imaging of neural activity in auditory cortex induced by intracochlear electrical stimulation. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 532: 83–88.
Tian B, Rauschecker JP (1994) Processing of frequency-modulated sounds in the cat’s anterior auditory field. J Neurophysiol 71: 1959–1975.
Tian B, Rauschecker JP (1998) Processing of frequency-modulated sounds in the cat’s posterior auditory field. J Neurophysiol 79: 2629–2642.
Toldi J, Feher O (1984) Acoustic sensitivity and bimodal properties of cells in the anterior suprasylvian gyrus of the cat. Exp Brain Res 55: 180–183.
Turner C, Relkin E, Doucet J (1994) Psychophysical and physiological foward masking probe duration and rise-time effects. J Acoust Soc Am 96: 795–800.
Vaadia E (1989) Single-unit activity related to active localization of acoustic and visual stimuli in the frontal cortex of the rhesus monkey. Brain Behav Evol 33: 127–131.
Vaadia E, Gottlieb Y, Abeles M (1982) Single-unit activity related to sensorimotor association in auditory cortex of a monkey. J Neurophysiol 48: 1201–1213.
Versnel H, Shamma SA (1998) Spectral-ripple representation of steady-state vowels in primary auditory cortex. J Acoust Soc Am 103: 2502–2514.
Villa AE, Rouiller EM, Simm GM, Zurita P, De Ribaupierre Y, De Ribaupierre F (1991) Corticofugal modulation of the information processing in the auditory thalamus of the cat. Exp Brain Res 86: 506–517.
Villa AE, Tetko IV, Dutoit P, De Ribaupierre Y, De Ribaupierre F (1999) Corticofugal modulation of functional connectivity within the auditory thalamus of rat, guinea pig and cat revealed by cooling deactivation. J Neurosci Methods 86: 161–178.
Wang X, Merzenich MM, Beitel R, Schreiner CE (1995) Representation of a species-specific vocalization in the primary auditory cortex of the common marmoset: temporal and spectral characteristics. J Neurophysiol 74: 2685–2706.
Wilkinson LK, Meredith MA, Stein BE (1996) The role of anterior ectosylvian cortex in cross-modality orientation and approach behavior. Exp Brain Res 112: 1–10.
Winer JA (1992) The Functional Architecture of the Medial Geniculate Body and the Primary Auditory Cortex. In: Webster DB, Popper AN, Fay RR (eds) The Mammalian Auditory Pathway: Neuroanatomy. New York: Springer-Verlag pp. 222–409.
Wollberg Z, Newman JD (1972) Auditory Cortex of Squirrel Monkey: Response Patterns of Single Cells to Species-Specific Vocalizations. Science 175: 212–214.
Yan J, Suga N (1999) Corticofugal amplification of facilitative auditory responses of subcortical combination-sensitive neurons in the mustached bat. J Neurophysiol 81: 817–824.
Young ED, Brownell WE (1976) Responses to tones and noise of single cells in dorsal cochlear nucleus of unanesthetized cats. J Neurophysiol 39: 282–300.
Zhang Y, Suga N (1997) Corticofugal amplification of subcortical responses to single tone stimuli in the mustached bat. J Neurophysiol 78: 3489–3492.
Zhang Y, Suga N, Yan J (1997) Corticofugal modulation of frequency processing in bat auditory system. Nature 387: 900–903.
Zurita P, Villa AE, de Ribaupierre Y, de Ribaupierre F, Rouiller EM (1994) Changes of single unit activity in the cat’s auditory thalamus and cortex associated to different anesthetic conditions. Neurosci Res 19: 303–316.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nelken, I. (2002). Feature Detection by the Auditory Cortex. In: Oertel, D., Fay, R.R., Popper, A.N. (eds) Integrative Functions in the Mammalian Auditory Pathway. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research, vol 15. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3654-0_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3654-0_9
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-3183-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-3654-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive