Skip to main content

Abstract

The origins of pediatric psychopharmacology can be traced back to 1937, when Bradley published his findings on the use of the stimulant D-amphetamine (Dexedrine®. and others) in agitated children with various diagnoses. Despite its long history, the field of pediatric psychopharmacology has shown relatively little progress over the last 40 years beyond the use of stimulants. Most available information regarding use of psychotropics in the pediatric population has been anecdotal, and very little of it grounded on empirically based studies. Because of the lack of research data, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not recommended the use of most psychotropics in children. This, in turn, has led to the clinical use of limited numbers of psychotropics for few indications and usually at conservative doses.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Preskorn S. H., Weller E. B., Weller R. A.: Depression in children: Relationship between plasma imipramine levels and response. J Clin Psychiatry 43:450–453, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Biederman J., Baldessarini R., Wright V., et al: Efficacy and safety of desipramine in the treatment of children and adolescents with attention deficit disorder: A double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Am Acad Child Adol Psychiatry 28:777–785, 1989.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Biederman J., Baldessarini R., Wright V., et al: Serum drug levels and cardiovascular findings in children and adolescents with attention deficit disorder treated with high doses of desipramine. J Am Acad Child Adol Psychiatry 28:903–911, 1989.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Zametkin A., Rapoport J. L., Rapoport L. M. D., et al: Treatment of hyperactive children with monoamine oxidase inhibitors: I. Clinical efficacy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 962–966, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Hunt, R. D., Ruud B., Minderaa M. D., et al: The therapeutic effect of clonidine in attention deficit disorder: A comparison with placebo and methylphenidate. Psychopharmacol Bull 22:229–236, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Flament M. F., Rapoport J. L., Berg C. J., Sceery W., Kilts C., Mellstrom B., Linnoila M.: Clomipramine treatment of childhood obsessive compulsive disorder: A double-blind controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 42:977–983, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Kraepelin E.: Manic–Depressive Insanity and Paranoia. Edinburgh, E. and S. Livingstone, 1921.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Stroeber M., Carlson G.: Predictors of bipolar illness in adolescents with major depression: A follow-up investigation. Adolesc Psychiatry 10:299–319, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

Selected Reading General

  1. Biederman J., Jellinek M. S.: Psychopharmacology in children. N Engl JMed 310:968–972, 1984.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Campbell M., Green W., Deutsch S.: Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. Beverly Hills, Sage Publications, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Cantwell D. P., Carlson G. A.: Affective Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence—An Update. New York, SP Medical and Scientific Books, 1983.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  4. Carlson G. A.: Classification issues of bipolar disorders in childhood. Psychiatr Dev 2:273–285, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Carlson G. A., Strober M.: Affective disorder in adolescence: Issues in misdiagnosis. J Clin Psychiatry 39:59–66, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Coffey B. J.: Therapeutics III: Pharmacotherapy, in Robson K. (ed): Manual of Clinical Child Psychiatry. Washington, American Psychiatric Press, 1986, pp 149–184.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Davis, R. E.: Manic-depressive variant syndrome of childhood: A preliminary report. Am J Psychiatry 136:702–706, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IIIR), ed. 3, revised. Washington, American Psychiatric Press, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Evans R. W., Clay T. H., Gualtieri C. T.: Carbamazepine in pediatric psychiatry. J Am Acad Child Adol Psychiatry 26:2–8, 1987.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Gittelman R. (ed): Anxiety Disorders of Childhood. New York, The Guilford Press, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Gualtieri C. T., Golden R. N., Fahs J. J. : New developments in pediatric psychopharmacology. J Dev Behav Pediatr 4:202–209, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Gualtieri C. T., Golden R., Evans R. W., et al: Blood level measurement of psychoactive drugs in pediatric psychiatry. Ther Drug Monit 6:127–141, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Gualtieri C. T., Ondrusek M. G., Finley C.: Attention deficit disorders in adults. Clin Neuropharmacol 8:343–356, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Hastings J. E., Barkley R. A.: A review of psychophysiological research with hyperkinetic children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 6:413–417, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Hechtman L.: Adolescent outcome of hyperactive children treated with stimulants in childhood: A review. Psychopharmacol Bull 21:178–191, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Herskowitz J.: Neurologic presentations of panic disorder in childhood and adolescence. Dev Med Child Neurol 28:617–623, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Kuyler P. L., Rosenthal L., Igel G., et al: Psychopathology among children of manic-depressive patients. Biol Psychiatry 15:589–597, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Mannuzza S., Gittleman Klein R., Bonagura N., et al: Hyperactive boys almost grown up: II. Status of subjects without a mental disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45:13–18, 1988.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Michels R., Cavenar J. O. (eds): Psychiatry, Vol 6: Child Psychiatry (Solnit A. J., Cohen D. J., Schowalter J. E., eds). New York, Basic Books, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Popper C. (ed): Psychiatric Pharmacosciences of Children and Adolescents. Washington, American Psychiatric Press, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Rapoport J. L.: DSM-III-R and pediatric psychopharmacology. Psychopharmacol Bull 21:803–806, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Reiss A. L.: Developmental manifestations in a boy with prepubertal bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 46:441–443, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Rutter M., Hersov L. (eds): Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: Modern Approaches (ed 2). Boston, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Rutter M., Tuma H. A., Lann I. S.: Assessment and Diagnosis in Child Psychopathology. New York, The Guilford Press, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Ryan N. D., Puig-Antich J.: Pharmacological treatment of adolescent psychiatric disorders. J Adol Health Care 8:137–142, 1987.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Solnit A. J., Cohen D. J., Schowalter J. E. (eds): Psychiatry, Vol. 6: Child Psychiatry. Philadelphia, J. P. Lippincott, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Sovner R., Hurley A. D.: Do the mentally retarded suffer from affective illness? Arch Gen Psychiatry 40:61–67, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Weiss G., Hechtman L.: Hyperactive Children Grown Up. New York, The Guilford Press, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Weller R. A., Weller E. B., Tucker S. G., et al: Mania in prepubertal children: Has it been underdiagnosed? J Affect Disord 11:151–154, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Wender P. H.: The Hyperactive Child, Adolescent, and Adult. New York, Oxford University Press, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Werry J. S. (ed): Pediatric Psychopharmacology: The Use of Behavior Modifying Drugs in Childhood. New York, Brunner-Mazel, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  32. White J. H., O’Shanick G.: Juvenile manic–depressive illness. Am J Psychiatry 134:1035–1036, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Wiener J. M.: Psychopharmacology in childhood disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am 7:831–843, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Zametkin A. J., Rapoport J. L.: Neurobiology of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: Where have we come in 50 years? J Am Acad Child Adol Psychiatry 26:676–686, 1987.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Selected Reading Stimulants

  1. Barkley R. A.: The use of psychopharmacology to study reciprocal influences in parent–child interaction. J Abnorm Child Psychol 9:303–310, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Barkley R. A., Karlsson J., Pollard S., et al: Developmental changes in the mother–child interactions of hyperactive boys: Effects of two dose levels of Ritalin. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 26:705–715, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Bond W. S.: Recognition and treatment of attention deficit disorder. Clin Pharmacol 6:617–624, 1987.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Cantwell D. P.: A clinician’s guide to the use of stimulant medication for the psychiatric disorders of children. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1:133–140, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Charles L., Schain R.: A four-year follow-up study of the effects of methylphenidate on the behavior and academic achievement of hyperactive children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 9:495–505, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Cohen N. J., Thompson L. : Perceptions and attitudes of hyperactive children and their mothers regarding treatment with methylphenidate. Can J Psychiatry 27:40–42, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Comings D. E., Comings B. G.: A controlled study of Tourette syndrome. I. Attention-deficit disorder, learning disorders, and school problems. Am J Hum Genet 41:701–741, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Evans R. W., Gualtieri C. T., Amara I. : Methylphenidate and memory: Dissociated effects in hyperactive children. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 90:211–216, 1986.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Friedmann N., Thomas J., Carr R., et al: Effect on growth in pemoline-treated children with attention deficit disorder. Am J Dis Child 135:329–332, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Gadow K. D.: Effects of stimulant drugs on academic performance in hyperactive and learning disabled children. J Learn Disabil 16:290–299, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Gadow K. D.: Prevalence and efficacy of stimulant drug use with mentally retarded children and youth. Psychopharmacol Bull 21:291–303, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Gauthier M.: Stimulant medications in adults with attention deficit disorder. Can J Psychiatry 29:435–440, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Golinko B. E.: Side effects of dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate in hyperactive children—a brief review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 8:1–8, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Greenhill L. L., Puig-Antich J., Novacenko H., et al: Prolactin, growth hormone and growth responses in boys with attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity treated with methylphenidate. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 23:58–67, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Gualtieri C. T., Wargin W., Kanoy R., et al: Clinical studies of methylphenidate serum levels in children and adults. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 21:19–26, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Hechtman L., Weiss G., Perlman T. : Young adult outcome of hyperactive children who received long-term stimulant treatment. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 23:261–269, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Kalachnik J. E., Sprague R. L., Sleator E. K., et al: Effect of methylphenidate hydrochloride on stature of hyperactive children. Dev Med Child Neurol 24:586–595, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Lowe T. L., Cohen D. J., Detlor J., et al: Stimulant medications precipitate Tourette’s syndrome. JAMA 247:1168–1169, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Mattes J. A., Gittelman R.: Growth of hyperactive children on maintenance regimen of methylphenidate. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40:317–321, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Porrino L. J., Rapoport J. L., Behar D., et al: A naturalistic assessment of the motor activity of hyperactive boys: II. Stimulant drug effects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40:688–693, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Price R. A., Leckman J. F., Pauls D. L., et al: Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome: Tics and central nervous system stimulants in twins and nontwins. Neurology (NY) 36:232–237, 1986.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Rapoport J. L., Buchsbaum M. S., Zahn T. P., et al: Dextroamphetamine: Cognitive and behavioral effects in normal prepubertal boys. Science 199:560–563, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Rapport M. D., DuPaul G. J.: Hyperactivity and methylphenidate: Rate-dependent effects on attention. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1:45–52, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Satterfield J. H., Cantwell D. P., Schell A., et al: Growth of hyperactive children treated with methylphenidate. Arch Gen Psychiatry 36:212–217, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Satterfield J. H., Schell A. M., Barb S. D.: Potential risk of prolonged administration of stimulant medication for hyperactive children. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1:102–107, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Schmidt K., Solanto M. V., Sanchez-Kappraff M., et al: The effect of stimulant medication on academic performance, in the context of multimodal treatment, in attention deficit disorders with hyperactivity: Two case reports. J Clin Psychopharmacol 4:100–103, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Schmidt K.: The effect of stimulant medication in childhood-onset pervasive developmental disorder—a case report. J Dev Behav Pediatr 3:244–246, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Shapiro A. K., Shapiro E.: Do stimulants provoke, cause, or exacerbate tics and Tourette’s syndrome? Compr Psychiatry 22:265–273, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Steinhausen H. C., Kreuzer E. M.: Learning in hyperactive children: Are there stimulant-related and state-dependent effects? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 74:389–390, 1981.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Swanson J. M., Lerner M., Cantwell D.: Blood levels and tolerance to stimulants in ADDH children. Clin Neuropharmacol 9(Suppl):523–525, 1986.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Varley C. K., Trupin E. W.: Double-blind administration of methylphenidate to mentally retarded children with attention deficit disorder: A preliminary study. Am J Ment Defic 86:560–566, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Volkmar F. R., Hoder E. L., Cohen D. J.: Inappropriate uses of stimulant medications. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 24:127–130, 1985.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Wallander J. L., Schroeder S. R., Michelli J. A., et al: Classroom social interactions of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity children as a function of stimulant medication. J. Pediatr Psychol 12:61–76, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Weiss G.: Controversial issues of the pharmacotherapy of the hyperactive child. Can J Psychiatry 26:385–392, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Weizman A., Weitz R., Szekely G. A., et al: Combination of neuroleptic and stimulant treatment in attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 23:295–298, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Wender P. H., Reimherr F. W., Wood D. R.: Stimulant therapy of ’adult hyperactivity’ (letter). Arch Gen Psychiatry 42:840, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Zahn T. P., Rapoport J. L., Thompson C. L. : Autonomic and behavioral effects of dextroamphetamine and placebo in normal and hyperactive prepubertal boys. J Abnorm Child Psychol 8:145–160, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Zametkin A. J., Karoum F., Linnoila M., et al: Stimulants, urinary catecholamines, and indoleamines in hyperactivity. A comparison of methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 42:251–255, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Antidepressants

  1. Biederman, J., Gastfriend D., Jellinek M. S., et al: Cardiovascular effects of desipramine in children and adolescents with attention deficit disorder. J Pediatr 106:1017–1020, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Biederman J., Gastfriend D. R., Jellinek M. S.: Desipramine in treating children with attention deficit disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 6:359–363, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Biederman J., Gonzalez E., Bronstein B., et al: Despiramine and cutaneous reactions in pediatric outpatients. J Clin Psychiatry 49:178–183, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Dillon D. C., Salzman I. J., Schulsinger D. A.: The use of imipramine in Tourette’s syndrome and attention deficit disorder: Case report. J Clin Psychiatry 46:348–349, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Donnelly M., Zametkin A. J., Rapoport J. L., et al: Treatment of childhood hyperactivity with desipramine: Plasma drug concentration, cardiovascular effects, plasma and urinary catecholamine levels, and clinical response. Clin Pharmacol Ther 39:72–81, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Gastfriend D. R., Biederman J., Jellinek M. S.: Desipramine in treating adolescents with attention deficit disorder. Am J Psychiatry 141:906–908, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Gittelman-Klein R., Klein D.: Controlled imipramine of school phobia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 25:204–207, 1971.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Greenberg L. M., Yellin A. M.: Blood pressure and pulse changes in hyperactive children with imipramine and methylphenidate. Am J Psychiatry 132:1325–1326, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Hoge S. K., Biederman J.: A case of Tourette’s syndrome with symptoms of attention deficit disorder treated with desipramine. J Clin Psychiatry 47:478–479, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Hoge S. K., Biederman J.: Liver function tests during treatment with desipramine in children and adolescents. J Clin Psychopharmacol 7:87–89, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Lake C. R., Mikkelsen E. J., Rapoport J. L., et al: Effect of imipramine on norepinephrine and blood pressure in enuretic boys. Clin Pharmacol Ther 26:647–653, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Mikkelsen E. J., Rapoport J. L.: Enuresis: Psychopathology, sleep stage, and drug response. Urol Clin North Am 7:361–377, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Muller U. R., Goodman N., Bellet S.: The hypotensive effect imipramine hydrochloride in patients with cardiovascular disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2:300–307, 1961.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Rapoport J. L.: Antidepressants in childhood attention deficit disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychosomatics 27(Suppl):30–36, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Rapoport J. L., Mikkelsen E. J., Zavadil A. P.: Plasma imipramine and desmethylimipramine concentration and clinical response in childhood enuresis. Psychopharmacol Bull 14:60–61, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Rapoport J. L., Mikkelsen E. J., Zavadil A., et al: Childhood enuresis. II. Psychopathology tricyclic concentration in plasma, and antienuretic effect. Arch Gen Psychiatry 37:1146–1152, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Ryan N. D., Puig-Antich J., Cooper T., et al: Imipramine in adolescent major depression: Plasma level and clinical response. Acta Psychiatr Scand 73:275–288, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Ryan N. D., Puig-Antich J., Cooper T., et al: Relative safety of single versus divided dose imipramine in adolescent major depression. J Am Acad Child Adol Psychiatry 26:400–406, 1987.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Saraf K. R., Klein D. F., Gittelman-Klein R., et al: Imipramine side effects in children. Psychopharmacologia (Berlin) 37:265–274, 1974.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Saraf K. R., Klein D. F., Gittelman-Klein R., et al: EKG effects of imipramine treatment in children. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 17:60–69, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Weller E. B., Weller R. A., Preskorn S. H., et al: Steady-state plasma imipramine levels in prepubertal children. Am J Psychiatry 139:506–508, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Zametkin A., Rapoport J. L., Murphy D. L., et al: Treatment of hyperactive children with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. I. Clinical efficacy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 42:962–966, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Zametkin A., Rapoport J. L., Murphy D. L., et al: Treatment of hyperactive children with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. II. Plasma and urinary monoamine findings after treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 42:969–973, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lithium

  1. Campbell M., Schulman D., Rapoport J. L.: The current status of lithium therapy in child and adolescent psychiatry. A report of the Committee on Biological Aspects of Child Psychiatry of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, December 1977. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 17:717–720, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Campbell M., Small A. M., Green W. H., et al: Behavioral efficacy of haloperidol and lithium carbonate. A comparison in hospitalized aggressive children with conduct disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41:650–656, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Carroll J. A., Jefferson J. W., Greist J. H.: Psychiatric uses of lithium for children and adolescents. Hosp Community Psychiatry 38:927–928, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. DeLong G. R., Aldersh A. L.: Long-term experience with lithium treatment in childhood: Correlation with clinical diagnosis. J Am Acad Child Adol Psychiatry 26:389–394, 1987.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Hsu L. K.: Lithium-resistant adolescent mania. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 25:280–283, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Jefferson J. W.: The use of lithium in childhood and adolescence: An overview. J Clin Psychiatry 43:174–177, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Khandelwal S. K., Varma V. K., Srinivasa-Murthy R.: Renal function in children receiving longterm lithium prophylaxis. Am J Psychiatry 141:278–279, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Lena B.: Lithium in child and adolescent psychiatry. Arch Gen Psychiatry 36(Spec No):854–855, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Marini J. L., Sheard M. H.: Antiaggressive effect of lithium ion in man. Acta Psychiatr Scand 55:269–286, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. McKnew D. H., Cytryn L., Buchsbaum M. S., et al: Lithium in children of lithium-responding parents. Psychiatry Res 4:171–180, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Perry R., Campbell M., Grega D. M., et al: Saliva lithium levels in children: Their use in monitoring serum lithium levels and lithium side effects. J Clin Psychopharmacol 4:199–202, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Platt J. E., Campbell M., Green W. H., et al: Cognitive effects of lithium carbonate and haloperidol in treatment-resistant aggressive children. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41:657–662, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Platt J. E., Campbell M., Green W. H., et al: Effects of lithium carbonate and haloperidol on cognition in aggressive hospitalized school-age children. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1:8–13, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Rogeness G. A., Riester A. E., Wicf J. S.: Unusual presentation of manic depressive disorder in adolescence. J Clin Psychiatry 43:37–39, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Siassi I.: Lithium treatment of impulsive behavior in children. J Clin Psychiatry 43:482–484, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Steinberg D.: The use of lithium carbonate in adolescence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 21:263–271, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Steingard R., Biederman J.: Lithium responsive manic-like symptoms in two individuals with autism and mental retardation. Am Acad Child Adol Psychiatry 26:932–935, 1987.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Thorneloe W. F., Crews E. L.: Manic depressive illness concomitant with antisocial personality disorder: Six case reports and review of the literature. J Clin Psychiatry 42:5–9, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Vetro A., Szentistvanyi I., Pallag L., et al: Therapeutic experience with lithium in childhood aggressivity. Neuropsychobiology 14:121–127, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Vitiello B., Behar D., Ryan P., et al: Saliva lithium monitoring [letter]. J Am Acad Child Adol Psychiatry 26:812–813, 1987.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Weller E. B., Weller R. A., Fristad M. A., et al: Saliva lithium monitoring in prepubertal children. J Am Acad Child Adol Psychiatry 26:173–175, 1987.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Weller E. B., Weller R. A., Fristad M. A.: Lithium dosage guide for prepubertal children: A preliminary report. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 25:92–95, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Youngerman J., Canino I. A.: Lithium carbonate use in children and adolescents. A survey of the literature. Arch Gen Psychiatry 35:216–224, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Antipsychotics

    Google Scholar 

  25. Biederman J., Lerner Y., Belmaker R. H.: Combination of lithium carbonate and haloperidol in schizo-affective disorder: A controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 36:327–333, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Campbell M., Fish B., Shapiro T., et al: Acute responses of schizophrenic children to a sedative and a“stimulating” neuroleptic: A pharmacologic yardstick. Curr Ther Res 14:759–766, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Campbell M., Grega D. M., Green W. H., et al.: Neuroleptic-induced dyskinesias in children. Clin Neuropharmacol 6:207–222, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Gualtieri C. T., Patterson D. R.: Neuroleptic-induced tics in two hyperactive children. Am J Psychiatry 143:1176–1177, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Gualtieri C. T., Guimond M.: Tardive dyskinesia and the behavioral consequences of chronic neuroleptic treatment. Dev Med Child Neurol 23:255–259, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Gualtieri C. T., Hawk B.: Tardive dyskinesia and other drug-induced movement disorders among handicapped children and youth. Appl Res Ment Retard 1:55–69, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Gualtier C. T., Quade D., Hicks R. E., et al: Tardive dyskinesia and other clinical consequences of neuroleptic treatment in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 141:20–23, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Gualtieri C. T., Sprague R. L.: Preventing tardive dyskinesia and preventing tardive dyskinesia litigation. Psychopharmacol Bull 20:346–348, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Perry R., Campbell M., Green W. H., et al: Neuroleptic-related dyskinesias in autistic children: A prospective study. Psychopharmacol Bull 21:140–143, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Antianxiety Agents

  1. Biederman J.: Clonazepam in treating prepubertal children with panic-like symptoms. J Clin Psychiatry 48(Suppl):38–42, 1987.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Emde R. N.: Early development and opportunities for research on anxiety, in Tuma A. H., Maser J. D. (eds): Anxiety and the Anxiety Disorders. Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum, 1986, pp 413–420.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Gittelman R., Koplewicz H. S.: Pharmacotherapy of childhood anxiety disorders, in Gittelman R. (ed): Anxiety Disorders in Children. New York, Guilford Press, 1987, pp 188–203.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Simeon J. G., Ferguson H. B.: Alprazolam effects in children with anxiety disorders. Can J Psychiatry 32:570–574, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Fenfluramine

  1. August G. J., Naftali R., Papanicolaou A. C., et al: Fenfluramine treatment in infantile autism: Neurochemical, electrophysiological, and behavioral effects. J Nerv Ment Dis 172:604–612, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Campbell M., Small A. M., Palij M., et al: Efficacy and safety of fenfluramine in autistic children: Preliminary analysis of a double-blind study. Psychopharmacol Bull 23:123–128, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Donnelly M., Rapoport J. L., Ismond D. R.: Fenfluramine treatment of childhood attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: A preliminary report. Psychopharmacol Bull 22:152–154, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Geller E., Ritvo E. R., Freeman B. J., et al: Fenfluramine in autism. N Engl J Med 307:1450–1451, 1982.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Geller E., Ritvo E. R., Freeman B. J., et al: Preliminary observations on the effect of fenfluramine on blood serotonin and symptoms in three autistic boys. N Engl J Med 307:165–168, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Ritvo E. R., Freeman B. J., Geller E., et al: Effects of fenfluramine on 14 outpatients with the syndrome autism. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 22:549–558, 1983.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Ritvo E. R., Freeman B. J., Yuwiler A., et al: Study of fenfluramine in outpatients with the syndrome autism. J Pediatr 105:823–828, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Volkmar F. R., Paul R., Cohen D. J., et al: Irritability in autistic children treated with fenfluramine (letter). N Engl J Med 309:187, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Clonidine

  1. Cohen D. J., Detlor J., Young J. G., et al: Clonidine ameliorates of Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 37:1350–1357, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Goetz C. G., Tanner C. M., Wilson R. S., et al: Clonidine and Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome: Double-blind study using objective rating methods. Ann Neurol 21:307–310, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Hunt R. D.: Treatment effects of oral and transdermal clonidine in relation to methylphenidate: An open pilot study in ADD-H. Psychopharmacol Bull 1:111–114, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Hunt R. D., Ruud B., Minderaa M. D., et al: Clonidine benefits children with attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity: Report of a double-blind placebo—crossover therapeutic trial. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 5:617–629, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Hunt R. D., Ruud B., Minderaa M. D., et al: The therapeutic effect of clonidine in attention deficit disorder: A comparison with placebo and methylphenidate. Psychopharmacol Bull 1:229–236, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Leckman J. F., Detlor J., Harcherik D. F., et al: Short- and long-term treatment of Tourette’s syndrome with clonidine: A clinical perspective. Neurology 35:343–351, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

β Blockers

  1. Dominguez R. A., Goldstein B. J.: Beta-blockers in psychiatry. Hosp Comm Psychiatry 6:565–566, 568, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Jenkins S. C., Maruta T.: Therapeutic use of propanolol for intermittent explosive disorder. Mayo Clin Proc 62:204–214, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Lipinski J. F., Zubenko G. S., Cohen B. M., et al: Propranolol in treating neuroleptic-induced akathisia. Am J Psychiatry 3:412–415, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Ratey J. J., Mikkelsen E. J., Smith G. B., et al: Beta-blockers in the severely and profoundly mentally retarded. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2:103–107, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Sorgi P. J., Ratey J. J., Polakf S.: Beta-adrenergic blockers for the control of aggressive behaviors in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 6:775–776, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Biederman, J., Steingard, R. (1991). Pediatric Psychopharmacology. In: Gelenberg, A.J., Bassuk, E.L., Schoonover, S.C. (eds) The Practitioner’s Guide to Psychoactive Drugs. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1137-0_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1137-0_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-1139-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-1137-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics