Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Environmental Science Research ((ESRH,volume 11))

  • 323 Accesses

Abstract

Insects are man’s primary competitor. In an effort to compete successfully with insects for food and fiber, man has employed numerous techniques for the suppression of pest insect populations. Biological control is one approach that has been used with some success against many insect pests. Augmentation is the phase of biological control concerned with the manipulation of natural enemies to make them more efficient in applied biological control programs. DeBach (1964) observed that the possibilities of augmentation have not been explored thoroughly. The field of biosystematics is similarly poorly explored but shows great promise as a research tool for biological control workers. In many instances biosystematics may be the only course available to biological control workers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References Cited

  • Alam, M. M., F. D. Bennett and K. P. Karl. 1971. Biological control of Diatraea saoaharalis (F.) in Barbados by Apanteles ftavipes Cam. and Lixophaga diatraeae T. T. Entomophaga 16 (2): 151–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, H. W. 1954. Propagation of Horogenes molestaeл an asiatic parasite of the oriental fruit moth, on the potato tuberworm. J. Econ. Entomol. 47 (2): 278–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashley, T. R., D. Gonzales and T. F. Leigh. 1974. Selection and hybridization of Trichogramma. Environ. Entomol. 3 (1): 43– 48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Askew, R. R. 1968. Considerations on speciation in Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Evolution 22 (3): 642–645.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. American Elsevier Publ. Co., New York, 316 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Assem, J. van den 1974. Male courtship patterns and female re-ceptivity signal of Pteromalinae (Hym., Pteromalidae), with a consideration of some evolutionary trends and a comment on the taxonomic position of Pachyorepoideus vindemiae. Netherlands J. Zool. 24 (3): 253–278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Assem, J. van den 1975. Temporal patterning of courtship behavior in some parasitic Hymenoptera, with special reference to Melittobia acasta. J. Entomol. 50 (3): 137–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Assem, J. van den and G. D. E. Povel. 1973. Courtship behaviour of some Musaidifurax species (Hym., Pteromalidae); A possible example of recently evolved ethological isolating mechanism. Netherlands J. Zool. 23 (4): 465–487.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, J. L. 1976. Determinants of host selection for species of Aphytbs (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), parasites of diaspine scales. Hilgardia 44 (1): 1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beirne, B. P. 1975. Biological control attempts by introductions against pest insects in the field in Canada. Canad. Entomol. 107 (3): 225–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, F. D. 1971. Current status of biological control of the small moth borers of sugar cane Diatvaea (Lep. Pyralidae). Entomophaga 16 (1): 111–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boiler, E. 1972. Behavioral aspects of mass-rearing of insects. Entomophaga 17 (1): 9–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boucek, Z. 1958. Zur Taxonomie der entomophagen Insekten, be- sonders der Hymenopteren in Europa. Trans. 1st. Int. Conf. Ins. Path. Biol. Cont., Prague, pp. 349–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Box, H. E. 1956. The biological control of moth borers (Diatraea) in Venezuela. Battle against Venezeula’s cane borer. Part 1. Preliminary investigations and the launching of a general campaign. Sugar 51: 25–27, 30, 45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bullini, L. and M. Coluzzi. 1973. Electrophoretic studies on gene-enzyme systems in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Parassitologia 15 (3): 221–248.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burns, J. M. 1975. Isozymes in evolutionary systematics, pp. 49– 62. In: Isozymes I V. Genetics and Evolution. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns, J. M. and F. M. Johnson. 1967. Esterase polymorphism in natural populations of a sulfur butterfly, Colias evœy theme. Science 156 (3771): 93–96.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, W. 1970. The dynamics of entomology. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 16 (4): 181–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clausen, C. P. 1940. Entomophagous Insects. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. 688 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clausen, C. P. 1942. The relation of taxonomy to biological control. J. Econ. Entomol. 35 (5): 744–748.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coluzzi, M. 1970. Sibling species in Anopheles and their importance in Malariology. Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 7 (1): 63–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coluzzi, M. and L. Bullini. 1971. Enzyme variants in the study of precopulatory isolating mechanisms. Nature 231 (5303): 455–456.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Compere, H. 1961. The red scale and its insect enemies. Hilgardia 31 (7): 173–278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Compere, H. 1969. The role of systematics in biological control: a backward look. Israel J. Entomol. 4: 5–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crozier, R. H. 1975. Animal Cytogenetics. Vol. 3: Insecta 7. Gebruder Borntraeger Berlin, Stuttgart. 95 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cushman, R. A. and G. Gordh. 1976. Biological investigations of Goniozus colwribianus Ashmead, a parasite of the grape berry moth, Paralobesia viteana (Clemens) (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 78 (4): 451–457.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeBach, P. 1958. Selective breeding to improve adaptations of parasitic insects. Proc. 10th Int. Congr. Entomol., Montreal 4: 759–768.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeBach, P. 1959. New species and strains of Aphytis (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) parasitic on the California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.), in the Orient. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 52 (4): 354–362.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeBach, P. 1960. The importance of taxonomy to biological control as illustrated by the cryptic history of Aphytis holoxanthus n. sp. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a parasite of Chrysomphalus aonidiwrij and Aphytis eoheni n. sp., a parasite of Aonidiella aurantii. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 53 (6): 701–705.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeBach, P. 1964. The scope of biological control, pp. 3–20 in: Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds, P. DeBach, ed. Chapman Hall Ltd., London. 844 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeBach, P. 1969. Uniparental, sibling and semi-species in relation to taxonomy and biological control. Israel J. Entomol. 4: 11–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeBach, P. 1974. Biological Control by Natural Enemies. Cambridge Univ. Press, London. 323 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeBach, P. and T. W. Fisher. 1956. Experimental evidence for sibling species in the oleander scale, Aspidiotus hederae (Vallot). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 49 (3): 235–239.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeBach, P. and K. S. Hagen. 1964. Manipulation of entomophagous species, pp. 429–458 in: Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds, P. DeBach, ed. Chapman Hall Ltd., London. 844 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delucchi, V. L. 1967. The significance of biotaxonomy to biological control. Mushi (supl.) 39: 119–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, D. A. and R. W. Matthews. 1976. Comparative courtship be-havior in two species of the parasitic chalcid wasp МеЪъЬЬоЪъа (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Anim. Behav. 24 (1): 46–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrière, Ch. 1962. La taxonomie des insectes entomophages. Verh. llth. Int. Kong. Entomol., Wien 3: 290–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finney, G. L. and T. W. Fisher. 1964. Culture of entomophagous insects and their hosts, pp. 328–355 ъп: Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds, P. DeBach, ed. Chapman Hall Ltd., London. 844 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flanders, S. E. 1950. Races of apomictic parasitic Hymenoptera introduced into California. J. Econ. Entomol. 43 (5): 719– 720.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flanders, S. E. 1953. Aphelinid biologies with implications for taxonomy. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 46 (1): 84–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flanders, S. E. and W. Quednau. 1960. Taxonomy of the genus Triohogramma (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Trichogrammatidae). Entomophaga 5 (4): 285–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foerster, A. 1856. Hymenopterologische Studien. II. Chalcididae und Proctotrupii. Aachen, 152 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Force, D. C. 1967. Genetics in the colonization of natural enemies for biological control. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 60 (4): 722–729.

    Google Scholar 

  • Force, D. C. 1974. Ecology of insect host-parasitoid communities. Science 184 (4137): 624–632.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franz, J. M. 1961. Biologische Schëdlingsbekampfung. Paul Parey, Berlin, 302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerling, D. and S. Limon. 1976. A biological review of the genus Eupteotrus (Hym.: Eulophidae) with special emphasis on E. laphygmae as a parasite of Spodoptera littoralis (Lep.: Noctuidae). Entomphaga 21 (2): 179–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodpasture, C. 1975. Comparative courtship behavior and kary- ology in Monodontomerus (Hymenoptera: Torymidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 68 (3): 391–397.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodpasture, C. and E. E. Grissell. 1975. A karyological study of nine species of Torymus (Hymenoptera: Torymidae). Canad. J. Genet. Cytol. 17 (3): 413–422.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordh, G. 1975. Some evolutionary trends in the Chalcidoidea

    Google Scholar 

  • Hymenoptera) with particular reference to host preference. J. New York Entomol. Soc. 83 (4): 279–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordh, G. 1976. Goniozus gallioola Fouts, a parasite of moth larvae, with notes on other bethylids (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). U.S. Dep. Agric. Tech. Bull. 1524, 27 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordh, G. in prep. Chalcidoidea. in: Hymenoptera Catalog of North America North of Mexico. C. V. Krombein Et Al., Eds. U.S. Gov. Print. Off.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordh, G. and P. DeBach. in prep. Courtship in the Aphytis lingnanensis group, its potential usefulness in taxonomy, and a review of sexual behavior in the parasitic Hymenoptera (Chalcidoidea: Aphelinidae). Hilgardia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordh, G. and H. E. Evans. 1976. A new species of Goniozus imported into California from Ethiopia for the biological control of pink bollworm and some notes on the taxonomic status of Parasierola and Goniozus (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 78 (4): 479–489.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordh, G. and L. A. Lacey. 1976. Biological studies of Plagio- merus diaspidis Crawford, a primary internal parasite of di- aspidid scale insects (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae; Homoptera: Diaspididae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 78 (2): 132–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hafez, M. and R. L. Doutt. 1954. Biological evidence of sibling species in Aphytis maeulioomis (Masi). (Hymenoptera: Apheli-nidae). Canad. Entomol. 86 (2): 90 - 96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, J. C., E. I. Schlinger and R. van den Bosch. 1962. Evidence for the separation of the “sibling species” Trioxys utilis and Trioozys pallidus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 55 (5): 566–568.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoy, M. A. 1975a. Hybridization of strains of the gypsy moth parasitoid Apanteles melanosoelusj and its influence upon diapause. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 68 (2): 261–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoy, M. A. 1975b. Forest and laboratory evaluations of hybridized Apanteles melanosoetus (Hym.: Braconidae), a parasitoid of Porthetria dispar (Lep.: Lymantriidae). Entomophaga 20 (3): 261–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huffaker, C. B. 1964. Fundamentals of biological weed control. pp. 631–649 in: Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds. Chapman Hall Ltd., London. 844 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iwata, K. 1972. (Evolution of Instinct. Comparative Ethology of Hymenoptera) (Translated from Japanese, 1976 ) Amerind Publ. Co., Ltd., New Delhi. 535 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, F. M. and J. M. Burns. 1966. Electrophoretic variation in esterases of Colias eurytheme (Pieriedae). J. Lepid. Soc. 20: 207–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerrich, G. J. 1962. An assessment of the significance of colour in the systematics of the Hymenoptera parasitica. Verh. 11th Int. Kong. Entomol., Wien 3: 302–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khasimuddin, S. and P. DeBach. 1976a. Biosystematic studies of three allopatric populations of Aphytis maeulioomis (Hym.: Aphelinidae). Entomophaga 21 (1): 81–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khasimuddin, S. and P. DeBach. 1976b. Biosystematic and evolutionary statuses of two sympatric populations of Aphytis mytilaspidis (Hym.: Aphelinidae). Entomophaga 21 (1): 113– 122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khasimuddin, S. and P. DeBach. 1976c. Hybridization tests: A method of establishing biosystematic statuses of cryptic species of some parasitic Hymenoptera. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 69 (1): 15–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kogan, M. and E. F. Legner. 1970. A biosystematic revision of the genus Muscidifurax (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) with the description of four new species. Canad. Entomol. 102 (10): 1268–1290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Legner, E. F. 1969. Reproductive isolation and size variation in the Muscidifurax raptor complex. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 62 (2): 382–385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Legner, E. F. 1972. Observations on hybridization and heterosis in parasitoids of synanthropic flies. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 65 (1): 254–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, A. M. 1969. The effects of population structure on the success of insect introductions. Heredity 24 (1): 151–157.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mackauer, M. 1969. Sexual behavior of and hybridization between three species of Aphidius Nees parasitic on the pea aphid (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 71 (3): 339–351.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackauer, M. 1972. Genetic aspects of insect production. Entomophaga 17 (1): 27–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mackauer, M. 1976. Genetic problems in the production of biological control agents. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 21: 369–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, R. W. 1975. Courtship in parasitic wasps, pp. 66–86. in: Evolutionary Strategies of Parasitic Insects and Mites. P. Price, ed. Plenum Press, New York, 224 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayr, E. 1954. Change of genetic environment and evolution, pp. 157–180 in: Evolution as a Process. J. S. Huxley, A. C. Hardy, and E. B. Ford, Eds. George Allen and Unwin, Ltd., London. 367 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayr, E. 1963. Animal Species and Evolution. Belknap Press, Harvard Univ., Cambridge. 797 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayr, E. 1969. Principles of Systematic Zoology. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. 428 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Messenger, P. S. and R. van den Bosch. 1971. The adaptability of introduced biological control agents, pp. 68–92 in: Biological Control, С. B. Huffaker, ed. Plenum Press, New York. 511 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metcalf, J. R. and J. Breniere. 1969. Egg parasites (Trichogramma spp.) for control of sugar cane moth borers, pp. 81–115 in: Pests of Sugar Cane, J. R. Williams Et Al., Eds. Elsevier Publ. Co., Amsterdam. 568 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Micks, D. W. 1954. Paper chromatography as a tool for mosquito taxonomy: the СиЪех pipiens complex. Nature 174 (4422): 217–218.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Micks, D. W., A. Rehmet, J. Jennings, G. Mason, and G. Davidson, 1966. A chromatographic study of the systematic relationship within the Anopheles gambiae complex. Bull. World Health Org. 35: 181–187.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Micks, D. W. J. Jennings, A. Rehmet, G. Mason, and G. Davidson. 1967. Further chromatographic studies of the systematic re-lationship within the Anophetes gambiae complex. Bull. World Health Org. 36: 308–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagaraja, H. and S. Nagarkatti. 1973. A key to some New World species of Triahogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), with descriptions of four new species. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 75 (3): 288–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagarkatti, S. 1970. The production of a thelytokous hybrid in an interspecific cross between two species of Triahogramma (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae). Curr. Sci. 39 (4): 76–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagarkatti, S. and M. Fazaluddin. 1973. Biosystematic studies on Triahogramma species (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). II. Experimental hybridization between some Triahogramma spp. from the New World. Syst. Zool. 22 (2): 103–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nagarkatti, S. and H. Nagaraja. 1968. Biosystematic studies on Triahogramma species: 1. Experimental hybridization between Triahogramma austratiaum Girault, T. evanesaens Westwood, and T. minutwn Riley. Comnwlth. Inst. Biol. Cont. Tech. Bull. 10: 81–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagarkatti, S. and H. Nagaraja. 1971. Redescriptions of some known species of Triahogramma (Hym., Trichogrammatidae), showing the importance of the male genitalia as a diagnostic character. Bull. Entomol. Res. 61 (1): 13–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nagarkatti, S. and H. Nagaraja. 1977. Biosystematics of Triahogramma and Triahogrammatoidea species. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 22: 157–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nesser, S. 1973. Biology and behavior of Eupteatrus species near taphygmae Ferriere (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Entomol. Mem. Dep. Agric. Tech. Serv. So. Afr. 32: 1–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oatman, E. R., P. D. Greaney, and G. R. Platner. 1968. A study of the reproductive compatibility of several strains of Triahogramma in southern California. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 61 (4): 956–959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oatman, E. R., G. R. Platner, and D. Gonzalez. 1970. Reproductive differentiation of Triahogramma pretiosvm, T. semifumattarij T. minutwriy and T. evanesaensл with notes on the geographical distribution of T. pretiosum in the southwestern United States and Mexico (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 63 (3): 633–635.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oatman, E. R. and G. R. Platner. 1973. Biosystematic studies of Triahogramma species: 1. Populations from California and Missouri. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 66 (5): 1099–1102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oman, P. W. 1974. Identification and classification in pest management control, pp. 77–86 in: Proceedings of the Summer Institute on Biological Control of Plant Insects and Diseases. F. G. Maxwell and F. A. Harris, Eds.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quednau, W. 1955. Uber einige Triahogramma-vrlrte und ihre Stel- lung im Wirt-Parasit-Verhaltnis. Ein Beitrag zur Analyse des Parasitismus bei Schlupwespen. Nachrichten. deutsch. Pflanzensch. 7: 145–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quednau, W. 1956a. Die biologischen Kriterien zur Unterschiendung von Triohogramma Arten. Zeitsch. Pflanzen. Krankh. 63: 334– 344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quednau, W. 1956b. Der Wert des Physiologischen Expérimentes zur das Artsystematik von Trichogramma (Hym. Chalcididae). Berlin Hundertjahr. Deut. Entomol. Ges. 30: 87–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quednau, W. 1961. Die problematik der nomenklatur bei den Tri-chogramma- a? ten. Entomophaga 6 (2): 155–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rao, S. V. and P. DeBach. 1969a. Experimental studies on hybridization and sexual isolation between some Aphytis species (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). I. Experimental hybridization and an interpretation of evolutionary relationships among the species. Hilgardia 39 (19): 515–553.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, S. V. and P. DeBach. 1969b. Experimental studies on hybridization and sexual isolation between some Aphytis species (Hymenoptera: Aphelindiae). II. Experiments on sexual isolation. Hilgardia 39 (19): 555–567.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, S. V. and P. DeBach. 1969c. Experimental studies on hybridization and sexual isolation between some Aphytis species (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). III. The significance of reproductive isolation between interspecific hybrids and parental species. Evolution 23 (5): 525–533.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ratzeburg, J. T. C. 1852. Die Ichneumonen der Forstinsecten. Berlin, 238 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Remington, C. L. 1968. The population genetics of insect introduction. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 13: 415–426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, D. and P. DeBach. 1973. Systematics, morphology, and biological control. Entomophaga 18 (3): 215–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rossler, Y. and P. DeBach. 1972a. The biosystematic relations between a thelytokous and an arrhenotokous form of Aphytis mytilaspidis (LeBaron) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) 1. The reproductive relations. Entomophaga 17 (4): 391–423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rossler, Y. and P. DeBach. 1972b. The biosystematic relations between a thelytokous and an arrhenotokous form of Aphytis my tit- aspidis (LeBaron) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) 2. Comparative biological and morphological studies. Entomophaga 17 (4): 425–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rossler, Y. and P. DeBach. 1973. Genetic variability in a thelytokous form of Aphytis mytilaspidis (LeBaron) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Hilgardia 42 (5): 149–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabrosky, C. W. 1955. The interrelations of biological control and taxonomy. J. Econ. Entomol. 48 (6): 710–714.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlinger, E. I. and R. L. Doutt. 1964. Systematics in relation to biological control, pp. 247–280 in: Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds. P. DeBach, ed. Chapman Hall Ltd., London. 844 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmonds, F. J. 1947. Improvement of the sex ratio of a parasite by selection. Canad. Entomol. 79 (3): 41–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simmonds, F. J. 1963. Genetics and biological control. Canad. Entomol. 95 (6): 561–567.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simmonds, F. J. 1972. Approaches to biological control problems. Entomophaga 17 (3): 251–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Townes, H. 1969. The Genera of Ichneumonidae, Pt. 1. American Entomol. Inst., Ann. Arbor, 300 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Urquijo, L. P. 1951. Aplication de la Genetica al aumento de la eficacia del Tvidhogvœma minutum en la lucha biologica. Bol. de Patol. veg. y Entomol. Agr. 18: 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Usinger, R. L., P. Wygodzinsky, and R. E. Ryckman. 1966. The biosystematics of Triatominae. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 11: 309– 330.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, E. В., P. DeBach, and M. J. Garber. 1970. Artificial selection for genetic adaptation to temperature extremes in Aphytis tingnanensis Compere (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Hilgardia 49 (6): 161–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitten, M. J. 1970. Genetics of pests in their management, pp. 119–135 in: Concepts of Pest Management, R. L. Rabb and F. E. Guthrie, Eds. No. Carolina St. Univ. Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkes, A. 1942. The influence of selection on the preferendum of a chalcid С Microplectron fuseipennis Zett.) and its significance in the biological control of an insect pest. R. Soc. London, Proc. (B) 130: 400–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkes, A. 1964. Inherited male-producing factor in an insect that produces its males from unfertilized eggs. Science 144 (3616): 305–307.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkes, A., P. Pielou, and R. F. Glasser. 1952. Selection for DDT tolerance in a beneficial insect, in: Conference on Insecticide Resistance and Insect Physiology. Natl. Acad. Sci., Natl. Res. Coun. Pub. 219: 78–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, F. 1965. Biological control and the genetics of colonizing species, pp. 307–329 in: The Genetics of Colonizing Species. H. G. Baker and G. L. Stebbins, Eds. Academic Press, New York. 588 pp.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1977 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gordh, G. (1977). Biosystematics of Natural Enemies. In: Ridgway, R.L., Vinson, S.B. (eds) Biological Control by Augmentation of Natural Enemies. Environmental Science Research, vol 11. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2871-1_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2871-1_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-2873-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-2871-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics