Abstract
Augmentation is defined as periodically increasing either the number of parasites or predators or the supply of their food resources to assure that adequate numbers of parasites and predators are present to provide the desired level of pest control. Similar definitions have been used previously (Ridgway 1972, Rabb et al. 1976). The release of natural enemies has also been classified as being either inoculative or inundative (DeBach and Hagen 1964). Inoculative releases appropriately describe releases of natural enemies for the purpose of colonizing populations to regulate pest populations through in-field reproduction of the released species. However, the use of inundative releases to describe all other augmentative releases may be misleading since by definition inundative means βto flood or to overwhelm by great numbers.β
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References Cited
Abies, J. R., S. L. Jones, and D. L. Bull. 1977. Effect of diflubenzuron on beneficial arthropods associated with cotton. Southwest Entomol. In press.
Anderson, J. M., R. R. Bridge, A. M. Heagler, and G. R. Tupper. 1976. The economic impact of recently developed early- season cotton strains on firm and regional cropping systems and income, p. 90β100 In Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf.
Andrilenas, P. A. 1974. Farmers Use of Pesticides in 1971β Quantities. U.S. Dept. of Agr. Agr. Econ. Rep. No. 252.
Armitage, H. 1919. Controlling mealybugs by the use of their natural enemies. Calif. Stat. Hort. Comm. Monthly Bulls. 8: 257β60.
Armitage, H. M. 1929. Timing field liberations of Cryptolaemus in the control of the citrophilus mealybug in the infested citrus orchards of southern California. J. Econ. Entomol. 22: 910β5.
Ashley, T. R., J. C. Allen, and D. Gonzalez. 1974. Successful parasitization of Heliothis zea and Trichoplusia ni eggs by Trichogramma. Environ. Entomol. 3: 319β322.
Bennett, F. D. 1969. Tachinid flies as biological control agents for sugarcane moth borers, pp. 117β18. In Pests of Sugar Cane, J. R. Williams, J. R. Metcalfe, R. W. Mungomery, and R. Mathes (eds.). New York: Elsevier Publ. Co. 568 pp.
Boedijono, W. A. 1974. An attempt to control sugarcane stemborers with the dipterous parasite Diatraeophaga striatalis (Towns.). Int. Soc. Sug. Technol.
Bonfils, J. and P. F. Galichet. 1974. Effects dβintroductions renouvelles de Lixophaga diatraeae [Diptera, Tachinidae] sur des populations naturelles du parasite et de son hate, Diatraeae saccharalis. Entomophaga 19 (1): 67β73.
Boyd, J. P. 1970. Feeding and searching behavior of Chrysopa carnea Stephens. Ph.D. Dissertation. Texas A and M University. 108 pp.
Bryan, D. E., C. G. Jackson, R. Patana, and E. G. Neeman. 1971. Field cage on laboratory studies with Bracon kirkpatricki, a parasite of the pink bollworm. J. Econ. Entomol. 64 (5): 1236β41.
Bryan, D. E., R. E. Fye, C. G. Jackson, and R. Patana. 1973a. Releases of parasites for suppression of pink bollworms in Arizona. U.S. Dept. Prod. Agr. Res. Rpt. 8 pp.
Bryan, D. E., R. E. Fye, C. G. Jackson, and R. Patana. 1973b. Releases of Bracon kirkpatricki (Wilkinson) and Chelonus blackburni Cameron for pink bollworm control in Arizona. U.S. Dept. Agr. Prod. Res. Rpt. 24 pp.
Cooke, W. C. 1963. Ecology of the pea aphid in the Blue Mountain area of eastern Washington and Oregon. Tech. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agric. 1287, 48.
Croft, B. A. 1976. Establishing insecticide-resistant phytoseid mite predators in deciduous tree fruit orchards. Entomophaga 21: 383β399.
Croft, B. A. and S. A. Hoying. 1975. Carbaryl resistance in native and released populations of Ambtyseius faltacis. Environ. Entomol. 4: 895β8.
Croft, B. A. and J. A. McMurtry. 1972. Minimum releases of Typhlodromus oacidentalis to control Tetranychus medanieli on apple. J. Econ. Entomol. 65: 188β91.
DeBach, P. 1974. Biological control by natural enemies. Cambridge Univ. Press. 323 pp.
DeBach, P., and K. S. Hagen. 1964. Manipulation of entomophagous species, In: P. DeBach, (ed.) Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds, pp. 429β58. London: Chapman and Hall Ltd. 844 p.
DeBach, P., E. J. Dietrick, C. A. Fleschner, and T. W. Fisher. 1950. Periodic colonization of Aphytis for control of the California red scale. Preliminary tests, 1949. J. Econ. Entomol. 43: 783β802.
Detwiler, D., T. Thompson, and J. Loomis. 1976. News about community gardens. Gardens for All, Inc., Shelburne, VT. 7 pp.
Doutt, R. L. 1951. Biological control of mealybugs infesting commercial greenhouse gardenias. J. Econ. Entomol. 44: 37β40.
Doutt, R. L., and K. S. Hagen. 1949. Periodic colonizations of Chrysopa California as possible control of mealybugs. J. Econ. Entomol. 42: 560.
Doutt, R. L., and K. S. Hagen. 1950. Biological control measures applied against Pseudococcus maritimus on pears. J. Econ. Entomol. 43: 94β6.
Dutky, S. R. 1974. Nematode parasites, pp. 576β90. In Proceedings of the Summer Institute on Biological Control of Plant Insects and Diseases, Ed. F. G. Maxwell and F. A. Harris. Univ. Press, Jackson, MS. 647 p.
Elsey, K. D. 1971. Stilt bugs prΓ©dation on artificial infestation of tobacco hornworm eggs. J. Econ. Entomol. 64 (3): 772β773.
Elsey, K. D. 1975. Jalysus spinosus: Increased numbers produced on tobacco by early-season releases. Tobacco Sci. 19: 13β15.
Falcon, L. A. 1971. Use of bacteria for control of insects, p. 67β95. In H. D. Burges and N. W. Hussey, eds. Microbial Control of Insects. Academic Press, N.Y. Fye, R. E. 1972. Manipulation of Polistes exclamans arizonensis. Environ. Entomol. 1(1): 55β7.
Goldstein, J. 1977. Up the organic ladder with a spade and hoe. Organic Gardening and Farming. July. pp. 30β6.
Gonzalez, R. H. 1976. Crop protection in Latin America, with special reference to integrated pest control. FAO Plant Protection Bull. 24 (3): 65β75.
Grimble, D. 1975. Releases of Apanteles melanoscelus for gypsy moth suppression. Appl. For. Res. Note 15: 1β6.
Halfhill, J. E. and P. E. Featherston. 1973. Inundative releases of Aphidius smithi against ΠΡΡrthosiphon pisum. Environ. Entomol. 2: 469β72.
Harbaugh, C. K. and R. H. Mattson. 1973. Lacewing larvae control aphids on greenhouse snapdragons. J. Amer. Soc. ΠΠΎΠ³t. Sc. 98: 306β9.
Hart, W. G. 1972. Compensatory releases of Microterys flavus as a biological control agent against brown soft scale. Environ. Entomol. 1: 414β419.
Hartstack, A. W., J. A. Witz, and R. L. Ridgway. 1975. Suggested applications of a dynamic Heliothis model (MOTHZV-1) in pest management decision making. Proc. of Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. 118β22 pp.
Hartstack, A. W., J. L. Jenson, I. A. Witz, J. A. Jackman, J. P. Hollingsworth, and R. E. Frisbie. 1977. The Texas program for forecasting Heliothis spp. infestations on cotton. In Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. In press.
Helgesen, R. G., and M. J. Tauber. 1974. Biological control of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Aleyrodidae: Homoptera), on short-term crops by manipulating biotic and abiotic factors. Can. Ent. 106: 1175β1188.
Hensley, S. D. 1971. Management of sugarcane borer populations in Louisiana, a decade of change. Entomophaga 16: 133β46.
Higgins, A. H. 1970. A machine for free aerial release of sterile pink bollworm moths. USDA. ARS 81β40.
Hoy, M. A. 1975. Forest and laboratory equations of hybridized Apanteles melanoscelus (Hym.: Braconidae), a parasitoid of Porthetria dispar (Lep.: Lymantriidae ). Entomophaga 20: 261β8.
Huffaker, C. B. 1971. Biological Control. Plenum Press, N.Y. and London. 511 pp.
Huffaker, C. B. and C. E. Kennett. 1956. Experimental studies on prΓ©dation: PrΓ©dation and cyclamen-mite populations on strawberries in California. Hilgardia 26: 191β222.
Huffaker, C. B. and P. S. Messenger, Eds. 1976. Theory and Practice of Biological Control. Academic Press. N.Y. 788 pp.
Jackson, C. G., D. E. Bryan, E. G. Neeman, and A. L. Wardecker. 1970. Biological control: Results of field cage tests with parasites of Heliothis spp. Third Quarterly Report. Cotton Insects Biological Control Investigations. Tucson, Arizona.
Jimenez, J., Eleazar. 1975. The action program for biological control in Mexico. Presented at the Work Conf. of the U.S. and Mexico on βBiological control of pests and weeds,β Brownsville, TX. February 20β21. 3 pp.
Jones, J. W., J. D. Hesketh, R. F. Colwick, H. C. Lane, J. M. McKinion, and A. C. Thompson. 1975. Predicting square, flower, and boll production of cotton at different stages of organogenesis. In Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Conf.
Jones, S. L. and R. L. Ridgway. 1976. Development of methods for field distribution of eggs of the insect predator Chrysopa carnea Stephens. USDA, ARSβSβ124. 5 pp.
Jones, S. L., R. K. Morrison, and J. R. Abies. A new and improved technique for the field release of Trichogramma pretiosum. Southwestern Entomol. In press.
Kinzer, R. E. 1976. Development and evaluation of techniques for using Chrysopa carnea Stephens to control Heliothis spp. in cotton. Ph.D. Dissertation. Texas Aand M University. 60 pp.
Knipling, E. F. 1972. Simulated population models to appraise the potential for suppressing sugarcane borer populations by strategic releases of the parasite Lixophaga diatraeae. Environ. Entomol. 1: 1β6.
Lacewell, R. D., J. M. Sprott, G. A. Niles, J. K. Walker, and J. R. Gannaway. 1976. Cotton growing in an integrated production system. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Engr. 19: 815β18.
Lawson, F. R., R. L. Rabb, F. E. Guthrie, and L. G. Bowery. 1961. Studies of an integrated control system for hornworms on tobacco. J. Econ. Entomol. 540: 93β7.
Lewis, K. R., and H. A. Turney. 1977. Insect controls for organic gardeners. Texas Agric. Ext. Sta. MPβI284. 10 pp.
Lewis, W. J., A. N. Sparks, R. L. Jones, and D. J. Barras. 1972. Efficiency of Cardiochiles nigriceps as a parasite of Heliothis virescens on cotton. Environ. Entomol. 1: 468β71.
Lingren, P. D. 1969. Apanteles marginiventris as a parasite of the cabbage looper and Heliothis spp. attacking cotton. Meeting Entomol. Soc. Amer., Chicago, IL.
Lingren, P. D. 1977. Campoletis sonorensis: Maintenance of a population on tobacco budworms in a field cage. Environ. Entomol. 6: 72β76.
Lingren, P. D. and J. G. Kim. 1970. Inundative releases of Trichogramma sp. for control of bollworm and tobacco budworm attacking cotton. Presented at ESA mtg., Miami, Florida. November 30-December 3.
Lingren, P. D. and L. W. Noble. 1972. Preference of Campoletis perdistinctus for certain noctuid larvae. J. Econ. Entomol. 65: 104β7.
Lingren, P. D., R. L. Ridgway, and S. L. Jones. 1968a. Consumption by several common arthropod predators of eggs and larvae of two Heliothis species that attack cotton. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 61: 613β8.
Lingren, P. D., R. L. Ridgway, C. B. Cowan, J. W. Davis, and W. C. Watkins. 1968b. Biological control of the bollworm and tobacco budworm by arthropod predators affected by insecticides. J. Econ. Entomol. 61: 1521β25.
Lloyd, E. P., R. H. Wood, and E. B. Mitchell. 1977. Boll weevil suppression with TH-6040 applied in cottonseed oil as a foliar spray. J. Econ. Entomol. In Press.
Lopez, J. D., R. L. Ridgway, and R. E. Pinnell. 1976. Comparative efficacy of four insect predators of the bollworm and tobacco budworm. Environ. Entomol. 5: 1160β1164.
Lorbeer, H. 1971. Integrated biological control in Fillmore citrus groves. Calif. Citrograph. April.
McClanahan, R. J. 1970. Integrated control of the greenhouse whitefly on cucumbers. J. Econ. Entomol. 63: 599β601.
McClanahan, R. J. 1972. Integrated control of the greenhouse whitefly. Can. Dep. Agric. Publ. 1469. 7 pp.
McLeod, J. H. 1938. The control of the greenhouse whitefly in Canada by the parasite Encarsia formosa Gahan. Scient. Agric. 18: 529β35.
McLeod, J. H. 1939. Biological control of greenhouse pests. Rept. Entomol. Soc. Ont. 70: 62β68.
McMurtry, J. A., H. G. Johnson and G. T. Scriven. 1969. Experiments to determine effects of mass release of Stethorus picipes on the level of infestation of the avocado brown mite. J. Econ. Entomol. 6: 1216β1221.
McPherson, R. M., and S. D. Hensley. 1976. Potential of Lixophaga diatraeae for control of Diatraea saccharalis in Louisianna. J. Econ. Entomol. 69: 215β8.
Martin, P. C., P. D. Lingren, G. L. Greene, and R. L. Ridgway. 1976. Parasitization of two species of Plusiinae and Heliothis spp. after releases of Trichogramma pretiosum in seven crops. Environ. Entomol. 5: 991β5.
Meredith, W. R. 1976. Nectariless cottons, p. 34β37 In Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod.-Mech. Conf.
Meyer, R. H. 1975. Release of carbaryl resistant predatory mites in apple orchards. Environ. Entomol. 4: 49β51.
Montes, M. 1970. Estudios sobre bionomia V la biometria de Lixophaga diatraeae (Towns.). (Diptera, Tachinidae). Ciencias Biologicas 4 (7), 60 pp.
Nickle, W. R. 1974. Nematode infections. In: Insect Diseases, Vol. II, pp. 327β376, ed. G. E. Cantwell. Marcel Delker, Inc., New York.
Noble, L. W., and H. M. Graham. 1966. Behavior of Campoletis perdistinctus (Vierek) as a parasite of the tobacco budworm. J. Econ. Entomol. 59: 1118β20.
Oatman, E. R., and G. R. Platner. 1971. Biological control of the tomato fruitworm, cabbage looper, and hornworms on processing tomatoes in southern California, using mass releases of Trichogramma pretiosum. J. Econ. Entomol. 64: 501β6.
Oatman, E. R., J. A. McMurtry, and V. Voth. 1968. Suppression of the two-spotted spider mite on strawberry with mass releases of Phytoseiules persimilis. J. Econ. Entomol. 61: 1517β1521.
Olkowski, H. and W. Olkowski. 1976. How to control garden pests without killing almost everything else. Horticulture Magazine. June. 5 pp.
Pacheco, M., Francisco. 1971. Evaluation of the parasitism of the wasp Trichogramma spp. on eggs of the bollworm in Sonoraβ1971. Prog. Rpt. No. 3. 14 pp.
Pacheco M., Francisco, J. L. Carrillo S., J. Monge C., and R. Covarrubias G. 1971. Adelantos sobre la evaluaction del parasitismo de la avispita Trichogramma spp. sobre huevecillos de gusano bellotero en sonora durante 1969. Agricultura Technia en Mexico, Organo del INIA, SAG, Vol. Ill, No. 2. pp. 53β57.
Parker, F. D. 1971. Manipulation of pest populations by manipula- ting densities of both hosts and parasites through periodic releases, pp. 365-76. In Biological Control. C. B. Huffaker, ed. Plenum Press. New York. 511 p.
Parker, F. D., and R. E. Pinnell. 1972a. Effectiveness of Trichogramma spp. in parasitizing eggs of Pieris rapae and Trichoplusia ni. 1. Field studies. Environ. Entomol. 1: 785β789.
Parker, F. D., and R. E. Pinnell. 1972b. Further studies of the biological control of Pieris rapae using supplemental host and parasite releases. Environ. Entomol. 1: 150β157.
Parker, F. D., F. R. Lawson, and R. E. Pinnell. 1971. Suppression of Pieris rapae using a new control system: mass releases of both the pest and its parasite. J. Econ. Entomol. 64: 721β 735.
Pennington, N. 1975. Managers report, Fillmore Citrus Protective District. Jan. 1 to Dec. 31. 3 pp.
Rabb, R. L., R. E. Stinner, and R. van den Bosch. 1976. Conservation and augmentation of natural enemies, p. 233β254. In C. B. Huffaker and P. S. Messenger, eds. Theory and Practice of Biological Control. Academic Press, N.Y.
Reeves, B. G. 1975. Design and evaluation of facilities and equipment for mass production of facilities and equipment for mass production and field release of an insect parasite and an insect predator. Ph.D. Dissertation. Texas A and M University. 180 pp.
Ridgway, R. L. 1969. Control of the bollworm and tobacco budworm through conservation and augmentation of predaeeous insects. Proc. Tall Timbers Conf. on ecol. animal control by habitat mgmt. 1: 127β144.
Ridgway, R. L. 1972. Use of parasites, predators, and microbial agents in management of insect pests of crops. Proc. National Extension Insect-Pest Management Workshop, Purdue U. pp. 51β62.
Ridgway, R. L. and S. L. Jones. 1968. Field-cage releases of Chrysopa oarnea for suppression of populations of the bollworm and the tobacco budworm on cotton. J. Econ. Entomol. 61; 892β898.
Ridgway, R. L. and S. L. Jones. 1969. Inundative releases of Chrysopa cornea for control of Heliothis on cotton. J. Econ. Entomol. 62: 177β180.
Ridgway, R. L. and R. E. Kinzer. 1974. Chrysopids as predators of crop pests. Entomophaga, Mem. H. S., 7. pp. 45β51.
Ridgway, R. L. and P. D. Lingren. 1972. Predaceous and parasitic arthropods as regulators of Heliothis populations. Southern Coop. Series Bull. No. 169. pp. 48β56.
Ridgway, R. L., R. K. Morrison, R. E. Kinzer, R. E. Stinner, and B. G. Reeves. 1973. Programmed releases of parasites and predators for control of Heliothis spp. on cotton. Proc. 1973 Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 92β94.
Ridgway, R. L., R. E. Kinzer, and R. K. Morrison. 1974. Production and supplemental releases of parasites and predators for control of insect and spider mite pests of crops, pp. 110β6. In F. G. Maxwell and F. A. Harris (eds.). Proceedings of the Summer Institute on Biological Control of Plant Insects and Diseases. Univ. Press. Mississippi, Jackson. 647 pp.
Rincon-Vitova Insectaries, Inc. Undated. Rincon-Vitova Insectaries offers integrated pest management programming. Oakview, CA., USA. 8 pp.
Scaramuzza, L. C. 1951. El control biologico y sus resultados en el lucha contra el barrenador a perforador de la cana Diatraea saccharalis (Fabr.) en Cuba por medio de la mosca, Lixophaga diatraeae (Towns.) Asambl. latino amer. Fitoparasitologia, 1: 282β92.
Shands, W. A., G. W. Simpson, and C. C. Gordon. 1972. Insect predators for controlling aphids on potatoes. 5. Numbers of eggs and schedules for introducing them in large field cages. J. Econ. Entomol. 65: 810β17.
SooHoo, C. F., R. S. Seay, and P. V. Vail. 1974. Voria ruralis: Field cage evaluation of four densities of the larval parasite against Trichoplusia ni. Environ. Entomol. 3: 439β40.
Smith, H. S. and H. M. Armitage. 1931. The biological control of mealybugs attacking citrus. Univ. Calif. Bull. 509, 74 pp.
SooHoo, C. F., R. S. Seay, and P. V. Vail. 1974. Voria ruralis: Field cage evaluation of four densities of the larval parasite against Trichoplusia ni. Environ. Entomol. 3: 439β40.
Starks, K. J., E. A. Wood, Jr., R. L. Burton, and H. W. Somsen. Release of parasitoids to control greenbugs on sorghum. USDA-ARS-S-91.
Stevens, L. M., A. L. Steinhauer, and J. R. Coulson. 1975. Suppression of Mexican bean beetle on soybeans with annual inoculative releases of Pediobius foveolatus. Environ. Entomol. 4: 947β52.
Stinner, R. E. 1977. Efficacy of inundative releases. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 22: 515β31.
Stinner, R. E., R. L. Ridgway, J. R. Coppedge, R. K. Morrison, and W. A. Dickerson, Jr. 1974. Parasitism of Eeliothis eggs after field releases of Tviohogramma pvetiosum in cotton. Environ. Entomol. 3: 497β500.
Summers, T. E., E. G. King, D. F. Martin, and R. D. Jackson 1976. Biological control of Diatraea saccharalis in Florida by periodic releases of Lixophaga diatraeae. Entomophaga 4: 359β66.
Taft, H. M. and A. R. Hopkins. 1975. Boll weevils: field popu-lations controlled by sterilizing emerging overwintering females with TH-6040 sprayable bait. J. Econ. Entomol. 68: 183β5.
Teran, F. 0. 1976. Perspectivas do controle biologico da broca da cana-de-Acucar. Boletim Tecnico Copersucar 2: 5β9.
Ticehurst, M. and R. A. Fusco. 1976. Release of three Apanteles spp. against the gypsy moth in Pennsylvania. J. Econ. Entomol. 69: 307β8.
van den Bosch, R., T. E. Leigh, D. Gonzalez, and R. E. Stinner. 1969. Cage studies on predators of the bollworm in cotton. J. Econ. Entomol. 62: 1486β9.
Vaughn, Mario R. 1975. El parasito tricogramma: revision monografica. Banco Nacional de Nicaragua, Departmento Tecnico. 23 pp.
Weseloh, R. M. and J. F. Anderson. 1975. Inundative release of Apanteles melanoscelus against the gypsy moth. Environ. Entomol. 4: 33β6.
Whitcomb, W. H. and K. Bell. 1964. Predaceous insects, spiders and mites of Arkansas cotton fields. Arkansas Exp. Sta. Bull. 698.
Yepsen, R. B. 1976. Organic plant protection. Rodale Press, Inc., Emmaus, PA. 688 pp.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
Β© 1977 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ridgway, R.L., King, E.G., Carrillo, J.L. (1977). Augmentation of Natural Enemies for Control of Plant Pests in the Western Hemisphere. In: Ridgway, R.L., Vinson, S.B. (eds) Biological Control by Augmentation of Natural Enemies. Environmental Science Research, vol 11. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2871-1_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2871-1_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-2873-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-2871-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive