Abstract
To date there has been no generally accepted definition in scientific literature of those metals which should be regarded as refractory. In this book, refractory metals are considered to be those whose melting point is higher than that of iron (1535°C). They all belong to the group of transition metals having an unfilled d-shell and occurring mainly in the first, second, and third large periods from group IVa to group VIII of the periodic system of elements. The most refractory of them are tungsten (melting point 3380°C), rhenium (3180°C), tantalum (3000°C), and osmium (3045°C).
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Savitskii, E.M., Burkhanov, G.S. (1970). Natural Resources and Methods of Producing Refractory Metals. In: Physical Metallurgy of Refractory Metals and Alloys. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1572-8_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1572-8_1
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