Abstract
The definitive discovery of the cytokinins occurred in 1955 when C. O. Miller, Folke Skoog, M. H. von Saltza, and F. M. Strong, working in the laboratories of Skoog and Strong at the University of Wisconsin, isolated a substance called “kinetin” (6-furfurylaminopurine, C10H9N5O) (Fig. 4-1) from an autoclaved sample of herring sperm DNA and demonstrated it to be very active in promoting mitosis and cell division in tobacco callus tissue in vitro.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alvim, R., E. W. Hewett, and P. F. Saunders. 1976. Seasonal variation in the hormone content of willow. I. Changes in abscisic acid content and cytokinin activity in the xylem sap. Plant Physiol. 57: 474–476.
Armstrong, D. J., N. Murai, B. J. Taller, and F. Skoog. 1976. Incorporation of the cytokinin N6-benzyladenine into tobacco callus transfer ribonucleic acid and ribosomal ribonucleic acid preparations. Plant Physiol. 57: 15–22.
Beimann, K., S. Tsunakawa, J. Sonnenbichler, H. Feldmann, D. Dütting, and H. G. Zachau. 1966. Structure of an odd nucleoside from serine-specific transfer ribonucleic acid. Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 5: 590–591.
Black, M. K. and D. J. Osborne. 1965. Polarity of transport of benzyladenine, adenine and indole-3-acetic acid in petiole segments of Phaseolus vulgaris. Plant Physiol. 40: 676–680.
Brandes, H. and H. Kende. 1968. Studies on cytokinin-controlled bud formation in moss protonemata. Plant Physiol. 43: 827–837.
Brown, C. L., R. G. McAlpine, and P. P. Kormanik. 1967. Apical dominance and form in woody plants: a reappraisal. Am. J. Bot. 54: 153–162.
Burrows, W. J. 1975. Mechanism of action of cytokinins. Current Adv. Plant Sci. 7: 837–847.
Chen, C.-M. and R. H. Hall. 1969. Biosynthesis of N6-(∆2-isopentenyl)adenosine in the transfer ribonucleic acid of cultured tobacco pith tissue. Phytochemistry 8: 1687–1695.
Crafts, C. B. and C. O. Miller. 1974. Detection and identification of cytokinins produced by mycorrhizal fungi. Plant Physiol. 54: 586–588.
Deleuze, G. G., J. D. McChesney, and J. E. Fox. 1972. Identification of a stable cytokinin metabolite. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 48: 1426–1432.
Doree, M. and J. Guern. 1973. Short-time metabolism of some exogenous cytokinins in Acer pseudoplatanus cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 304: 611–622.
Dyson, W. H., J. E. Fox, and J. D. McChesney. 1972. Short term metabolism of urea and purine cytokinins. Plant Physiol. 49: 506–513.
Einset, J. W. and F. Skoog. 1973. Biosynthesis of cytokinins in cytokinin-auto-trophic tobacco callus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70: 658–660.
Fittier, F. and R. H. Hall. 1966. Selective modification of yeast seryl-tRNA and its effect on the acceptance and binding functions. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 25: 441–446.
Fittier, F., L. K. Kline, and R. H. Hall. 1968. Biosynthesis of N6-(∆2-isopen-tenyl)adenosine. The precursor relationship of acetate and mevalonate to the ∆2-isopentenyl group of the transfer ribonucleic acid of microorganisms. Biochemistry 7: 940–944.
Fox, J. E. 1966. Incorporation of a kinin, N,6-benzyladenine into soluble RNA. Plant Physiol. 41: 75–82.
Fox, J. E. 1969. The cytokinins. In: Wilkins, M. B.,ed. The Physiology of Plant Growth and Development. McGraw-Hill Book Publishing Company Limited, London. Pp. 85–123.
Fox, J. E. and C.-M. Chen. 1967. Characterization of labeled ribonucleic acid from tissue grown on 14C-containing cytokinins. J. Biol. Chem. 242: 4490–4494.
Fox, J. E., J. Cornette, G. Deleuze, W. Dyson, C. Giersak, P. Niu, J. Zapata, and J. McChesney. 1973. The formation, isolation, and biological activity of a cytokinin 7-glucoside. Plant Physiol. 52: 627–632.
Fox, J. E. and J. L. Erion. 1975. A cytokinin binding protein from higher plant ribosomes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 64: 694–700.
Fox, J. E. and J. Erion. 1977. Cytokinin-binding proteins in higher plants. In: Pilet, P. E., ed. Plant Growth Regulation. Springer-Verlag, New York. Pp. 139–146.
Fox, J. E., C. K. Sood, B. Buckwalter, and J. D. McChesney. 1971. The metabolism and biological activity of a 9-substituted cytokinin. Plant Physiol. 47: 275–281.
Gefter, M. L. and R. L. Russell. 1969. Role of modifications in tyrosine transfer RNA: A modified base affecting ribosome binding. J. Mol. Biol. 39: 145–157.
Hall, R. H. 1970. N6-(∆2-isopentenyl)adenosine: Chemical reactions, biosynthesis, metabolism, and significance to the structure and function of tRNA. Prog. Nucl. Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 10: 57–86.
Hall, R. H. 1973. Cytokinins as a probe of developmental processes. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol 24: 415–444.
Hall, R. H., L. Csonka, H. David, and B. McLennan. 1967. Cytokinins in the soluble RNA of plant tissues. Science 156: 69–71.
Hall, R. H. and G. Mintsioulis. 1973. Enzymatic activity that catalyzes degradation of N6-(∆2-isopentenyl)adenosine. J. Biochem. 73: 739–748.
Hall, R. H., M. J. Robins, L. Stasiuk, and R. Thedford. 1966. Isolation of 6N-(γ,γ-dimethylallyl)adenosine from soluble ribonucleic acid. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 88: 2614–2615.
Harada, F., H. J. Gross, F. Kimura, S. H. Chang, S. Nishimura, and U. L. Raj Bhandary. 1968. 2-Methylthio-N6-(∆2-isopentenyl)adenosine: a component of E. coli tyrosine transfer RNA. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 33: 299–306.
Harvey, B.M.R.,B.C. Lu, and R. A. Fletcher. 1974. Benzyladenine accelerates chloroplast differentiation and stimulates photosynthetic enzyme activity in cucumber cotyledons. Can. J. Bot. 52: 2581–2586.
Helgeson, J. P. and N. J. Leonard. 1966. Cytokinins: Identification of compounds isolated from Corynebacterium fascians. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 56: 60–63.
Horgan, R., E. W. Hewett, J. G. Purse, J. M. Horgan, and P. F. Wareing. 1973. Identification of a cytokinin in sycamore sap by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Plant Sci. Lett. 1: 321–324.
Itai, C. and Y. Vaadia. 1965. Kinetin-like activity in root exudate of water-stressed sunflower plants. Physiol. Plantarum 18: 941–944.
Jablonski, J. R. and F. Skoog. 1954. Cell enlargement and cell division in excised tobacco pith tissue. Physiol. Plantarum 7: 16–24.
Kende, H. 1964. Preservation of chlorophyll in leaf sections by substances obtained from root exudate. Science 145: 1066–1067.
Kende, H. 1965. Kinetin like factors in the root exudate of sunflowers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 53: 1302–1307.
Kende, H. and G. Gardner. 1976. Hormone binding in plants. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 27: 267–290.
Klambt, D., G. Thies, and F. Skoog. 1966. Isolation of cytokinins from Corynebacterium fascians. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 56: 52–59.
Lagerstedt, H. B. and R. G. Langston. 1967. Translocation of radioactive kinetin. Plant Physiol. 42: 611–622.
Leonard, N. J. 1974. Chemistry of the cytokinins. In: Runeckles, V. C., E. Sond-heimer, and D. C. Walton, eds. The Chemistry and Biochemistty of Plant Hormones. Vol. 7. Recent Advances in Phytochemistry. Academic Press, New York. Pp. 21–56.
Leonard, N. J., S. M. Hecht, F. Skoog, and R. Y. Schmitz. 1968. Cytokinins: synthesis of 6(3-methyl-3-butenylamino)9-8-D-ribofuranosylpurine (3iPA), and the effect of side-chain unsaturation on the biological activity of isopentylamino-purines and their ribosides. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 59: 15–21.
Leopold, A. C. and M. Kawase. 1964. Benzyladenine effects on bean leaf growth and senescence. Am. J. Bot. 51: 294–298.
Leopold, A. C. and P. E. Kriedemann. 1975. Plant Growth and Development. 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
Letham, D. S. 1963. Zeatin, a factor inducing cell division isolated from Zea mays. Life Sci. 2: 569–573.
Letham, D. S. 1967. Chemistry and physiology of kinetin-like compounds. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 18: 349–364.
Letham, D. S. 1973. Transfer RNA and cytokinins. In: Stewart, P. R. and D. S. Letham, eds. The Ribonucleic Acids. Springer-Verlag, New York. Pp. 81–106.
Letham, D. S. and C. O. Miller. 1965. Identity of kinetin-like factors from Zea mays. Plant Cell Physiol. 6: 355–359.
Letham, D. S. and R. K. Ralph. 1967. A cytokinin in soluble RNA from a higher plant. Life Sci. 6: 387–394.
Letham, D. S., J. S. Shannon, and I. R. McDonald. 1964. The structure of Zeatin, a factor inducing cell division. Proc. Chem. Soc. 230–231.
Matsubara, S., D. J. Armstrong, and F. Skoog. 1968. Cytokinins in tRNA of Corynebacterium fascians. Plant Physiol. 43: 451–453.
Miller, C. O. 1961a. Kinetin and related compounds in plant growth. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 12: 395–408.
Miller, C. O. 1961b. A kinetin-like compound in maize. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 47: 170–174.
Miller, C. O. 1974. Ribosyl-trans-zeatin, a major cytokinin produced by crown gall tumor tissue. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71: 334–338.
Miller, C. O., F. Skoog, F. S. Okumura, M. H. von Saltza, and F. M. Strong. 1955. Structure and synthesis of kinetin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77 : 2662–2663.
Miller, C. O., F. Skoog, M. H. von Saltza, and F. M. Strong. 1955. Kinetin, a cell division factor from deoxyribonucleic acid. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77: 1392.
Miura, G. A. and C. O. Miller. 1969. 6-(γγ-dimethylallylamino)purine as a precursor of zeatin. Plant Physiol. 44: 372–376.
Mothes, K. and L. Engelbrecht. 1961. Kinetin-induced directed transport of substances in excised leaves in the dark. Phytochemistry 1: 58–62.
Parker, C. W., M. M. Wilson, and D. S. Letham. 1973. The glucosylation of cytokinins. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 55: 1370–1376.
Person, C., D. J. Samborski, and F. R. Forsyth. 1957. Effect of benzimidazole on detached wheat leaves. Nature (London) 180: 1294–1295.
Peterkofsky, A. 1968. The incorporation of mevalonic acid into the N6-(∆2-isopen-tenyl)adenosine of transfer ribonucleic acid in Lactobacillus acidophilus. Biochemistry 7: 472–482.
Phillips, I. D. J. 1969. Apical dominance. In: Wilkins, M. B., ed. The Physiology of Plant Growth and Development. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. Pp. 165–202.
Phillips, I. D. J. 1971. Introduction to the Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant Growth Hormones. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
Richmond, A. E. and A. Lang. 1957. Effect of kinetin on protein content and survival of detached Xanthium leaves. Science 125: 650–651.
Sachs, T. and K. V. Thimann. 1964. Release of lateral buds from apical dominance. Nature (London) 201: 939–940.
Sachs, T. and K. V. Thimann. 1967. The role of auxins and cytokinins in the release of buds from dominance. Am. J. Bot. 54: 136–144.
Scarbrough, E., D. J. Armstrong, F. Skoog, C. R. Frihart, and N. J. Leonard. 1973. Isolation of cis-zeatin from Corynebacterium fascians cultures. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70: 3825–3829.
Shaw, G. and D. V. Wilson. 1964. Synthesis of zeatin. Proc. Chem. Soc. 231.
Shibaoka, H. and K. V. Thimann. 1970. Antagonisms between kinetin and amino acids. Experiments on the mode of action of cytokinins. Plant Physiol. 46: 212–220.
Skene, K. G. M. 1975. Cytokinin production by roots as a factor in the control of plant growth. In: Torrey, J. G. and D. T. Clarkson, eds. The Development and Function of Roots. Academic Press, New York. Pp. 365–396.
Skoog, F. and D. J. Armstrong. 1970. Cytokinins. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 21: 359–384.
Skoog, F., D. J. Armstrong, J. D. Cherayil, A. E. Hampel, and R. M. Bock. 1966. Cytokinin activity: localization in transfer RNA preparations. Science 154: 1354–1356.
Skoog, F., H. Q. Hamzi, A. M. Szweykowska, N. J. Leonard, K. L. Carraway, T. Fujii, J. P. Helgeson, and R. N. Loeppky. 1967. Cytokinins: structure/activity relationships. Phytochemistry 6: 1169–1192.
Skoog, F. and C. O. Miller. 1957. Chemical regulation of growth and organ formation in plant tissues cultured in vitro. Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol. 11: 118–131.
Skoog, F., R. Y. Schmitz, R. M. Bock, and S. M. Hecht. 1973. Cytokinin antagonists: synthesis and physiological effects of 7-substituted 3-methylpyrazolo-[4,3-d]pyrimidines. Phytochemistry 12: 25–37.
Skoog, F., F. M. Strong, and C. O. Miller. 1965. Cytokinins. Science 148: 532–533.
Sondheimer, E. and D. Tzou. 1971. The metabolism of hormones during seed germination and dormancy. II. The metabolism of 8-14C-zeatin in bean axes. Plant Physiol. 47: 516–520.
Sorokin, H. P. and K. V. Thimann. 1964. The histological basis for inhibition of axillary buds in Pisum sativum and the effects of auxins and kinetin on xylem development. Protoplasma 59: 326–350.
Spiess, L. D. 1975. Comparative activity of isomers of zeatin and ribosyl-zeatin on Funaria hygrometrica. Plant Physiol. 55: 583–585.
Steward, F. C. and A. D. Krikorian. 1971. Plants, Chemicals and Growth. Academic Press, New York.
Takegami, T. and K. Yoshida. 1975. Isolation and purification of cytokinin binding protein from tobacco leaves by affinity column chromatography. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 67: 782–789.
Tavares, J. and H. Kende. 1970. The effect of 6-benzylaminopurine on protein metabolism in senescing corn leaves. Phytochemistry 9: 1763–1770.
Thimann, K. V. 1977. Hormone Action in the Whole. Life of Plants. University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst.
Thimann, K. V., T. Sachs, and K. N. Mathur. 1971. The mechanism of apical dominance in Coleus. Physiol. Plantarum 24: 68–72.
Torrey, J. G. 1976. Root hormones and plant growth. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 27: 435–459.
Varner, J. E. and D. T. Ho. 1976. Hormones. In: Bonner, J. and J. E. Varner, eds. Plant Biochemistry. 3rd ed. Academic Press, New York. Pp. 713–770.
Vreman, H. J., F. Skoog, C. R. Frihart, and N. J. Leonard. 1972. Cytokinins in Pisum transfer ribonucleic acid. Plant Physiol. 49: 848–851.
Walker, G. C., N. J. Leonard, D. J. Armstrong, N. Murai, and F. Skoog. 1974. The mode of incorporation of 6-benzylaminopurine into tobacco callus transfer ribonucleic acid. A double labeling determination. Plant Physiol. 54: 737–743.
Wareing, P. F., R. Horgan, I. E. Henson, and W. Davis. 1977. Cytokinin relations in the whole plant. In: Pilet, P. E., ed. Plant Growth Regulation. Springer-Verlag, New York. Pp. 147–153.
Wareing, P. F. and I. D. J. Phillips. 1970. The Control of Growth and Differentiation in Plants. Pergamon Press, New York.
Wickson, M. and K. V. Thimann. 1958. The antagonism of auxin and kinetin in apical dominance. Physiol. Plantarum 11: 62–74.
Zachau, H. G., D. Dütting, and H. Feldmann. 1966a. Nucleotide sequences of two serine-specific transfer ribonucleic acids. Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 5: 422.
Zachau, H. G., D. Dütting, and H. Feldmann. 1966b. The structures of two serine transfer ribonucleic acids. Hoppe-Seylers Zeit. Physiol. Chem. 347: 212–235.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1979 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Moore, T.C. (1979). Cytokinins. In: Biochemistry and Physiology of Plant Hormones. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-0079-3_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-0079-3_4
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-0081-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-0079-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive