The Establishment of Problem-oriented Research Domains

Abstract

The changed relationship of science and policy and the changes that have been taking place in each have led to the emergence of a new type of scientific activity. This tends to be confused with more familiar types. Traditionally, the spectrum of scientific activities has been thought of as including fundamental research, applied research and development work. The economists have recently added another term, innovation. This refers to the additional activities that must be undertaken before the benefits of R & D can be realized in goods and services effective in the market place. The concept of innovation is also applicable to the non-market sector. Yet, if the ends of the spectrum are now clearer something has become blurred in the middle. For some time the term ‘problem-oriented research’ has been struggling into existence not knowing whether it should be subsumed under applied research or represent something different (de Bie, 1970). The thesis is advanced that it comprises a distinct category whose recognition has central importance for science policy and its social aspects.