Abstract
Many fluorophores undergo reactions in the excited state. Typical reactions include excimer and exciplex formation, protonation or deprotonation, and energy transfer. Absorption of a photon creates an altered electronic distribution in the fluorophore, which frequently changes its chemical or physical properties and may induce reactions with other components of the solution. In many cases the excited state process can be described by a simple two-state reaction scheme. In this chapter we describe in detail the spectral properties of this model. These properties provide a basis with which to compare the experimental data, and if appropriate, the theory for this model can be used to determine the kinetic and spectral constants of the system.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Birks, J. B., 1970,Photophysics of Aromatic Molecules, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Birks, J. B. (Ed.), 1973,Organic Molecular Photophysics, Volumes 1 and 2, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Ireland, J. F., and Wyatt, P. A. H., 1976, Acid-base properties of electronically excited states of organic molecules, Adv. Org. Chem. 12:131–221.
Badea, M. G., and Brand, L., 1979, Time-resolved fluorescence measurements, Methods Enzymol. 61:378–425.
Lakowicz, J. R., 1980, Fluorescence-spectroscopic investigations of the dynamic properties of proteins, membranes, and nucleic acids, J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 2:91–119.
Galla, H. J., and Hartmann, W., 1980, Excimer-forming lipids in membrane research, Chem. Phys. Lipids 27:199–219.
Vanderkooi, J. M., and Callis, J. B., 1974, Pyrene A probe of lateral diffusion in the hydrophobic region of membranes, Biochemistry 13:4000–4006.
Steinberg, I. Z., 1971, Long-range nonradiative transfer of electronic excitation energy in proteins and polypeptides, Ann. Rev. Biochem. 40:83–114.
Stryer, L., 1978, Fluorescence energy transfer as a spectroscopic ruler,Ann. Rev. Biochem. 47:819–846.
Thomas, D. D., Carlsen, W. F., and Stryer, L., 1978, Fluorescence energy transfer in the rapid diffusion limit, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 75:5746–5750.
Katchalski-Katzir, E., and Steinberg, I. Z., 1981, Study of conformational and intramolecular mobility of polypeptides in solution by a novel fluorescence method, Ann. N.Y.Acad. Sci. 361:44–61.
Veselova T. V., Cherkasov, A. S., and Shirokov, V. I., 1977, Luminescent properties of exciplexes of phthalimide derivatives with tetramethyldiaminodiphenylmethane, Opt. Spectrosc. 42:39–43.
Lakowicz, J. R., and Baiter, A., 1982a, Theory of phase-modulation fluorescence spectroscopy for excited state processes, Biophys. Chem., 16:99–115.
Cherkasov, A. S., and Bazilevskaya, N. S., 1965, Excited dimers (excimers) of anthracene derivatives and concentration quenching of fluorescence, Akad. Nauk. USSR. Bull. Phys. Sci. 29:1288–1299.
Laws, J. R., and Brand, L., 1979, Analysis of two-state excited-state reactions. The fluorescence decay of 2-naphthol, J. Phys. Chem. 83:795–802.
Gafni, A., and Brand, L., 1978, Excited state proton transfer reactions of acridine studied by nanosecond fluorometry, Chem. Phys. Lett. 58:346–350.
Lakowicz, J. R., and Baiter, A., 1982, Analysis of excited state processes by phasemodulation fluorescence spectroscopy, Biophys. Chem. 16:117–132.
Bakhshiev, N. G., Mazurenko, Yu. T., and Piterskaya, I. V., 1966, Luminescence decay in different portions of the luminescence spectrum of molecules in a viscous solution, Opt. Spectrosc. 21:307–309.
Rapp, W., Klingenberg, H. H., and Lessing, H. E., 1971, A kinetic model for fluorescence solvatochromism, Ber. Bunsenges. 75:883–886.
Lakowicz, J. R., and Baiter, A., 1982, Differential-wavelength deconvolution of timeresolved fluorescence intensities: A new method for the analysis of excited state processes, Biophys. Chem., 16:223–240.
Ishie, T., Handa, T., and Matsunaga, S., 1977, A study on the mechanism of excimer formation through fluorescence quenching of isotatic and atactic polystyrenes and poly(p-methylsytrenes) in solution, Makromol. Chem. 178:2351–2336.
Masuhara, H., Maeda, Y., Nakajo, H., Matoga, N., Tomita, K., Tatemitsu, H., Sokota, Y., and Misumi, S., 1981, Exciplex emission of intra- and intermolecular benzophenone and iVjN-dimethylaniline systems, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103:634–640.
Chandross, E. A., and Thomas, H. T., 1971, Intramolecular exciplex formation in napththylamines, Chem. Phys. Lett. 9:393–396.
Kuzmin, M. G., and Guseva, L. N., 1969, Donor-acceptor complexes of singlet-excited states of aromatic hydrocarbons with aliphatic amines, Chem. Phys. Lett. 3:71–72.
Ware, W. R., and Richter, H. P., 1968, Fluorescence quenching via charge transfer: The perylene-N/V-dimethylaniline system, J. Chem. Phys. 48:1595–1601.
Knible, H., Rehm, D., and Weller, A., 1968, Intermediates and kinetics of fluorescence quenching by electron transfer, Ber. Bunsenges. 72:257–263.
Ware, W. R., Doemeny, L. T., and Nemzek, T. L., 1973, Deconvolution of fluorescence and phosphorescence decay curves by a least-squares method, J. Phys. Chem. 77:2038–2048.
O’Connor, D. V., Ware, W. R., and Andre, J. C., 1979, Deconvolution of fluorescence decay curves. A critical comparison of techniques, J. Phys. Chem. 83:1333–1343.
Spencer, R. D., and Weber, G., 1969, Measurement of subnanosecond fluorescence lifetimes with a cross-correlation phase fluorometer, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 158:361–376.
Lakowicz, J. R., and Cherek, H. C., 1981, Phase-sensitive fluorescence spectroscopy: A new method to resolve fluorescence lifetimes or emission spectra of components in a mixture of fluorophores, J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 5:19–35.
Lakowicz, J. R., and Cherek, H., 1981, Resolution of heterogeneous fluorescence from proteins and amino acids by phase-sensitive detection of fluorescence, J. Biol. Chem. 246:6248–6353.
Lakowicz, J. R., and Baiter, A., 1982, Detection of the reversibility of an excited state reaction by phase-modulation fluorometry Chem. Phys. Lett. 92:117–121.
Weber, G., 1976, in Excited States of Biological Molecules, J. B. Birks (Ed.), John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 363–374.
Bazilevskaya, N. S., Limareva, L. A., Cherkasov, A. S., and Shirokov, V. I., 1965, Fluorometric determination of the lifetime of the excited state in excited dimers (excimers) of anthracene derivatives, Opt. Spectrosc. 18:202–203.
Veselova, T. V., Limareva, L. A., Cherkasov, A. S., and Shirokov, V. I., 1965, Fluorometric study of the effect of solvent on the fluorescence spectrum of 3-amino-N-methylphthalimide, Opt. Spectrosc. 19:39–43.
Lakowicz, J. R., and Cherek, H., 1980, Dipolar relaxation in proteins on the nanosecond timescale observed by wavelength-resolved phase fluorometry of tryptophan fluorescence, J. Biol. Chem. 225:831–834.
Ross, J. B. A., Schmidt, C. J., and Brand, L., 1981, Time-resolved fluorescence of the two tryptophans in horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase, Biochemistry 20:4369–4377.
Cockle, S. A., and Szabo, A. G., 1981, Time-resolved fluorescence spectra of tryptophan in monomeric glucagon, Photochem. Photobiol. 34:23–27.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1983 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lakowicz, J.R. (1983). Spectral Characteristics of Systems Which Undergo a Reversible Two-State Reaction. In: Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7658-7_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7658-7_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-7660-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-7658-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive