Abstract
Interest in rhythms of animal behavior derives from the recognition that the biological value of a behavior depends as much on when it occurs as on the particular form it takes (see Enright, 1970, and Chapter 15). It follows that a meaningful ethogram of any s.pecies should describe both species-typical motor patterns and species-typical timing of behavior. This chapter surveys the variety of behavioral rhythms that have been studied and the range of species in which they have been described.
Preparation of the manuscript was aided by support from the NSERC of Canada.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ader, R., and Grota, L. J. Rhythmicity in the maternal behaviour of Rattus norvegicus. Animal Behavior, 1970, 18, 144–150.
Adler, K. Extraoptic phase shifting of circadian locomotor rhythm in salamanders. Science, 1969, 164, 1290–1292.
Adler, K. Pineal end organ: Role in extraoptic entrainment of circadian locomotor rhythms in frogs. In M. Menaker (Ed.), Biochronometry. Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Academy of Sciences, 1971, pp. 342–350.
Adler, K. Extraocular photoreception in amphibians. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 1976, 23, 275–298.
Alleva, J. J., Waleski, M. V., and Alleva, F. R. A biological clock controlling the estrous cycle of the hamster. Endocrinology, 1971, 88, 1368–1379.
Allison, T., Gerber, S. D., Breedlove, S. M., and Dryden, G. L. A behavioral and polygraphic study of sleep in the shrews Suncus murinus, Blarina brevicauda, and Cryptotis parva. Behavioral Biology, 1977, 20, 354–366.
Andreasson, S. Locomotory activity patterns of Cottus poecilopus Heckel and C. gobio L. (Pisces). Oikos, 1969, 20, 78–94.
Archibald, H. L. Spring drumming patterns of ruffed grouse. Auk, 1976, 93, 808–829.
Ardisson, J.-L., Dolisi, C., Camous, J.-P., and Gastaud, M. Rhythmes spontanes des prises alimentaire et hydrique chez le chien: Étude préliminaire. Physiology and Behavior, 1975, 14, 47–52.
Arnold, L. W. Notes on two species of desert toads. Copeia, 1943, 2, 128.
Arntz, W. E. Periodicity of diel food intake of cod Gadus morhua in the Kiel Bay. Oikos, 1973, Supplement 15, 138–145.
Aschoff, J. Circadian activity pattern with two peaks. Ecology, 1966, 47, 657–662.
Aschoff, J., and von Saint Paul, U. Brain temperature as related to gross motor activity in the unanesthetized chicken. Physiology and Behavior, 1973, 10, 529–533.
Aschoff, J., and Wever, R. Circadian rhythms of finches in light-dark cycles with interposed twilights. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 1965, 16, 507–514.
Aschoff, J., Gwinner, E., Kureck, A., and Muler, K. Diel rhythms of chaffinches Fringilla coelebs L., tree shrews Tupaia glis L. and hamsters Mesocricetus auratus L. as a function of season at the Arctic circle. Oikos, 1970, Supplement 13, 91–100.
Aschoff, J., Fatranska, M., and Giedke, H. Human circadian rhythms in continuous darkness: Entrainment by social cues. Science, 1971, 171, 213–215.
Ashby, K. R. Patterns of daily activity in mammals. Mammal Review, 1972, 1, 171–185.
Bailey, R. S. Observations on diel behaviour patterns of North Sea gadoids in the pelagic phase. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 1975, 55, 133–142.
Bakken, L. E., and Bakken, G. S. American redstart feeding by artificial light. Auk, 1977, 94, 373–374.
Barden, A. Activity of the lizard, Cnemidophorus sexlineatus. Ecology, 1942, 23, 336–344.
Bare, J. K., and Cicala, G. Deprivation and time of testing as determinants of food intake. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1960, 53, 151–154.
Barlow, G. W. Daily movements of desert pupfish, Cyprinodon macularius, in shore pools of the Salton Sea, California. Ecology, 1958, 39, 580–587.
Barlow, G. W. Ethological units of behavior. In D. Ingle (Ed.), Central Nervous System and Fish Behaviour. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968, 217–232.
Barnes, C. A., McNaughton, B. L., Goddard, G. V., Douglas, R. M., and Adamec, R. Circadian rhythm of synaptic excitability in rat and monkey central nervous system. Science, 1977, 197, 91–92.
Baumann, P. C., and Kitchell, J. F. Diel patterns of distribution and feeding of bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) in Lake Wingra, Wisconsin. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 1974, 103, 255–260.
Beach, F. A., and Levinson, G. Diurnal variations in the mating behavior of male rats. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 1949, 72, 78–80.
Beitinger, T. L. Diel activity rhythms and thermoregulatory behavior of bluegill in response to unnatural photoperiods. Biological Bulletin, 1975, 149, 96–108.
Bellinger, L. L., and Mendel, V. E. Effect of deprivation and time of refeeding on food intake. Physiology and Behavior, 1975, 14, 43–46.
Bennett, M. F., Staley, J. Cycles of motor activity in the newt, Triturus viridiscens. Anatomical Record, 1960, 137, 339.
Bernstein, I. S. Daily activity cycles and weather influences on a pigtail monkey group. Folia Primato logica, 1972, 18, 390–415.
Bolles, R. C., and Duncan, P. M. Daily course of activity and subcutaneous body temperature in hungry and thirsty rats. Physiology and Behavior, 1969, 4, 87–89.
Bolles, R. C., and Moot, S. A. The rat’s anticipation of two meals a day. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1973, 83, 510–514.
Bolles, R. C., and Stokes, L. W. Rat’s anticipation of diurnal and a-diurnal feeding. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1965, 60, 290–294.
Bombardieri, R. A., and Johnson, J. I., Jr. Daily activity schedule of captive opossums. Psychonomic Science, 1969, 17, 135–136.
Boulos, Z., Rosenwasser, A., and Terman, M. Feeding schedules and the circadian organization of behavior in the rat. Behavioral Brain Research, 1980, 1, 39–65.
Bovet, J. On the social behavior in a stable group of long-tailed field mice (Apodemus sylvaticus). II. Its relations with distribution of daily activity. Behaviour, 1972, 41, 55–67.
Bovet, J., and Oertli, E. Free-running circadian activity rhythms in free-living beaver (Castor canadensis). Journal of Comparative Physiology, 1974, 92, 1–10.
Brett, J. R. Energetic responses of salmon to temperature: A study of some thermal relations in the physiology and freshwater ecology of sockeye salmon (Onchorhynchus nerka). American Zoologist, 1971, 11, 99–113.
Bronson, F. H. Daily and seasonal activity patterns in woodchucks. Journal of Mammalogy, 1962, 43, 425–427.
Bronson, F. H. Rodent pheromones. Biology of Reproduction, 1971, 4, 344–357.
Brown, F. A., Jr., and Park, Y. H. Synodic monthly modulation of the diurnal rhythm of hamsters. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 1967, 125, 712–715.
Bunn, D. S. Regular daylight hunting by barn owls. British Birds, 1972, 65, 26–30.
Burdick, C. K., and Luz, G. A. Consummatory drinking of the chinchilla. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 1973, 2, 266–268.
Burger, J. Daily and seasonal activity patterns in breeding laughing gulls. Auk, 1976, 93, 308–323.
Cain, R. J., and Wilson, W. O. The influence of specific environmental parameters on the circadian rhythms of chickens. Poultry Science, 1974, 53, 1438–1447.
Calhoun, J. B. The Ecology and Sociology of the Norway Rat. Bethesda, Md.: U.S. Public Health Service, 1962.
Canivenc, R., Croizet, J., Blanquet, P., and Bonnin-Laffargue, M. Mesure de l’activité journalière du blaireau européen Meles meles L. Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, 1960, 250, 1915–1917.
Carlander, K. D., and Cleary, R. E. The daily patterns of some freshwater fishes. American Midland Naturalist, 1949, 41, 447–452.
Caughley, G. Social organization and daily activity of the red kangaroo and the grey kangaroo. Journal of Mammalogy, 1964, 45, 429–436.
Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L. Diurnal rhythm, temperature and water relations of the African toad, Bufo regulam. Journal of Zoology, London, 1967, 152, 43–54.
Clutton-Brock, T. H. Activity patterns of red colobus (Colobus badius tephrosceles). Folia Primatalogica, 1974, 21, 161–187.
Collette, B. B., and Talbot, F. H. Activity patterns of coral reef fishes with emphasis on nocturnal-diurnal changeover. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 1972, 14, 98–124.
Coover, G. D., Sutton, B. R., and Heybach, J. P. Conditioning decreases in plasma corticosterone level in rats by pairing stimuli with daily feedings. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1977, 91, 716–726.
Cott, H. B. Scientific results of an inquiry into the ecology and economic status of the Nile crocodile (Crocodilus niloticus) in Uganda and Northern Rhodesia. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 1961, 29, 211–356.
Crowcroft, P., and Rowe, F. P. Social organization and territorial behaviour in the wild house mouse (Mus musculus L.). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1963, 140, 517–531.
Cullen, J. M. The diurnal rhythm of birds in the Arctic summer. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1954, 96, 31–46.
Dark, J. G., Chiodo, L. A., and Asdourian, D. Long-term analysis of hypothalamic self-stimulation in the rat: Is a circadian rhythm present? Physiological Psychology, 1977, 5, 76–80.
Davies, J. A., Navaratnam, V., and Redfern, P. H. A 24-hour rhythm in passive avoidance behaviour in rats. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 1973, 32, 211–214.
Davis, R. E. Daily “predawn” peak of locomotion in fish. Animal Behaviour, 1964, 12, 272–283.
Davis, R. E., and Bardach, J. E. Time-coordinated prefeeding activity in fish. Animal Behaviour, 1965, 13, 154–162.
DeCoursey, G., and DeCoursey, P. J. Adaptive aspects of activity rhythms in bats. Biological Bulletin, 1964, 126, 14–27.
DeCoursey, P. J. Phase control of activity in a rodent. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 1960, 25, 49–54.
DeCoursey, P. J. Free-running rhythms and patterns of circadian entrainment in three species of diurnal rodent. Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research, 1973, 4, 67–77.
Deguchi, T. Ontogeny of a biological clock for serotonin: Acetyl coenzyme A N-acetyltransferase in pineal gland of rat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 1975, 72, 2814–2818.
Dewsbury, D.A. Copulatory behavior of rats—Variations within the dark phase of the diurnal cycle. Communications in Behavioral Biology, Part A, 1968, 1, 373–377.
Dolmen, D. Diel rhythm of Triturus vulgaris. Norwegian Journal of Zoology, 1976, 24, 234.
Dubost, G. Le comportement du Chevrotain africain, Hyemoschus aquaticus Ogilby (Artiodactyla, Ruminan-tia). Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 1975, 37, 403–448.
Ebihara, S., and Tsuji, K. Strain differences in the mouse’s wheel-running behavior. Japanese Psychological Research, 1976, 18, 20–29.
Echelle, A. A. Behavior of the pupfish, Cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis. Copeia, 1973, 1, 68–76.
Edmonds, S. C., and Adler, N. T. Food and light as entrainers of circadian running activity in the rat. Physiology and Behavior, 1977a, 18, 915–919.
Edmonds, S. C., and Adler, N. T. The multiplicity of biological oscillators in the control of circadian running activity in the rat. Physiology and Behavior, 1977b, 18, 921–930.
Elston, R., and Bachen, B. Diel feeding cycle and some effects of light on feeding intensity of the Mississippi silverside, Menidia audens, in Clear Lake, California. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 1976, 105, 84–88.
Enright, J. Ecological aspects of endogenous rhythmicity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 1970, 1, 221–238.
Erkert, H. G. Der Einfluss des Mondlichtes auf die Aktivitätsperiodik nachtaktiver Saugetiere. Oecologia (Beri.), 1974, 14, 269–287.
Erkert, H. G. Beleuchtungsabhangiges Aktivitätsoptimum bei Nachtaffen (Aotus trivirgatus). Folia primatologica, 1976, 25, 186–192.
Erkinaro, E. The seasonal change of the activity of Microtus agrestis. Oikos, 1961, 12, 157–163.
Evans, H. L., and Patton, R. A. Scopolamine effects on conditioned suppression: Influence of diurnal cycle and transitions between normal and drugged states. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 1970, 17, 1–13.
Fitzgerald, G. J., and Bider, J. R. Evidence of a relationship between age and activity in the toad Bufo americanus. Canadian Field Naturalist, 1974a, 88, 499–501.
Fitzgerald, G. J., and Bider, J. R. Influence of moon phase and weather factors on locomotor activity in Bufo americanus. Oikos, 1974b, 25, 338–340.
Folk, G. E., Jr. Introduction to Environmental Physiology. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1966.
Fuselier, P. H. Status as a variable in determination of social entrainment. Dissertation Abstracts, 1973, 34, 2966B–2967B.
Gamulin, T., and Hure, J. Spawning of the sardine at a definite time of day. Nature, 1956, 177, 193–194.
Gerlach, J. L., Heinrich, W., and Lehrman, D. S. Quantitative observations of the diurnal rhythm of courting, incubation, and brooding behavior in the ring dove (Streptopelia risoria). Verhandlungen der Deutschen zoologischen Gesellschaft, 1975, 1974, 351–357.
Ghiselli, W. B., and Patton, R. A. Diurnal variation in performance of free-operant avoidance behavior of rats. Psychological Reports, 1976, 38, 83–90.
Ghobrial, L. I., and Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L. Daily cycle of activity of the dorcas gazelle in the Sudan. Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research, 1976, 7, 47–50.
Gibson, R. N. Factors affecting the rhythmic activity of Blennius pholis L. (Teleostei). Animal Behaviour, 1971, 19, 336–343.
Gibson, R. N. Comparative studies on the rhythms of juvenile flatfish. In P. J. DeCoursey (Ed.), Biological Rhythms in the Marine Environment. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1976, pp. 199–213.
Gordon, P., and Scheving, L. E. Covariant 24-hour rhythms for acquisition and retention of avoidance learning and brain protein synthesis in rats. Federation Proceedings, 1968, 27, 223.
Gourley, E. V. Circadian activity rhythm of the gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus). Animal Behaviour, 1972, 20, 13–20.
Grabfield, G. P., and Martin, E. G. Variations in the sensory threshold for faradic stimulation in normal human subjects. I. The diurnal rhythm. American Journal of Physiology, 1913, 31, 300–308.
Griffin, D. R., and Welsh, J. H. Activity rhythms in bats under constant external conditions. Journal of Mammalogy, 1937, 18, 337–342.
Grodzinski, W. Seasonal changes in the circadian activity of small rodents. Ekologia Polska, 1963, B9, 3–17.
Gundlach, H. Brutfiirsorge, Brutplege, Verhaltenontogenese and Tagesperiodik beim Wildschwein (Sus scrofa L.). Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 1968, 25, 955–995.
Gwinner, E. Entrainment of a circadian rhythm in birds by species-specific song cycles (Aves, Fringillidae: Carduelis spinus, Serinus serinus). Experientia, 1966, 22, 765.
Gwinner, E. Circadian and circannual rhythms in birds. In D. S. Farner, J. R. King, and K. C. Parkes (Eds.), Avian Biology. Vol. 5. New York: Academic Press, 1975, pp. 221–285.
Haas, R. Behavioral biology of the annual killifish, Nothobranchius guentheri. Copeia, 1976, 1, 80–91.
Halberg, F., Visscher, M. B., and Bittner, J. J. Relation of visual factors to eosinophil rhythm in mice. American Journal of Physiology, 1954, 179, 229–235.
Hamilton, W. J., Jr. Activity of Brewer’s mole (Parascalops breweri). Journal of Mammalogy, 1939, 20, 307–310.
Harden Jones, F. R. The behaviour of minnows in relation to light intensity. Journal of Experimental Biology, 1956, 33, 271–281.
Harmelin-Vivien, M. L., and Bouchon, C. Feeding behavior of some carnivorous fishes (Serranidae and Scor-paenidae) from Tuléar (Madagascar). Marine Biology, 1976, 37, 329–340.
Hasler, A. D., and Villemonte, J. R. Observations on the daily movements of fishes. Science, 1953, 118, 321–322.
Hayden, P., and Lindberg, R. G. Circadian rhythm in mammalian body temperature entrained by cyclic pressure changes. Science, 1969, 165, 1288–1289.
Heckrotte, C. The effect of the environmental factors in the locomotory activity of the plains garter snake (Thamnophis radix radix). Animal Behavior, 1962, 10, 193–207.
Heckrotte, C. Temperature and light effects on the circadian rhythm and locomotory activity of the plains garter snake (Thamnophis radix hayendi). Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research, 1975, 6, 279–290.
Heisinger, J. F. Analysis of the reingestion rhythm in confined cottontails. Ecology, 1965, 46, 197–201.
Henkin, R. I. The effect of cortcosteroids and ACTH on sensory systems. In D. DeWied and J. A. W. M. Weijnen (Eds.), Pituitary, Adrenal and the Brain. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1970, pp. 270–294.
Hennig, C. W., and Dunlap, W. P. Circadian rhythms of tonic immobility in the rat: Evidence of an endogenous mechanism. Animal Learning and Behavior, 1977, 5, 253–258.
Higginbotham, A. C. Studies of amphibian activity. I. Preliminary report on the rhythmic activity of Bufo americanus americanus Holbrook and Bufo fowleri Hinckley. Ecology, 1939, 20, 58–70.
Hillman, A. K. K., and Young, C. M. A. Observations of the breeding behaviour of the meadow pipit Anthus pratensis under continual daylight. Ecology, 1977, 119, 206–207.
Himstedt, W. Die Tagesperiodik von Salamandriden. Oecologia, 1971, 8, 194–208.
Hoffmann, K. Synchronisation der circadianen Aktivitätsperiodik von Eidechsen durch Temperaturcyclen verschiedener Amplitude. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie, 1968, 58, 225–228.
Hoffmann, K. Splitting of the circadian rhythm as a function of light intensity. In M. Menaker (Ed.), Biochronometry. Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Academy of Sciences, 1971, pp. 134–148.
Holloway, F. A., and Wansley, R. A. Multiphasic retention deficits at periodic intervals after passive avoidance learning. Science, 1973a, 180, 208–210.
Holloway, F. A., and Wansley, R. A. Multiple retention deficits at periodic intervals after active and passive avoidance learning. Behavioral Biology, 1973b, 9, 1–14.
Horton, B. J., West, C. E., and Turley, S. D. Diurnal variation in the feeding pattern of guinea pigs. Nutrition and Metabolism, 1975, 18, 294–301.
Horwich, R. H. The whooping display in Nilgiri langurs: An example of daily fluctuations superimposed on a general trend. Primates, 1976, 17, 419–431.
Hostetter, R. C. Time of day effects on learning and open field activity. Psychonomic Science, 1966, 5, 257–258.
Howarth, S. T., and Toole, J. F. Some observations on the circadian rhythm of Choloepus hoffmanni, the two toed sloth. Laboratory Animal Science, 1973, 23, 377–379.
Hunsicker, J. P., and Mellgren, R. L. Multiple deficits in the retention of an appetitively motivated behavior across a 24-hr period in rats. Animal Learning and Behavior, 1977, 5, 14–16.
Hyde, J. S., and Sawyer, T. F. Estrous cycle fluctuations in aggressiveness of house mice. Hormones and Behavior, 1977, 9, 290–295.
Imber, M. J. Behaviour of petrels in relation to the moon and artificial lights. Notornis, 1975, 22, 302–306.
Jilge, B. The entrainment of the circadian soft faeces excretion in the rabbit. Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research, 1976, 7, 229–235.
Johansen, K., and Krog, J. Diurnal body temperature variations and hibernation in the birchmouse, Sicista betulina. American Journal of Physiology, 1959, 196, 1200–1204.
Johnson, M. S. Activity and distribution of certain wild mice in relation to biotic communities. Journal of Mammalogy, 1926, 7, 245–275.
Kalmus, H. Diurnal rhythms in the axolotl larva and in Drosophila. Nature, 1940, 145, 72–73.
Kavaliers, M., and Abbott, F. S. Rhythmic colour change of the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 1977, 55, 553–561.
Kavanau, J. L. The study of social interaction between small animals. Animal Behaviour, 1963, 11, 263–273.
Kavanau, J. L. Influences of light on activity of small mammals. Ecology, 1969, 50, 548–557.
Kavanau, J. L., and Peters, C. R. Activity of nocturnal primates: Influences of twilight Zeitgebers and weather. Science, 1976, 191, 83–86.
Kenagy, G. J. Daily and seasonal patterns of activity and energetics in a heteromyid rodent community. Ecology, 1973, 54, 1201–1219.
Klinowska, M. A comparison of lunar and solar activity rhythms of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus Waterhouse). Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research, 1972, 3, 145–150.
Kok, O. B. Vocal behavior of the great-tailed grackle (Quiscalus mexicanus prosopidicola). Condor, 1971, 73, 328–363.
Krieger, D. T., and Hauser, H. Comparison of synchronization of circadian corticosteroid rhythms by photo-period and food. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 1978, 75, 1577–1581.
Krieger, D. T., Hauser, H., and Krey, L. C. Suprachiasmatic nuclear lesions do not abolish food-shifted circadian adrenal and temperature rhythmicity. Science, 1977, 197, 393–399.
Kruger, E. J. Autumn feeding cycle of the bull-dog fish, Gnathonemus macrolepidotus (Pisces, Mormyridae). Zoologica Africana, 1973, 8, 25–34.
Landau, I. T. Light-dark rhythms in aggressive behavior of the male golden hamster. Physiology and Behavior, 1975, 14, 767–774.
Lang, J. W. Amphibious behavior of Alligator mississippiensis: Roles of a circadian rhythm and light. Science, 1976, 191, 575–577.
Larsson, K. Age differences in the diurnal periodicity of male sexual behavior. Gerontologia, 1958, 2, 64–72.
Lawrence, D. H., and Mason, W. A. Food intake in the rat as a function of deprivation intervals and feeding rhythms. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1955, 48, 267–271.
Leopold, A., and Eynon, A. E. Avian daybreak and evening song in relation to time and light intensity. Condor, 1961, 63, 269–293.
Lerwill, C. J., and Makings, P. The agonistic behavior of the golden hamster Mesocricetus auratus (Water-house). Animal Behaviour, 1971, 19, 714–421.
Levin, R., and Stern, J. M. Maternal influences on ontogeny of suckling and feeding rhythms in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1975, 80, 711–721.
Lissmann, H. W., and Schwassmann, H. O. Activity rhythm of an electric fish, Gymnorhamphichthys hypos-tomus, Ellis. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie, 1965, 51, 153–171.
Lockard, R. B., and Owings, D. H. Moon-related surface activity of bannertail (Dipodomys spectabilis) and Fresno (D. nitratoides) kangaroo rats. Animal Behaviour, 1974, 22, 262–273.
Lonowski, D. J., Levitt, R. A., and Dickinson, W. A. Carbachol-elicited mouse killing by rats: Circadian rhythm and dose response. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 1965, 6, 601–604.
Lutton, C., and Chevalier, F. Copraphagie chez le rat blanc: Aspects quantitatifs et relation chronologique avec les prises alimentaires. Journal de Physiologie (Paris), 1973, 66, 219–228.
Martin, E. G., Bigelow, G. H., and Wilbur, G. B. Variations in the sensory threshold for faradic stimulation in normal human subjects. II. The nocturnal variation. American Journal of Physiology, 1914, 33, 415–422.
Martinez-Vargas, M. C., and Erickson, C. J. Some social and hormonal determinants of nest-building behaviour in the ring dove (Streptopelia risoria). Behaviour, 1973, 45, 12–37.
Marx, C., and Kayser, C. Le rhythme nycthéméral de l’activité chez le lézard (Lacerta agilis, Lacerta muralis). Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie, 1949, 143, 1375–1377.
Matsushita, T. Daily rhythmic activity of the sperm whale in the Antarctic Ocean. Bulletin of the Japanese Society for Scientific Fisheries, 1955, 20, 770–773.
Maxim, P. E., Bowden, D. M., and Sackett, G. P. Ultradian rhythms of solitary and social behavior in rhesus monkeys. Physiology and Behavior, 1976, 17, 337–344.
McClintock, M. K. Menstrual synchrony and suppression. Nature, 1971, 229, 244–245.
McClintock, M. K. Estrous synchrony and its mediation by airborne chemical communication (Rattus norv-egicus). Hormones and Behavior, 1978, 10, 264–276.
McFarland, D. J. Decision making in animals. Nature, 1977, 269, 15–21.
McLaughlin, G. R., and Liverside, R. Roberts Birds of South Africa. Cape Town: Cape Times Ltd., 1958.
Menaker, M., and Eskin, A. Entrainment of circadian rhythms by sound in Passer domesticus. Science, 1966, 154, 1579–1581.
Menaker, W., and Menaker, A. Lunar periodicity in human reproduction: A likely unit in biological time. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1959, 77, 905–914.
Miller, R. E., Caul, W. E., and Mirsky, I. A. Patterns of eating and drinking in socially isolated rhesus monkeys. Physiology and Behavior, 1971, 7, 127–134.
Miller, R. S. Activity rhythms in the wood mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus, and the bank vole, Clethrionomys glareolus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1954, 125, 505–519.
Mills, K. E., Lockard, R. B., and Owings, D. H. Search for lunar periodicity in the bannertail kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis). Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research, 1975, 6, 323–333.
Moore, R. Y., and Ziegler, B. Secondary synchronizing stimuli, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the entrainment of circadian rhythms in the rat. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 1978, 4, 349.
Moriarty, D. J. W., Darlington, J. P. E., Dunn, I. G., Moriarty, C. M., and Tevlin, M. P. Feeding and grazing in Lake George, Uganda. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 1973, 184, 299–319.
Morin, L. P. Rhythmicity of hamster gnawing: Ease of measurement and similarity to running activity. Physiology and Behavior, 1978, 21, 317–320.
Morrison, D. W. Lunar phobia in a neotropical fruit bat, Artibeus jamaicensis (Chiroptera: Phyllostomatidae). Animal Behaviour, 1978, 26, 852–855.
Morton, M. L. Diurnal feeding patterns in white-crowned sparrows, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii. Condor, 1967, 69, 491–512.
Mueller, H. C. The relationship of hunger to predatory behaviour in hawks (Falco sparverius and Buteo pla-typterus). Animal Behaviour, 1973, 21, 513–520.
Myrberg, A. A., Jr., and Gruber, S. H. The behavior of the bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo. Copeia, 1974, 2, 358–374.
Nelson, D. R., and Johnson, R. H. Diel activity rhythms in the nocturnal bottom-dwelling sharks, Heterodon-tus francisa and Cephaloscyllium ventriosum. Copeia, 1970, 4, 732–739.
Norris, K. S., and Kavanau, J. L. The burrowing of the Western shovel-nosed snake, Chionactis occipitalis Hallowell, and the undersand environment. Copeia, 1966, 4, 650–664.
O’Connor, R. J. Feeding behaviour of the kittiwake. Bird Study, 1974, 21, 185–192.
Ogden, J. C., and Buckman, N. S. Movements, foraging groups and diurnal migrations of the striped parrotfish Scarus croicensis Bloch (Scaridae). Ecology, 1973, 54, 589–596.
Owings, D. H., and Lockard, R. B. Different nocturnal activity patterns of Peromycus californiens and Pero-myscus eremicus in lunar lighting. Psychonomic Science, 1971, 22, 63–64.
Pagano, R. R., and Lovely, R. H. Diurnal cycle and ACTH facilitation of shuttlebox avoidance. Physiology and Behavior, 1972, 8, 721–723.
Palmgren, P. On the diurnal rhythm of activity and rest in birds. Physiology and Behavior, 1949, 91, 561–576.
Panksepp, J. Reanalysis of feeding patterns in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1973, 82, 78–94.
Panksepp, L., and Krost, K. Modification of diurnal feeding patterns by palatability. Physiology and Behavior, 1975, 15, 673–677.
Pearson, O. P. A traffic survey of Microtus-Reithrodontomys runways. Journal of Mammalogy, 1959, 40, 169–180.
Pearson, O. P. Habits of harvest mice revealed by automatic photographic recorders. Journal of Mammalogy, 1960, 41, 58–74.
Philippens, K. M. H., von Mayersbach, H., and Scheving, L. E. Effects of scheduling of meal-feeding at different phases of the circadian system in rats. Journal of Nutrition, 1977, 107, 176–193.
Pittendrigh, C. S. Adaptation, natural selection, and behavior. In A. Roe and G. G. Simpson (Eds.), Behavior and Evolution. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1958, pp. 390–416.
Potvin, C. L., and Bovet, J. Annual cycle of patterns of activity rhythms in beaver colonies (Castor canadensis). Journal of Comparative Physiology, 1975, 98, 243–256.
Prescott, R. G. W. Some behavioral effects of variables which influence the “general level of activity.” Animal Behaviour, 1970, 18, 791–796.
Quanstrom, W. R. Behaviour of Richardson’s ground squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii richardsonii. Animal Behaviour, 1971, 19, 646–652.
Quartermain, D., Kissileff, H., Shapiro, R., and Miller, N. E. Suppression of food intake with intragastric loading: Relation to natural feeding. Science, 1971, 173, 941–943.
Raemaekers, J. Changes through the day in the food choice of wild gibbons. Folia Primatologica, 1978, 30, 194–205.
Ralph, C. L. A diurnal activity rhythm in Plethodon cinereus and its modification by an influence having a lunar frequency. Biological Bulletin, 1957, 113, 188–197.
Randolph, M. Role of light and circadian rhythms in the nocturnal behavior of Galago crassicaudatus. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1971, 74, 115–123.
Rawson, K. S. Effects of tissue temperature on mammalian activity rhythms. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 1960, 25, 105–113.
Reed, B. L. The control of circadian pigment changes in the pencil fish: A proposed role for melatonin. Life Sciences, 1968, 7, 961–973.
Reynolds, W. W., and Casterlin, M. E. Behavioral thermoregulation and diel activity in white sucker (Catos-tomus commersoni). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 1978, 59A, 261–262.
Richter, C. P. A behavioristic study of the activity of the rat. Comparative Psychology Monographs, 1922, 1.
Richter, C. P. Sleep and activity: Their relation to the 24-hour clock. Proceedings of the Association for Research on Nervous and Mental Diseases, 1967, 45, 8–27.
Richter, C. P. Inherent twenty-four hour and lunar clocks of a primate—the squirrel monkey. Communications in Behavioral Biology, 1968, 1, 305–332.
Robertson, D. R. The light-dark cycle and a nonlinear analysis of lunar perturbations and barometric pressure associated with the annual locomotor activity of the frog, Rana pipiens. Biological Bulletin, 1978, 154, 302–321.
Robinson, H. W., and Miller, R. J. Diel activity patterns of the male snakeskin gourami, Trichogaster pectoralis (Regan) (Pisces, Belontiidae). Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Sciences, 1972, 52, 21–33.
Rohles, F. H., Jr., and Osbaldiston, G. Social entrainment of biorhythms in rhesus monkeys. In F. H. Rohles (Ed.), Circadian Rhythms in Nonhuman Primates. Basel/New York: Karger, 1969, pp. 39–51.
Roper, T. Diurnal rhythm in the nest-building behaviour of female mice. Behaviour, 1975, 52, 95–103.
Roper T. J., and Ryon, C. J. Mutual synchronization of diurnal activity rhythms in groups of red-wolf/coyote hybrids. Journal of Zoology, 1977, 182, 177–185.
Rovee, C. K., Kaufman, L. W., and Collier, G. H. Components of predation defense behavior in chickens: Evidence for endogenous rhythmicity. Physiology and Behavior, 1977, 19, 663–671.
Rusak, B. The role of the suprachiasmatic nuclei in the generation of circadian rhythms in the golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 1977, 188, 145–164.
Rusak, B., and Zucker, I. Fluid intake of rats in constant light and during feeding restricted to the light or dark portion of the illumination cycle. Physiology and Behavior, 1974, 13, 91–100.
Rusak, B., and Zucker, I. Biological rhythms and animal behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 1975, 26, 137–171.
Rusak, B., and Zucker, I. Neural regulation of circadian rhythms. Physiological Reviews, 1979, 59, 449–526.
Saayman, G. S., Tayler, C. K., and Bower, D. Diurnal activity cycles in captive free-ranging Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus Ehrenburg). Behaviour, 1973, 44, 212–233.
Saint Girons, H. Le cycle d’activité et ses facteurs chez Vipera latastei Bosca. Vie et Milieu, 1954, 5, 513–528.
Saint Girons, H. Les facteurs du rhythme nychthéméral d’activité chez Aspis cerastes (L.). Vie et Milieu, 1959, 10, 353–366.
Sandman, C. A., Kastin, A. J., and Schally, A. V. Behavioral inhibition as modified by melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and light dark conditions. Physiology and Behavior, 1971, 6, 45–48.
Savory, C. J. Effects of different lighting regimes on diurnal feeding patterns of the domestic fowl. British Poultry Science, 1976, 17, 341–350.
Schmid, W. D. Energy intake of the mourning dove Zenaidura macroura marginella. Science, 1965, 150, 1171–1172.
Schmitt, M. Circadian rhythmicity in responses of cells in the lateral hypothalamus. American Journal of Physiology, 1973, 225, 1096–1101.
Schwassmann, H. O. Biological rhythms. In W. S. Hoar and D. J. Randall (Eds.), Fish Physiology, Vol. 6: Environmental Relations and Behavior. New York: Academic Press, 1971, pp. 371–428.
Scott, M. D., and Causey, K. Ecology of feral dogs in Alabama. Journal of Wildlife Management, 1973, 37, 253–265.
Shimek, S. J., and Monk, A. Daily activity of sea otter off the Monterey Peninsula, California. Journal of Wildlife Management, 1977, 41, 277–283.
Silverman, H. J., and Zucker, I. Absence of post-fast food compensation in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Physiology and Behavior, 1976, 17, 271–285.
Sinclair, A. R. E. Lunar cycle and timing of mating season in Serengeti wildebeest. Nature, 1977, 267, 832–833.
Slater, P. J. B. Tidal rhythm in a seabird. Nature, 1976, 264, 636–638.
Sofia, R. D., and Salama, A. I. Circadian rhythm for experimentally-induced aggressive behavior in mice. Life Sciences, 1970, 9, 331–338.
Spencer, W. P. Diurnal activity rhythms in fresh-water fishes. Ohio Journal of Science, 1939, 39, 119–132.
Squires, V. R. Temporal patterns of activity in a small flock of Merino sheep as determined by an automatic recording technique. Animal Behaviour, 1971, 19, 657–660.
Stavnes, K. L. State-dependent learning: Its relation to brain amines and natural states. Dissertation Abstracts, 1972, 32, 4265B.
Stebbins, L. L. Seasonal variations in circadian rhythms of deer mice in northwestern Canada. Arctic, 1971, 24, 124–131.
Stebbins, L. L. Seasonal and latitudinal variations in circadian rhythms of red-backed vole. Arctic, 1972, 25, 216–224.
Stephens, G., McGaugh, J. L., and Alpern, H. P. Periodicity and memory in mice. Psychonomic Science, 1967, 8, 201–202.
Stewart, R. W., and Bider, J. R. Summer activity of muskrats in relation to weather. Journal of Wildlife Management, 1977, 41, 487–499.
Stickney, A. P. The locomotor activity of juvenile herring (Clupea harengus harengus) in response to changes in illumination. Ecology, 1972, 53, 438–445.
Stille, W. T. The nocturnal amphibian fauna of the southern Lake Michigan beach. Ecology, 1952, 33, 149–162.
Stroebel, C. F. Behavioral aspects of circadian rhythms. In J. Zubin and H. F. Hunt (Eds.), Comparative Psychopathology: Animal and Human. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1967, pp. 158–172.
Sulzman, F. M., Fuller, C. A, and Moore-Ede, M. C. Environmental synchronizers of squirrel monkey circadian rhythms. Journal of Applied Physiology, 1977a, 43, 795–800.
Sulzman, F. M., Fuller, C. A., and Moore-Ede, M. C. Feeding time synchronizes primate circadian rhythms. Physiology and Behavior, 1977b, 18, 775–779.
Swift, D. R. Activity cycles in the brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). II. Fish artifically fed. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 1964, 21, 133–138.
Swingland, I. R. The influence of light intensity on the roosting time of the rook (Corvus frugilegus). Animal Behaviour, 1976, 24, 154–158.
Taylor, K. D. An automatic device for recording small mammal traffic on runways. Journal of Zoology, 1975, 176, 274–277.
Tenaza, R., Ross, B. A., Tanticharoenyos, P., and Berkson, G. Individual behaviour and activity rhythms of captive slow lorises. Animal Behaviour, 1969, 17, 664–669.
Terhune, J. M., and Ronald, K. Examining harp seal behavioural patterns via their underwater vocalizations. Applied Animal Ethology, 1976, 2, 261–264.
Terman, M., and Terman, J. S. Circadian rhythm of brain self-stimulation behavior. Science, 1970, 168, 1242–1244.
Ternes, J. W. Resistance to extinction of a learned taste aversion varies with time of conditioning. Animal Learning and Behavior, 1976, 4, 317–321.
Ternes, J. W. Circadian susceptibility to animal hypnosis. Psychological Record, 1977, 27, 15–19.
Thompson, D. C. Diurnal and seasonal activity of the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 1977, 55, 1185–1189.
Turuk, T. N. Diurnal periodicity in feeding and the vertical movements of the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Journal of Ichthyology, 1973, 13, 275–288.
Underwood, H. Retinal and extraretinal photoreceptors mediate entrainment of the circadian locomotor rhythm in lizards. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 1973, 83, 187–222.
Vaughan, T. A. Mammalogy. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1972.
Vaughan, T. A. Nocturnal behavior of the African false vampire bat (Cardioderma cor). Journal of Mammalogy, 1976, 57, 227–248.
Verbeek, N. A. M. Daily and annual time budget of the yellow-billed magpie. Auk, 1972, 89, 567–582.
Vilchez, C. A., and Echave Llanos, J. M. Circadian rhythm in the feeding activity of Oxymycterus rutilans: Role played by light and food availability. Journal of Interdisciplinary Cycle Research, 1971, 2, 73–77.
Voûte, A. M., Sluiter, J. W., and Grimm, M. P. The influence of the natural light-dark cycle on the activity rhythm of pond bats (Myotis dasycneme Boie, 1825) during summer. Oecologia (Berl.), 1974, 17, 221–243.
Wada, J. A., and Asakura, T. Circadian alteration of audiogenic seizure susceptibility in rats. Experimental Neurology, 1970, 29, 211–214.
Wallace, D. C. Feeding behavior and developmental, seasonal and diel changes in the food of the silverjaw minnow, Ericymba buccata Cope. American Midland Naturalist, 1976, 95, 361–376.
Wever, R. Influence of electric fields on some parameters of circadian rhythms in man. In M. Menaker (Ed.), Biochronometry. Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Academy of Science, 1971, pp. 117–132.
Woodhead, P. M. J. Effects of light upon behaviour and distribution of demersal fishes of the North Atlantic. International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Special Publication, 1965, 6, 267–287.
Wyatt, J. R., and Eltringham, S. K. The daily activity of the elephant in the Rwenzori National Park, Uganda. East African Wildlife Journal, 1974, 12, 273–289.
Yotsumoto, N. The daily activity rhythm in a troop of wild Japanese monkey. Primates, 1976, 17, 183–204.
Zeigler, H. P., Green, H. L., and Lehrer, R. Patterns of feeding behavior in the pigeon. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1971, 76, 468–477.
Ziesensis, J. S. Diel variation in the aggressive behavior of the mouse, Mus musculus. Dissertation Abstracts, 1974, 35, 1132B.
Zihl, J., Poppel, E., and von Cramon, D. Diurnal variation of visual field size in patients with postretinal lesions. Experimental Brain Research, 1977, 27, 245–249.
Zucker, I., and Stephan, F. K. Light-dark rhythms in hamster eating, drinking, and locomotor behaviors. Physiology and Behavior, 1973, 11, 239–250.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1981 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rusak, B. (1981). Vertebrate Behavioral Rhythms. In: Aschoff, J. (eds) Biological Rhythms. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6552-9_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6552-9_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-6554-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-6552-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive