Abstract
The carotenoids are very widespread natural pigments in plants and animals, so they provide the natural yellow, orange or red colours of many foods as well as being used extensively as non-toxic natural or nature-identical colorants. This chapter discusses all aspects of carotenoids, especially in relation to their presence or use in food. Topics discussed include the distribution of carotenoids, particularly in plants and animals, the natural functions and commercial uses and applications of carotenoids, the pathways and regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis, the absorption and transport of carotenoids and their metabolism, especially into vitamin A. Examples are given of the use of natural carotenoid extracts (e.g. annatto) and synthetic carotenoids (e.g. β-carotene, canthaxanthin, 8’-apo-β-caroten-8’-al) as colorants in food, feed, cosmetics and medical and health products. The properties and stability of carotenoids in the free form and in oil-based and water-dispersible formulations are assessed. All practical aspects of the handling, isolation and analysis of carotenoids are outlined, with emphasis on their purification and identification by chromatography, including HPLC, and their characterization and quantitative determination by physicochemical methods such as UV-visible and NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Future prospects for the production and use of carotenoids as colorants are assessed, and substantial advances in the biological and biotechnological production of carotenoids by microalgae or bacteria are predicted.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Isler, O. Carotenoids, Birkhäuser, Basel and Stuttgart (1971).
Bauernfeind, J.C. Carotenoids as Colorants and Vitamin A Precursors. Academic Press, New York (1981).
Britton, G., Liaaen-Jensen, S. and Pfander, H. Carotenoids, Vol. 1A: Isolation and Analysis. Birkhäuser, Basel, Boston and Berlin (1995).
Britton, G., Liaaen-Jensen, S. and Pfander, H. Carotenoids, Vol. 1B: Spectroscopy. Birkhäuser, Basel, Boston and Berlin (1995)
Straub, O. Key to Carotenoids, 2nd edn. (H. Pfander, ed.), Birkhäuser, Basel and Boston (1987).
Kull, D. and Pfander, H. in Carotenoids, Vol. 1A: Isolation and Analysis (G. Britton, S. Liaaen-Jensen and H. Pfander, eds), Birkhäuser, Basel, Boston and Berlin (1995) pp. 295–317.
Pure Appl. Chem. 14 (1967) 215–278.
Pure Appl. Chem. 20 (1969) 365–553.
Pure Appl. Chem. 35 (1973) 1–130.
Pure Appl. Chem. 47 (1976) 97–243.
Pure Appl. Chem. 51 (1979) 435–675, 857–886.
Britton, G. and Goodwin, T.W. Carotenoid Chemistry and Biochemistry. IUPAC-Pergamon, Oxford (1982).
Pure Appl. Chem. 57 (1985) 639–821.
Krinsky, N.I., Mathews-Roth, M.M. and Taylor, R.F. Carotenoids: Chemistry and Biology. Plenum Press, New York (1990).
Pure Appl. Chem. 63 (1991) 1–176.
Pure Appl. Chem. 66 (1994) 931–1076.
Weedon, B.C.L. and Moss, G.P. in Carotenoids, Vol. 1A: Isolation and Analysis (G. Britton, S. Liaaen-Jensen and H. Pfander, eds), Birkhäuser, Basel, Boston and Berlin (1995) pp. 27–70.
Goodwin, T.W. The Biochemistry of the Carotenoids, Vol. 1, Plants. Chapman & Hall, London (1980).
Goodwin, T.W. The Biochemistry of the Carotenoids, Vol. 2, Animals. Chapman & Hall, London (1984).
Cogdell, R.J. Pure Appl. Chem. 57 (1985) 723–728.
Cogdell, R.J. in Plant Pigments (T.W. Goodwin, ed.), Academic Press, London (1988) pp. 183–230.
Siefermann-Harms, D. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 811 (1985) 325–355.
Siefermann-Harms, D. Physiol. Plantarum 69 (1987) 561–568.
Young, A.J. and Britton, G. Carotenoids in Photosynthesis. Chapman & Hall, London (1993).
Olson, J. A. in Vitamin A Deficiency and its Control (J.C. Bauernfeind, ed.), Academic Press, Orlando and London (1986) pp. 19–67.
Mathews-Roth, M.M. in Carotenoid Chemistry and Biochemistry (G. Britton and T.W. Goodwin, eds), Pergamon, Oxford (1982) pp. 297–307.
Mathews-Roth, M.M. in Carotenoids as Colorants and Vitamin A Precursors (J.C. Bauernfeind, ed.), Academic Press, New York (1981) pp. 755–785.
Peto, R., Doll, R., Buckley, J.D. and Sporn, M.B. Nature 290 (1981) 201–208.
Santamaria, L. and Bianchi, A. Preventive Medicine 18 (1989) 603–623.
Krinsky, N.I. in Carotenoids: Chemistry and Biology (N.I. Krinsky, M.M. Mathews-Roth and R.F. Taylor, eds), Plenum Press, New York (1990) pp. 279–291.
Krinsky, N.I. Pure Appl. Chem. 66 (1994) 1003–1010.
Burton, G.W. and Ingold, K.U. Science 224 (1984) 569–573.
Bendich, A. in Carotenoids: Chemistry and Biology (N.I. Krinsky, M.M. Mathews-Roth and R.F. Taylor, eds), Plenum Press, New York (1990) pp. 323–335.
Bendich, A. J. Nutr. 119 (1989) 112–115.
Bianchi-Santamaria, A., Fedeli, S. and Santamaria, L. Med. Oncol. Tumor Pharmacother. 9 (1992) 151–153.
Britton, G. in Chemistry and Biochemistry of Plant Pigments 2nd edn. (T.W. Goodwin, ed.), Academic Press, London (1976) pp. 262–327.
Britton, G. in Regulation of Chloroplast Differentiation (G. Akoyunoglou and H. Senger, eds), A.R. Liss, New York (1986) pp. 125–134.
Britton, G. in Plant Pigments (T.W. Goodwin, ed.), Academic Press, London (1988) pp. 133–182.
Britton, G. in Carotenoids: Chemistry and Biology (N.I. Krinsky, M.M. Mathews-Roth and R.F. Taylor, eds), Plenum Press, New York (1990) pp. 167–184.
Britton, G. Pure Appl. Chem. 63 (1991) 101–108.
Bramley, P.M. Adv. Lipid Res. 21 (1985) 243–279.
Bramley, P.M. and Mackenzie, A. Curr. Topics Cell Regulat. 29 (1988) 291–343.
Britton, G. in Carotenoids in Photosynthesis (A.J. Young and G. Britton, eds), Chapman & Hall, London (1993) pp. 96–126.
Sandmann, G. Eur. J. Biochem. 223 (1994) 7–24.
Armstrong, G.A., Alberti, M., Leach, F. and Hearst, J.E. Mol. Gen. Genet. 216 (1989) 254–268.
Coomber, S.A., Chaudhri, M., Connor, A., Britton, G. and Hunter, C.N. Molec. Microbiol. 4 (1990) 977–989.
Misawa, N., Nakagawa, M., Kobayashi, K., Yamano, S., Izawa, Y., Nakamura, K. and Harashima, K. J. Bacteriol. 172 (1990) 6704–6712.
Bird, C.R., Ray, J.A., Fletcher, J.D., Boniwell, J.M., Bird, A.S., Teulieres, C., Blain, I., Bramley, P.M. and Schuch, W. Biotechnol. 9 (1991) 635–639.
Goodwin, T.W. Ann. Rev. Nutrition 6 (1986) 273–297.
Schiedt, K. in Carotenoids: Chemistry and Biology (N.I. Krinsky, M.M. Mathews-Roth and R.F. Taylor, eds), Plenum Press, New York (1990) pp. 247–268.
Kläui, H. and Bauernfeind, J.C. in Carotenoids as Colorants and Vitamin A Precursors (J.C. Bauernfeind, ed.), Academic Press, New York (1981) pp. 48–317.
Krinsky, N.I., Cornwell, D.G. and Oncley, J.L. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 73 (1958) 233–246.
Dimitrov, N.V. and Ullrey, D.E. in Carotenoids: Chemistry and Biology (N.I. Krinsky, M.M. Mathews-Roth and R.F. Taylor, eds), Plenum Press, New York (1990) pp. 269–277.
Bernhard, K. in Carotenoids: Chemistry and Biology (N.I. Krinsky, M.M. Mathews-Roth and R.F. Taylor, eds), Plenum Press, New York (1990) pp. 337–363.
Britton, G. and Goodwin, T.W. Methods Enzymol. 18C (1971) 654–701.
Davies, B.H. in Chemistry and Biochemistry of Plant Pigments 2nd edn. (T.W. Goodwin, ed.), Vol. 2, Academic Press, London (1976) pp. 38–165.
Britton, G. Methods Enzymol. 111 (1985) 113–149.
Britton, G. in Methods in Plant Biochemistry, Vol. 7 Terpenoids (D.V. Banthorpe and B.V. Charlwood, eds), Academic Press, London (1991) pp. 473–518.
Schiedt, K. and Liaaen-Jensen, S. in Carotenoids, Vol. 1A: Isolation and Analysis (G. Britton, S. Liaaen-Jensen and H. Pfander, eds), Birkhäuser, Basel, Boston and Berlin (1995) pp. 81–108.
Bernhard, K. in Carotenoids, Vol. 1A: Isolation and Analysis (G. Britton, S. Liaaen-Jensen and H. Pfander, eds), Birkhäuser, Basel, Boston and Berlin (1995) pp. 117–130.
Schiedt, K. in Carotenoids, Vol 1A: Isolation and Analysis (G. Britton, S. Liaaen-Jensen and H. Pfander, eds), Birkhäuser, Basel, Boston and Berlin (1995) pp. 131–144.
Pfander, H. and Riesen, R. in Carotenoids, Vol. 1A: Isolation and Analysis (G. Britton, S. Liaaen-Jensen and H. Pfander, eds), Birkhäuser, Basel, Boston and Berlin (1995) pp. 145–190.
Rüedi, P. Pure Appl. Chem. 57 (1985) 793–800.
Goodwin, T.W. and Britton, G. in Plant Pigments (T.W. Goodwin, ed.), Academic Press, London and San Diego (1988) pp. 61–132.
Nelis, H.J.C.F. and De Leenheer, A.P. Anal. Chem. 55 (1983) 270–275.
Wright, S.W. and Shearer, J.D. J. Chromatogr. 294 (1984) 281–295.
Britton, G. in Carotenoids, Vol. 1B: Spectroscopy (G. Britton, S. Liaaen-Jensen and H. Pfander, eds), Birkhäuser, Basel, Boston and Berlin (1995) pp. 13–62.
De Ritter, E. in Carotenoids as Colorants and Vitamin A Precursors (J.C. Bauernfeind, ed.), Academic Press, New York (1981) pp. 883–923.
Schierle, J., Härdi, W., Faccin, N., Bühler, I. and Schüepp, W. in Carotenoids, Vol. 1A: Isolation and Analysis (G. Britton, S. Liaaen-Jensen and H. Pfander, eds), Birkhäuser, Basel, Boston and Berlin (1995) pp. 265–272.
Schüepp, W. and Schierle, J. in Carotenoids, Vol. 1A: Isolation and Analysis (G. Britton, S. Liaaen-Jensen and H. Pfander, eds), Birkhäuser, Basel, Boston and Berlin (1995) pp. 273–276.
Vetter, W., Englert, G., Rigassi, N. and Schwieter, U. in Carotenoids (O. Isler, ed.), Birkhäuser, Basel and Stuttgart (1971) pp. 189–266.
Johannes, B., Brzezinka, H. and Budzikiewicz, H. Org. Mass Spectrom. 9 (1974) 1095–1113.
Johannes, B., Brzezinka, H. and Budzikiewicz, H. Z. Naturforsch. 34B (1979) 300–305.
Moss, G.P. and Weedon, B.C.L. in Chemistry and Biochemistry of Plant Pigments, 2nd edn. (T.W. Goodwin, ed.), Vol. 1, Academic Press, London (1976) pp. 149–224.
Enzell, C.R., Wahlberg, I. and Ryhage, R. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 3 (1984) 395–438.
Enzell, C.R. and Wahlberg, I. Biochem. Appl. Mass Spectrom. (Suppl. 1) (1980) 407–438.
Enzell, C.R. and Back, S. in Carotenoids, Vol. 1B: Spectroscopy (G. Britton, S. Liaaen-Jensen and H. Pfander, eds), Birkhäuser, Basel, Boston and Berlin (1995) pp. 261–320.
Englert, G. in Carotenoid Chemistry and Biochemistry (G. Britton and T.W. Goodwin, eds), Pergamon, Oxford (1982) pp. 107–134.
Englert, G. Pure Appl Chem. 57 (1985) 801–821.
Englert, G. in Carotenoids, Vol. 1B: Spectroscopy (G. Britton, S. Liaaen-Jensen and H. Pfander, eds), Birkhäuser, Basel, Boston and Berlin (1995) pp. 147–260.
Bartlett, L., Klyne, W., Mose, W.P., Scopes, P.M., Galasko, G., Mallams, A.K., Weedon, B.C.L., Szabolcs, J. and Tóth, G. J. Chem. Soc. C (1969) 2527–2544.
Noack, K. and Thomson, A.J. Helv. Chim. Acta 62 (1979) 1902–1921.
Sturzenegger, V., Buchecker, R. and Wagniere, G. Helv. Chim. Acta 53 (1980) 1074–1092.
Buchecker, R., Marti, U. and Eugster, C.H. Helv. Chim. Acta 65 (1982) 896–912.
Noack, K. in Carotenoid Chemistry and Biochemistry (G. Britton and T.W. Goodwin, eds), Pergamon, Oxford (1982) pp. 135–153.
Buchecker, R. and Noack, K. in Carotenoids, Vol. 1B: Spectroscopy (G. Britton, S. Liaaen-Jensen and H. Pfander, eds), Birkhäuser, Basel, Boston and Berlin (1995) pp. 63–116.
Bernhard, K. and Grosjean, M. in Carotenoids, Vol. 1B: Spectroscopy (G. Britton, S. Liaaen-Jensen and H. Pfander, eds), Birkhäuser, Basel, Boston and Berlin (1995) pp. 117–134.
Merlin, J.C. Pure Appl. Chem. 57 (1985) 785–792.
Koyama, Y. in Carotenoids, Vol. 1B: Spectroscopy (G. Britton, S. Liaaen-Jensen and H. Pfander, eds), Birkhäuser, Basel, Boston and Berlin (1995) pp. 135–146.
Bauernfeind, J.C., Brubacher, G.B., Kläui, H.M. and Marusich, W.L. in Carotenoids (O. Isler, ed.), Birkhäuser, Basel (1971) pp. 743–770.
Kläui, H. in Carotenoid Chemistry and Biochemistry (G. Britton and T.W. Goodwin, eds), Pergamon, Oxford (1982) pp. 309–328.
Brush, A.H. in Carotenoids as Colorants and Vitamin A Precursors (J.C. Bauernfeind, ed.), Academic Press, New York (1981) pp. 539–562.
Marusich, W.L. and Bauernfeind, J.C. in Carotenoids as Colorants and Vitamin A Precursors (J.C. Bauernfeind, ed.), Academic Press, New York (1981) pp. 320–462.
Schiedt, K., Leuenberger, F.J., Vecchi, M. and Glinz, E. Pure Appl. Chem. 57 (1985) 685–692.
Schiedt, K., Bischof, S. and Glinz, E. Pure Appl. Chem. 63 (1991) 89–100.
Simpson, K.L., Katayama, T. and Chichester, C.O. in Carotenoids as Colorants and Vitamin A Precursors (J.C. Bauernfeind, ed.), Academic Press, New York (1981) pp. 463–538.
Meyers, S.P. Pure Appl. Chem. 66 (1994) 1069–1076.
Münzel, K. in Carotenoids as Colorants and Vitamin A Precursors (J.C. Bauernfeind, ed.), Academic Press, New York (1981) pp. 745–754.
Britton, G., Armitt, G.M., Lau, S.Y.M., Patel, A.K. and Shone, C.C. in Carotenoid Chemistry and Biochemistry (G. Britton and T.W. Goodwin, eds), Pergamon, Oxford (1982) pp. 237–251.
Findlay, J.B.C., Pappin, D.J.C., Brett, M. and Zagalsky, P.F. in Carotenoids: Chemistry and Biology (N.I. Krinsky, M.M. Mathews-Roth and R.F. Taylor, eds), Plenum Press, New York (1990) pp. 75–104.
Zagalsky, P.F. Pure Appl. Chem. 47 (1976) 103–120.
Zagalsky, P.F. Oceanis 9 (1983) 73–90.
Zagalsky, P.F., Eliopoulos, E.E. and Findlay, J.B.C. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 97B (1990) 1–18.
Nonomura, A.M. in Carotenoids: Chemistry and Biology (N.I. Krinsky, M.M. Mathews-Roth and R.F. Taylor, eds), Plenum Press, New York (1990) pp. 365–375.
Ausich, R. Pure Appl. Chem. 66 (1994) 1057–1062.
Ben-Amotz, A. and Avron, M. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 37 (1983) 95–119.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1996 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Britton, G. (1996). Carotenoids. In: Hendry, G.A.F., Houghton, J.D. (eds) Natural Food Colorants. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2155-6_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2155-6_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5900-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-2155-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive