Skip to main content

Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Maghreb

  • Chapter
Encyclopedia of Prehistory

Abstract

RELATIVE TIME PERIOD: Follows the Aterian and precedes both the Neolithic of Capsian tradition and the Southern Mediterranean Neolithic.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Suggested Readings

  • Adams, Jonathan M., Hughes Faure, and QEN members, eds. (1997).Review and Atlas of Palaeovegetation: Preliminary Land Ecosystem Maps of the World since the Last Glacial Maximum. Oak Ridge: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balout, Lionel (1955). Préhistoire de l’Afrique du Nord: Essai de chronologic Paris: Arts et Métiers Graphiques.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balout, Lionel (1958). Algérie Préhistorique. Paris: Arts et Metiers Graphiques.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brahimi, Claude (1972). Initiation de la Préhistoire de l’Algérie. Algiers:Société Nationale d’Edition et de Diffusion.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breitborde, L. B., ed. (1992). Alonzo Pond and the 1930 Logan Museum Expedition to North Africa: The 1985 Beloit College Symposium.Beloit, Wisc: Museums of Beloit College.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, Lloyd Cabot (1955). The Stone Age Races of Northwest Africa.Cambridge, Mass.: Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Bulletin of the American School of Prehistoric Research No. 18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Camps, Gabriel (1974). Les Civilisations Préhistoriques de l’Afrique du Nord et du Sahara. Paris: Doin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Camps, Gabriel, and Henriette Camps-Fabrer (1972). “L’Épipaléolithique récent et le passage au Néolithique dans le Nord de FAfrique.” In Die Anfänge des Neolithikums vom Orient bis Nordeuropa, 7: Westliches Mittelmeergebiet und Britische Inseln,ed. J. Lüning. Vienna: Fundamenta, Reihe A, Bd. 3, 19–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Camps-Fabrer, Henriette (1966). Matière et art mobilier dans la Préhistoire nord-africaine et saharienne. Paris: Arts et Métiers Graphiques (Mémoire du C.R.A.P.E. No. 5).

    Google Scholar 

  • Camps-Fabrer, Henriette (1975). Un Gisement Capsien du faciés Sétifien: Medjez II, El-Eulma (Algérie). Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chamla, Marie-Claude (1979). “Le Peuplement de l’Afrique du Nord de l’Epipaléolithique â l’époque actuelle.” L’Anthropologie 82: 385–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Close, Angela, and Fred Wendorf (1989). “North Africa at 18,000 B.P.” In The World at 18,000 B.P. Vol. 2: Low Latitudes, ed. C. Gamble and O. Soffer. London: Unwin Hyman, 41–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fontes, J. C., and F. Gasse (1989). “On the Ages of Humid Holocene and Late Pleistocene Phases in North Africa-Remarks on “Late Quaternary Climatic Reconstruction for the Maghreb (North Africa)” by P. Rognon.” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 70: 393–398.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooghiemstra, Henry, H. Stalling, C. O. C. Agwu, an L. M. Dupont (1992). “Vegetational and Climatic Changes at the Northern Fringe of the Sahara 250,000–5000 Years B.P.: Evidence from 4 Marine Pollen Records Located between Portugal and the Canary Islands.” Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 74: 1–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jolly, D., S. P. Harrison, B. Damnati, and R. Bonnefille (1998). “Simulated Climate and Biomes of Africa during the Late Quaternary: Comparison with Pollen and Lake Data.” Quaternary Science Reviews 17: 629–657.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lubell, David (1984). “Paleoenvironments and Epipaleolithic Economies in the Maghreb (ca. 20,000 to 5000 B.P.).” In From Hunters to Farmers: Considerations of the Causes and Consequences of Food Production in Africa, ed. J. D. Clark and S. Brandt. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 41–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lubell, David, F. A. Hassan, A. Gautier, and J.-L. Ballais (1976). “The Capsian escargotières.” Science 191: 910–920.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lubell, David, P. Sheppard, and M. Jackes (1984). “Continuity in the Epipaleolithic of Northern Africa with Emphasis on the Maghreb.” In Advances in World Archaeology, Vol. 3, ed. F. Wendorf and A. Close. Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 143–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lubell, David, P. Sheppard, and A. Gilman (1992). “The Maghreb.” In Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, 3rd edn, ed. R. W. Ehrich. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 305–308 (Vol. 1) and 257–267 (Vol. 2).

    Google Scholar 

  • McBurney, Charles B. M. (1960). The Stone Age of Northern Africa. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pond, Alonzo W., L. Chapuis, A. S. Romer, and F. C. Baker (1938). Prehistoric Habitation Sites in the Sahara and North Africa. Beloit, Wise: Logan Museum Bulletin No. 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quézel, P. (1978). “Analysis of the Flora of Mediterranean and Saharan Africa.” Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 65: 479–534.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roche, Jean (1963). L’Epipaléolithique Marocaine. Lisbon: Fondation Calouste Gulbenkian.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roche, Jean (1972). “Les Cultures épipaléolithiques du Maroc.” In Die Anfänge des Neolithikums vom Orient bis Nordeuropa, 7: Westliches Mittelmeergebiet und Britische Inseln, ed. J. Lüning. Vienna: Fundamenta, Reihe A, Bd. 3, 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rognon, Pierre (1987). “Late Quaternary Climatic Reconstruction for the Maghreb (North Africa).” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 58: 11–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roubet, Colette (1979). Economie pastorale préagricole en Algérie Orientale: Le Néolithique de Tradition Capsienne. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifìque.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard, Peter J. (1987). The Capsian of North Africa: Stylistic Variation in Stone Tool Assemblages. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series 353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard, Peter, and D. Lubell (1990). “Early Holocene Maghreb Prehistory: An Evolutionary Approach.” Sahara 3: 63–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tixier, Jacques (1963). Typologie de l’Epipaléolithique du Maghreb. Paris: Arts et Métiers Graphiques (Mémoire du C.R.A.P.E. No. 2).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tixier, Jacques (1967). “Procédés d’analyse et questions de terminologie concernant l’étude des ensembles industriels du Paléolithique récent et de l’Épipaléolithique dans l’Afrique du Nord-Ouest.” In Background to Evolution in Africa, ed. W. W. Bishop and J. D. Clark. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 771–820.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaufrey, Raymond (1955). Préhistoire de l’Afrique, T. 1: Maghreb. Paris: Masson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vernet, Robert (1995). Climats anciens du Nord de l’Afrique. Paris: L’Harmattan.

    Google Scholar 

References

  1. Alley, R. B., P. A. Mayewski, T. Sowers, M. Stuiver, K. C. Taylor, and P. U. Clark (1997). “Holocene Climatic Instability: A Prominent, Widespread Event 8200 Years Ago.” Geology 25(6): 483–486.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Adams, Jonathan M., Hughes Faure, and QEN members, eds. (1997). Review and Atlas of Palaeovegetation: Preliminary Land Ecosystem Maps of the World since the Last Glacial Maximum. Oak Ridge: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Beyries, Sylvie, and Inizan, Marie-Louise (1982). “Typologie, ocre, fonction.” Studia Praehistorica Belgica 2: 313–322.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bouchud, J. (1975). “La Faune.” In Un Gisement Capsien de faciès Sétifen: Medjez II, El Eulma (Algérie), ed. H. Camps-Fabrer. Paris: CNRS, 377–394.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Camps, G. (1968). “Le Capsien supérieur: État de la question.” In La Préhistoire: Problèmes et Tendances, ed. Paris: CNRS, 87–101.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Camps, Gabriel (1974). Les Civilisations Préhistoriques de l’Afrique du Nord et du Sahara. Paris: Doin.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Camps, Gabriel, and Jean Morel (1982). “Recherches sur l’alimentation en Afrique du Nord durant les temps épipaléolithiques.” Société d’Études et de Recherches Préhistoriques Les Eyzies, Bulletin 32: 37–49.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Camps-Fabrer, Henriette (1960). “Parures des temps préhistoriques en Afrique du Nord.” Libyca 8: 9–221.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Camps-Fabrer, Henriette (1966). Matière et art mobilier dans la Préhistoire nord-africaine et saharienne. Paris: Arts et Métiers Graph- iques (Mémoire du C.R.A.P.E. No. 5).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Camps-Fabrer, Henriette (1975). Un Gisement capsien du faciès Sètifien: Medjez II, El-Eulma (Algérie). Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Couvert, M. (1972). “Variations Paléoclimatiques en Algérie: Traduction climatiques des informations paléobotaniques fournies par les charbons des gisements préhistoriques, note préliminaire.” Libyca 20: 45–48.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Couvert, M. (1975). “La Flore.” In Un Gisement Capsien de faciès Sétifen: Medjez II, El Eulma (Algérie), ed. H. Camps-Fabrer. Paris: CNRS, 395–411.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Couvert, M. (1976). “Traduction des eléments de la flore Préhistorique en facteurs climatiques.” Libyca 24: 9–20.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Couvert, M. (1977). Atlas d’anatomie des charbons de foyers Préhistoriques Afrique du Nord Tempérée. Algiers: Mémoires du CRAPE 26.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Dutour, Olivier (1989). Hommes fossiles du Sahara: Peuplements Holocènes du Mali Septentrional. Paris: C.N.R.S.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Farrand, W. R., C. H. Stearns, and H. E. Jackson (1982). “Environmental Setting of Capsian and Related Occupations in the High Plains of Northeastern Algeria.” Abstract, Geological Society of America Annual Meeting.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Ferembach, D. (1985). “On the Origin of the Iberomaurusians: A New Hypothesis.” Journal of Human Evolution 14: 393–397.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Gobert, E. G. (1937). “Les Escargotières: Le Mot et la chose.” Revue Africaine 81: 631–645.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Gobert, E. G. (1950). “Sur un rite capsien du rouge.” Bulletin de la Société des Sciences Naturelles de Tunisie 3: 18–23.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Grébénart, Danilo (1976). Le Capsien des régions de Tébessa et d’Ouled-Djellal, Algérie: Contribution a son étude. Aix-en-Provence: Études méditerranéennes 1, Éditions de l’Université de Provence.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Haverkort, Caroline, and David Lubell (1999). “Cutmarks on Capsian Human Remains: Implications for Maghreb Holocene Social Organization and Palaeoeconomy.” International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 9(3): 147–169.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Inizan, Marie-Louise (1976). “Nouvelle Étude d’industries lithiques du Capsien (Collection Raymond Vaufrey, Institut de Paléontologie Humaine, Paris).” Ph.D. diss., Université de Paris X, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Inizan, Marie-Louise (1976). “Outils lithiques Capsiens ocrés.” L’Anthropologie 80: 39–64.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Inizan, Marie-Louise, Hélène Roche, and Jacques Tixier (1975–1976). “Avantages d’un traitement thermique pour la taille des roches siliceuses.” Quaternaria 19: 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Irish, J. D. (1998). “Diachronic and Synchronic Dental Trait Affinities of Late and Post-Pleistocene Peoples from North Africa.” Homo 49(2): 138–155.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Lamb, H. F., U. Eicher, and V. R. Switsur (1989). “An 18,000-Year Record of Vegetation, Lake-Level and Climatic Change from Tigalmamine, Middle Atlas, Morocco.” Journal of Biogeography 16: 65–74.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Lamb, H. F., F. Gasse, A. Benkaddour, N. El Hamouti, S. van der Kaars, W. T. Perkins, N. J. Pearce, and C. N. Roberts (1995). “Relation between Century-Scale Holocene Arid Intervals in Tropical and Temperate Zones.” Nature 373: 134–137.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Lubell, David (1984). “Paleoenvironments and Epipaleolithic Economies in the Maghreb (ca. 20,000 to 5000 B.P.).” In From Hunters to Farmers: Considerations of the Causes and Consequences of Food Production in Africa, ed. J. D. Clark and S. Brandt. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 41–56.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Lubell, David (1992). “Following Alonzo’s Trail: Paleoeconomic Research in Algeria since 1930.” In Alonzo Pond and the 1930 Logan Museum Expedition to North Africa: The 1985 Beloit College Symposium, ed. L. B. Breitborde. Beloit, Wisc: Museums of Beloit College, 49–57.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Lubell, David, J.-L. Ballais, A. Gautier, F. A. Hassan, A. Close, C. Chippindale, J. Elmendorf, and G. Aumassip (1975). “Prehistoric Cultural Ecology of Capsian escargotières: Preliminary Results of an Interdisciplinary Investigation in the Chéria-Télidjène Region.” Libyca 23: 43–121.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Lubell, David, F. A. Hassan, A. Gautier, and J.-L. Ballais (1976). “The Capsian escargotières.” Science 191: 910–920.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Lubell, David, A. Gautier, E. T. Leventhal, M. Thompson, H. P. Schwarcz, and M. Skinner (1982–1983). “Prehistoric Cultural Ecology of Capsian escargotières, Part 2: Report on Investigations Conducted during 1976 in the Bahiret Télidjène, Tebessa Wilaya, Algeria.” Libyca 32–33: 59–142.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Lubell, David, P. Sheppard, and M. Jackes (1984). “Continuity in the Epipaleolithic of Northern Africa with Emphasis on the Maghreb.” In Advances in World Archaeology, Vol. 3, ed. F. Wendorf and A. Close. Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 143–191.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Marret, Fabienne, and Jean-Louis Turon (1994). “Paleohydrology and Paleoclimatology off Northwest Africa during the Last Glacial-Interglacial Transition and the Holocene: Palynological Evidences.” Marine Geology 118: 107–117.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Morel, Jean (1974). “La Faune de 1’Escargotière de Dra-Mta-El-Ma-El-Abiod (Sud-Algérien): Ce qu’elle nous apprend de l’alimentation et des conditions de vie des populations du Capsien Supérieur.”L’Anthropologie 78(2): 299–320.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Morel, Jean (1977). “Les Capsiens De la région de Tebessa: Sédentaires ou nomades.” Libyca 25: 157–162.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Morel, Jean (1978). “Les Sources d’alimentation des Epipaléolithiques de Tamar Hat et le problème des origines et la domestication en Afrique du Nord.” Bulletin du Musée d’Anthropologie Préhistorique de Monaco 22: 73–78.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Morel, Jean (1980). “Sur Certaines Aspects de la vie des populations Capsiennes.” Bulletin du Musée d’Anthropologie Préhistorique de Monaco 29: 89–102.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Morel, Jean (1981). “Nouvelles Réflexions sur l’alimentation et le mode de vie des Capsiens de Dra-Mta-el-Ma-el-Abiod dans la région de Tébessa (Est-Algérien).” In Préhistoire Africaine: Mélanges offerts au Doyen L. Balout, ed. C. Roubet, H.-J. Hugot, and G. Souville. Paris: A.D.P.F., 189–194.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Pond, Alonzo W., L. Chapuis, A. S. Romer and F. C. Baker (1938).Prehistoric Habitation Sites in the Sahara and North Africa. Beloit,Wisc: Logan Museum Bulletin No. 5.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Renault-Miskovsky, Josette (1985). “L’Environnement végétal des sites préhistoriques Algériens données actuelles de la paléobotanique.” L’Anthropologie 89(3): 307–318.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Ritchie, J. C. (1984). “Analyse pollinique de sédiments Holocènes supérieurs des hauts plateaux du Maghreb Oriental.” Pollen et Spores 26: 489–496.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Roubet, Colette (1979). Économie pastorale préagricole en Algérie Orientale: Le Néolithique de Tradition Capsienne. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Sheppard, Peter J. (1987). The Capsian of North Africa: Stylistic Variation in Stone Tool Assemblages. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series 353.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Sheppard, Peter, and Lawrence Pavlish (1983). “The Use of Thermoluminescence (TL) in an Investigation of Heat Treatment in the Epipalaeolithic of North Africa.” In Proceedings of the 22nd Symposium on Archaeometry, ed. A. Aspinall and S. Warren. Bradford:145–149.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Sheppard, Peter, and D. Lubell (1990). “Early Holocene Maghreb Prehistory: An Evolutionary Approach.” Sahara 3: 63–69.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Tixier, Jacques (1963). Typologie de l’Epipaléolithique du Maghreb.Paris: Arts et Métiers Graphiques (Mémoire du C.R.A.P.E.No. 2).

    Google Scholar 

  48. Tixier, Jacques (1976). “L’Industrie lithique Capsienne de l’Aïn Dokkara (Région de Tébessa, Algérie).” Libyca 24: 21–54.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Tixier, Jacques, Francis Marmier, and Guy Trécolle (1976).Le Campement Préhistorique de Bordj Mellala, Ouargla, Algérie.Paris: Editions de Cercle de Recherches et d’Études Préhistoriques.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Vaufrey, R. (1936). “Stratigraphie capsienne.” Swiatowit 16: 15–34.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Vernet, Robert (1995). Climats anciens du Nord de l’Afrique. Paris:L’Harmattan.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Vallois, H.-V. (1971). “Le Crâne-trophée capsien de Faid Souar II:Algérie (Fouilles Laplace, 1954).” L’Anthropologie 75: 191–220 & 397–414.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Arambourg, C., M. Boule, H. Vallois, and R. Verneau (1934). Les Grottes Paléolithiques des Beni-Segoual (Algérie). Paris: Archives de l’Institut de Paléontologie humaine, Mémoire 13.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Brahimi, C. (1970). L’Ibéromaurusien littoral de la région d’Alger. Paris: Arts et Métiers Graphiques (Mémoire du C.R.A.P.E. No. 13).

    Google Scholar 

  55. Brahimi, Claude (1972). “Deux Campagnes de fouilles à Columnata (1969–1971).” Libyca 20: 49–101.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Brahimi, Claude (1976). “L’Iberomaurusien: État actuel de la question.” In VIIe Session Congrès Panafricain de Préhistoire et Étude du Quaternaire, Addis-Abéba 1971, ed. B. Abebe, J. Chavaillon, and J. E. G. Sutton. Addis Ababa: Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia, Ministry of Culture, 51–54.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Cadenat, P. (1957). “Fouilles à Columnata: Campagnes 1956 et 1957: La Nécropole.” Libyca 5: 49–81.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Camps, Gabriel (1974). Les Civilisations Préhistoriques de l’Afrique du Nord et du Sahara. Paris: Doin.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Camps, Gabriel, and Jean Morel (1982). “Recherches sur l’alimentation en Afrique du Nord durant les temps épipaléolithiques.” Société d’Études et de Recherches Préhistoriques Les Eyzies, Bulletin 32:37–49.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Camps-Fabrer, Henriette (1966). Matière et art mobilier dans la Préhistoire nord-africaine et saharienne. Paris: Arts et Métiers Graphiques (Mémoire du C.R.A.P.E. No. 5).

    Google Scholar 

  61. Chamla, Marie-Claude (1978). “Le Peuplement de l’Afrique du Nord de l’Épipaléolithique à l’époque actuelle.” L’Anthropologie 82: 385–430.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Chamla, Marie-Claude, Jean-Noel Biraben, and Jean Dastugue (1970). Les Hommes Épipaléolithiques de Columnata (Algérie occidentale): Etude anthropologique. Paris: Arts et Métiers Graphiques (Mémoire du C.R.A.P.E. No. 15).

    Google Scholar 

  63. Close, Angela (1977). The Identification of Style in Lithic Artefacts from North-East Africa. Cairo: Mémoires de l’Institut d’Egypte 61, l’Institut d’Egypte.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Close, Angela (1980–81). “The Iberomaurusian Sequence at Tamar Hat.” Libyca 28–29: 69–104.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Close, Angela (1986). “The Place of the Haua Fteah in the Late Palaeolithic of North Africa.” In Stone Age Prehistory: Studies in Memory of Charles McBurney, ed. G. N. Bailey and P. Callow. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 169–180.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Close, Angela, and Fred Wendorf (1989). “North Africa at 18,000 B.P.” In The World at 18,000 B.P., Vol. 2. Low Latitudes, ed. C. Gamble and O. Soffer. London: Unwin Hyman, 41–56.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Dutour, Olivier (1989). Hommes fossiles du Sahara: Peuplements Holocènes du Mali Septentrional. Paris: C.N.R.S.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Ferembach, Denise, Dastugue, J., and Poitrat-Targowla, M.-J. (1962). La Nécropole Epipaléolithique de Taforalt (Maroc Oriental): Etude des squelettes humains. Rabat: Edita Casablanca.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Ferembach, D. (1985). “On the Origin of the Iberomaurusians: A New Hypothesis.” Journal of Human Evolution 14: 393–397.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Gilbertson, D. D., and C. O. Hunt, with a contribution by P. A. Smithson (1996). “Quaternary Geomorphology and Palaeoeco- logy.” In Farming the Desert, The UNESCO Libyan Valleys Archaeological Survey, Vol. 1: Synthesis, ed. G. Barker. Paris, Tripoli, and London: UNESCO Publishing, Department of Antiquities (Tripoli) and Society for Libyan Studies, 49–82.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Groves, Colin P., and A. Thorne (1999). “The Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene Populations of Northern Africa.” Homo 50(3): 249–262.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Hachi, Slimane (1996). “L’Ibéromaurusian, découverte des fouilles d’Afalou (Bédjaîa, Algérie).” L’Anthropologie 100(1): 55–76.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Hachi, Slimane (1997). “Résultats des fouilles récentes d’Afalou Bou Rmel (Bédjaîa, Algérie).” In El Món Mediterrani despres del Pleniglacial (18,000–12,000 B.P.), ed. J.M. Fullola and N. Soler. Girona: Museu d’Arqueologia de Catalunya-Girona, 77–92.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Ighilahriz, Farid (1996). L’Ocre dans l’industrie lithique de l’Ibéromaurusian d’Afalou-bou-Rhummel (Algérie).” L’Anthropologie 100(1): 77–87.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Irish, J. D. (1998). “Diachronic and Synchronic Dental Trait Affinities of Late and Post-Pleistocene Peoples from North Africa.” Homo 49(2): 138–155.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Klein, R. G., and K. Scott (1986). “Re-analysis of Faunal Assemblages from the Haua Fteah and Other Late Quaternary Archaeological Sites in Cyrenaican Libyca.” Journal of Archaeological Science 13: 515–542.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Lubell, David (1984). “Paleoenvironments and Epipaleolithic Economies in the Maghreb (ca. 20,000 to 5000 B.P.).” In From Hunters to Farmers: Considerations of the Causes and Consequences of Food Production in Africa, ed. J. D. Clark and S. Brandt. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 41–56.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Lubell, David, P. Sheppard, and M. Jackes (1984). “Continuity in the Epipaleolithic of Northern Africa with Emphasis on the Maghreb.” In Advances in World Archaeology, Vol. 3, ed. F. Wendorf and A. Close. Orlando, Fla: Academic Press, 143–191.

    Google Scholar 

  79. McBurney, Charles B. M. (1967). Haua Fteah (Cyrenaica) and the Stone Age of the South East Mediterranean. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  80. McBurney, C. B. M., and R. W. Hey (1955). Prehistory and Pleistocene Geology in Cyrenaican Libyca. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Morel, Jean (1978). “Les Sources d’alimentation des épipaléolithiques de Tamar Hat et le problème des origines de la domestication en Afrique du Nord.” Bulletin du Musée d’Anthropologie Préhistorique de Monaco 22: 72–78.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Pallary, Paul (1909). Instructions pour la recherche préhistoriques dans le Nord-Ouest de l’Afrique. Algiers: Mémoires de la Société Historique Algérienne No. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Roche, Jean (1963). L’Épipaléolithique Marocaine. Lisbon: Fondation Calouste Gulbenkian.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Roche, Jean (1972). “Les Cultures épipaléolithiques du Maroc.” In Die Anfänge des Neolithikums vom Orient bis Nordeuropa, 7: Westlìches Mittelmeergebiet und Britische Inseln, ed. J.Lüning, Vienna: Fund- amenta, Reihe A, Bd. 3, 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Roche, Jean (1976). “Cadre chronologique de l’Epipaléolithique Marocaine.” In Chronologie et synchronisme dans la Préhistoire circum-Méditerranéenne, ed. G. Camps. Nice: Prétirage, Colloque II, IX Congrès, Union International des Sciences Préhistoriques et Protohistoriques, 153–167.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Saxon, Earl, A. E. Close, C. Cluzel, V. Morse, and N. J. Shackleton (1974). “Results of Recent Investigations at Tamar Hat.” Libyca 22: 49–91.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Saxon, Earl (1976). “The Evolution of Domestication: A Reappraisal of the Near Eastern and North African Evidence.” In Origine de I’élévage et de la domestication, ed. E. S. Higgs. Nice: Prétirage, Colloque XX, IX Congrès, Union International des Sciences Préhistoriques et Protohistoriques, 180–226.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Tixier, Jacques (1967). “Procédés d’analyse et questions de terminologie concernant l’étude des ensembles industriels du Paléolithique récent et de 1’Épipaléolithique dans l’Afrique du Nord-Ouest.” In Background to Evolution in Africa, ed. W. W. Bishop and J. D. Clark. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 771–820.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Vernet, Robert (1995). Climats anciens du Nord de l’Afrique. Paris: L’Harmattan.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Wengler, L., and J.L Vernet (1992). “Vegetation, Sedimentary Deposits and Climates during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene in Eastern Morocco.” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 94: 141–167.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Arambourg, C., M. Boule, H. Vallois, and R. Verneau (1934). Les Grottes Paléolithiques des Beni-Segoual (Algérie). Paris: Archives de l’Institut de Paléontologie humaine, Mémoire 13.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Chamla, Marie-Claude (1978). “Le Peuplement de l’Afrique du Nord de l’Épipaléolithique à l’époque actuelle.” L’Anthropologie 82: 385–430.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Close, Angela (1980–81). “The Iberomaurusian Sequence at Tamar Hat.” Libyca 28–29: 69–104.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Close, Angela (1986). “The Place of the Haua Fteah in the Late Palaeolithic of North Africa.” In Stone Age Prehistory: Studies in Memory of Charles McBurney, ed. G. N. Bailey and P. Callow. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 169–180.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Hachi, Slimane (1996). “L’Ibéromaurusian, découverte des fouilles d’Afalou (Bédjaîa, Algérie).” L’Anthropologie 100(1): 55–76.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Hachi, Slimane (1997). “Résultats des fouilles récentes d’Afalou Bou Rmel (Bédjaîa, Algérie).” In El Món Mediterrani Despres del Pleniglacial (18,000–12,000 B.P.), ed. J. M. Fullola and N. Soler. Girona: Museu d’Arqueologia de Catalunya-Girona, 77–92.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Ighilahriz, Farid (1996). “L’Ocre dans l’industrie lithique de l’Ibéromaurusian d’Afalou-bou-Rhummel (Algérie).” L’Anthropologie 77–87.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Lubell, David, P. Sheppard, and M. Jackes (1984). “Continuity in the Epipaleolithic of Northern Africa with Emphasis on the Maghreb.”In Advances in World Archaeology, Vol. 3, ed. F. Wendorf and A.Close. Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 143–191.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Saxon, Earl C., A. E. Close, C. Cluzel, V. Morse, and N. J. Shackleton (1974). “Results of Recent Investigations at Tamar Hat.” Libyca 22:49–91.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Vallois, Henri V. (1952). Diagrammes sagittaux et mensurations individuals des hommes fossiles dans Afalou-Bou-Rhummel. Algiers:Travaux du Laboratoire d’Anthropologie et d’Archéologie Préhistoriques du Musée de Bardo No. 5.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Alley, R. B., P. A. Mayewski, T. Sowers, M. Stuiver, K. C. Taylor, and P. U. Clark (1997). “Holocene Climatic Instability: A Prominent, Widespread Event 8200 Years Ago.” Geology 25(6): 483–486.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Grébénart, Danilo (1976). Le Capsien des régions de Tébessa et d’Ouled-Djellal, Algérie: Contribution a son étude. Aix-en-Prov- ence: Etudes méditerranéennes 1, Editions de l’Université de Provence.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Lubell, David, J.-L. Ballais, A. Gautier, F. A. Hassan, A. Close, C. Chippindale, J. Elmendorf, and G. Aumassip (1975). “Prehistoric Cultural Ecology of Capsian escargotières: Preliminary Results of an Interdisciplinary Investigation in the Chéria-Télidjène Region.” Libyca 23: 43–121.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Lubell, David, F. A. Hassan, A. Gautier, and J.-L. Ballais (1976). “The Capsian escargotières.” Science 191: 910–920.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Lubell, David, A. Gautier, E. T. Leventhal, M. Thompson, H. P. Schwarcz, and M. Skinner (1982–1983). “Prehistoric Cultural Ecology of Capsian escargotières, Part 2: Report on Investigations Conducted during 1976 in the Bahiret Télidjène, Tebessa Wilaya, Algeria.” Libyca 32–33: 59–142.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Lubell, David, P. Sheppard, and M. Jackes (1984). “Continuity in the Epipaleolithic of Northern Africa with Emphasis on the Maghreb.” In Advances in World Archaeology, Vol. 5, ed. F. Wendorf and A. Close. Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 143–191.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Bagnouls, F., and H. Gaussen (1968). Carte de la végétation de la région Méditerranéenne. Paris: UNESCO/FAO.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Balout, Lionel (1958). Algérie Préhistorique. Paris: Arts et Métiers Graphiques.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Brahimi, C. (1972). “Deux Campagnes de fouilles à Columnata, 1969–1971: Premiers Résultats.” Libyca 20: 49–101.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Cadenat, P. (1948). “La Station préhistorique de Columnata, commune mixte de Tiaret.” Bulletin de la Société de Géographie et d’Archéologie d’Oran 70: 3–66.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Cadenat, P. (1957). “Fouilles à Columnata, campagne 1956–1957 le partie: La Nécropole.” Libyca 5: 48–81.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Cadenat, P. (1966). “Vues nouvelles sur les industries de Columnata.”Libyca 14: 189–208.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Cadenat, P. (1970). “Le Columnatien, industrie épipaléolithique d’Algérie.” Bulletin de la Société d’Études et de Recherches Préhistoriques, Les Eyzies 20: 40–50.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Camps, Gabriel (1974). Les Civilisations Préhistoriques de l’Afrique du Nord et du Sahara. Paris: Doin.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Chamla, Marie-Claude, Jean-Noël Biraben, and Jean Dastugue (1970).Les Hommes Epipaléolithiques de Columnata (Algérie occidentale):Etude anthropologique. Paris: Arts et Métiers Graphiques (Mémoire duC.R.A.P.E. No. 15).

    Google Scholar 

  116. Lubell, David, P. Sheppard, and M. Jackes (1984). “Continuity in the Epipaleolithic of Northern Africa with Emphasis on the Maghreb.”In Advances in World Archaeology, Vol. 3, ed. F. Wendorf and A. Close. Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 143–191.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Lubell, David, P. Sheppard, and A. Gilman (1992). “The Maghreb.”In Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, 3rd edn., ed. R. W.Ehrich. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 305–308 (Vol. 1) and 257–267 (Vol. 2).

    Google Scholar 

  118. Quézel, P. (1978). “Analysis of the Flora of Mediterranean and Saharan Africa.” Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 65:479–534.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Camps, Gabriel, and Jean Morel (1982). “Recherches sur l’alimenta- tion en Afrique du Nord durant les temps epipaléolithiques.” Société d’Études et de Recherches Préhistoriques Les Eyzies, Bulletin 32: 37–49.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Morel, Jean (1974). “La Faune de l’escargotière de Dra-Mta-El-Ma- El-Abiod (Sud-Algérien): Ce qu’elle nous apprend de l’alimentation et des conditions de vie des populations du Capsien Supérieur.” L’Anthropologie 78(2): 299–320.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Morel, Jean (1977). “Les Capsiens de la region de Tebessa: Sédentaires ou nomades.” Libyca 25: 157–162.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Morel, Jean (1978a). “L’Industrie lithique de l’escargotière de Dra-Mta-El-Ma-El-Abiod dans le sud-est Algérien: Sa Composition, son évolution.” L’Anthropologie 82: 335–372.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Morel, Jean (1978b). “Les Sources d’alimentation des Epipaléolithiques de Tamar Hat et le problème des origines et la domestication en Afrique du Nord.” Bulletin du Musée d’Anthropologie Préhistorique de Monaco 22: 73–78.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Morel, Jean (1980). “Sur certaines aspects de la vie des populations Capsiennes.” Bulletin du Musée d’Anthropologie Préhistorique de Monaco 29: 89–102.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Morel, Jean (1981). “Nouvelles Réflexions sur l’alimentation et le mode de vie des Capsiens de Dra-Mta-el-Ma-el-Abiod dans la région de Tébessa (Est-Algérien).” In Préhistoire Africaine: Mélanges offerts au Doyen L. Balout, ed. C. Roubet, H.-J. Hugot, and G. Souville. Paris: A.D.P.F., 189–194.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Sheppard, Peter J. (1987). The Capsian of North Africa: Stylistic Variation in Stone Tool Assemblages. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series 353.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Close, Angela (1986). “The Place of the Haua Fteah in the Late Palaeolithic of North Africa.” In Stone Age Prehistory: Studies in Memory of Charles McBurney, ed. G. N. Bailey and P. Callow. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 169–180.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Higgs, E. S. (1967a). “Environment and Chronology-The Evidence from Mammalian Fauna.” In The Haua Fteah (Cyrenaica) and the Stone Age of the South-East Mediterranean, ed. C. B. M. McBurney. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 149–163.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Higgs, E. S. (1967b). “Faunal Fluctuations and Climate in Libya.” In Background to Evolution in Africa, ed. W. W. Bishop and J. D. Clark. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 16–44.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Klein, R. G., and K. Scott (1986). “Re-Analysis of Faunal Assemblages from the Haua Fteah and Other Late Quaternary Archaeological Sites in Cyrenaïcan Libyca.” Journal of Archaeological Science 13: 515–542.

    Google Scholar 

  131. McBurney, Charles B. M. (1967). Haua Fteah (Cyrenaica) and the Stone Age of the South East Mediterranean. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  132. McBurney, C. B. M., and R. W. Hey (1955). Prehistory and Pleistocene Geology in Cyrenaïcan Libyca. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Alley, R. B., P. A. Mayewski, T. Sowers, M. Stuiver, K. C. Taylor, and P.U. Clark (1997). “Holocene Climatic Instability: A Prominent, Widespread Event 8200 Years Ago.” Geology 25(6): 483–486.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Camps, Gabriel (1974). Les Civilisations Préhistoriques de l’Afrique du Nord et du Sahara. Paris: Doin.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Grébénart, Danilo (1976). Le Capsien des régions de Tébessa et d’Ouled-Djellal, Algérie: Contribution a son étude. Aix-en-Prov- ence: Études méditerranéennes 1, Éditions de l’Université de Provence.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Lubell, David, A. Gautier, E. T. Leventhal, M. Thompson, H. P. Schwarcz, and M. Skinner (1982–1983). “Prehistoric Cultural Ecology of Capsian escargotières, Part 2: Report on Investigations Conducted during 1976 in the Bahiret Télidjène, Tebessa Wilaya, Algeria.” Libyca 32–33: 59–142.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Lubell, David, P. Sheppard, and M. Jackes (1984). “Continuity in the Epipaleolithic of Northern Africa with Emphasis on the Maghreb.” In Advances in World Archaeology, Vol. 3, ed. F. Wendorf and A. Close. Orlando Fla.: Academic Press, 143–191.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Lubell, David, P. Sheppard, and A. Gilman (1992). “The Maghreb.” Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, 3rd edn., ed. R. W. Ehrich. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 305–308 (Vol. 1) and 257–267 (Vol. 2).

    Google Scholar 

  139. Lubell, David, M. Jackes, P. Sheppard, W. R. Farrand, and others (n.d.). Early to Mid-Holocene Subsistence and Settlement in the Telidjene Basin, Eastern Algeria (in preparation).

    Google Scholar 

  140. Camps, Gabriel (1974). Les Civilisations Préhistoriques de l’Afrique du Nord et du Sahara. Paris: Doin.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Camps-Fabrer, Henriette (with chapters by M. Chabeuf, M.-C.Chamla, J. Bouchud, and M. Couvert) (1975). Un Gisement Capsien du faciés Sétifien: Medjez II, El-Eulma (Algérie). Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Lubell, David, P. Sheppard, and M. Jackes (1984). “Continuity in the Epipaleolithic of Northern Africa with Emphasis on the Maghreb.”Advances in World Archaeology, Vol. 3, ed. F. Wendorf and A. Close. Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 143–191.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Lubell, David, P. Sheppard, and A. Gilman (1992). “The Maghreb.”In Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, 3rd edn., ed. R. W.Ehrich. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 305–308. (Vol. 1) and 257–267 (Vol. 2).

    Google Scholar 

  144. Sheppard, Peter J. (1987). The Capsian of North Africa: Stylistic Variation in Stone Tool Assemblages. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series 353.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Ferembach, Denise (1965). Diagrammes craniens sagittaux et mensurations individuelles des squelettes Ibéromaurusiens de Taforalt (Maroc Oriental). Travaux du Centre de Recherches Anthropologiques, Préhistoriques et Ethnographiques, Alger. Paris: Arts et Métiers Graphiques.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Ferembach, Denise, Dastugue, J., and Poitrat-Targowla, M.-J. (1962). La Nécropole Epipaléolithique de Taforalt (Maroc Oriental): Étude des squelettes humains. Rabat: Edita Casablanca.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Lubell, David, P. Sheppard, and A. Gilman (1992). “The Maghreb.” In Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, 3rd edn., ed. R. W. Ehrich. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 305–308 (Vol. 1) and 257–267 (Vol. 2).

    Google Scholar 

  148. Roche, Jean (1963). L’Epipaléolithique Marocaine. Lisbon and Paris: Fondation Calouste Gulbenkian.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Roche, Jean (1972). “Les Cultures épipaléolithiques du Maroc.” In Die Anfänge des Neolithikums vom Orient bis Nordeuropa, 7: Westliches Mittelmeergebiet und Britische Inseln, ed. J. Lüning. Vienna: Fundamenta, Reihe A, Bd. 3. 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Roche, Jean (1976). “Cadre chronologique de l’Epipaléolithique Marocaine.” In Chronologie et synchronisme dans la Préhistoire circum-Méditerranéenne, ed. G. Camps. Nice: Prétirage, Colloque II, IX Congrès, Union International des Sciences Préhistoriques et Protohistoriques, 153–167.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Santa, S. (1958–1959). “Essai de reconstitution de paysages végétaux quaternaires d’Afrique du Nord.” Libyca 6–7: 37–77.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Arambourg, C., M. Boule, H. Vallois, and R. Verneau (1934). Les Grottes Paléolithiques des Beni-Segoual (Algérie). Paris: Archives de l’Institut de Paléontologie humaine, Mémoire 13.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Brahimi, Claude (1969). “L’Industrie lithique de l’abri de Tamar Hat (Petite Kabylie).” Libyca 17: 35–48.

    Google Scholar 

  154. Close, Angela (1980–81). “The Iberomaurusian Sequence at Tamar Hat.” Libyca 28–29: 69–104.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Close, Angela and Fred Wendorf (1989). “North Africa at 18,000 B.P.,” In The World at 18,000 B.P. Vol. 2: Low Latitudes, ed. C. Gamble and O. Soffer. London: Unwin Hyman, 41–56.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Klein, R. G., and K. Scott (1986). “Re-analysis of Faunal Assemblages from the Haua Fteah and other Late Quaternary Archaeological Sites in Cyrenaïcan” Libyca. Journal of Archaeological Science 13: 515–542.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Lubell, David (1984). “Paleoenvironments and Epipaleolithic Economies in the Maghreb (c. 20,000 to 5000 B.P.).” In From Hunters to Farmers’. Considerations of the Causes and Consequences of Food Production in Africa. In J. D. Clark and S. Brandt. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 41–56.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Morel, Jean (1978). “Les Sources d’alimentation des épipaléolithiques de Tamar Hat et le problème des origines de la domestication en Afrique du Nord.” Bulletin du Musée d’Anthropologie Préhistorique de Monaco 22: 72–78.

    Google Scholar 

  159. Saxon, Earl C. (1976). “The Evolution of Domestication: A Reappraisal of the Near Eastern and North African Evidence.” In Origine de l’elévage et de la domestication, ed. E. S. Higgs. Nice: Prétirage, Colloque XX, IX Congrès, Union International des Sciences Préhistoriques et Protohistoriques, 180–226.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Saxon, Earl C., A. E. Close, C. Cluzel, V. Morse, and N. J. Shackleton (1974). “Results of Recent Investigations at Tamar Hat.” Libyca 22: 49–91.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Saxon, Earl C. (1975). “The Prehistoric Economies of the Israeli and Algerian Littorals: 18,000–8000 B.P.” Ph.D. diss., Cambridge University.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lubell, D. (2001). Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Maghreb. In: Peregrine, P.N., Ember, M. (eds) Encyclopedia of Prehistory. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1193-9_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1193-9_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-7128-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-1193-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics