Abstract
Apoptosis and necrosis are two modes of cell death with distinct morphological and biochemical features. Apoptosis is an active process characterized by cell shrinkage, nuclear and cytoplasmic condensation, chromatin fragmentation and phagocytosis. In contrast, necrosis is a passive form of cell death associated with inflammation resulting from cellular and organelle swelling, rupture of the plasma membrane and spilling of cellular contents into the intercellular milieu. Lethal levels of biological reactive intermediates may trigger either apoptotic or necrotic cell death, depending on the cell type and severity of insult. Further, effectuation of the apoptotic death program requires maintenance of a sufficient intracellular energy level and of a redox state compatible with caspase activity. Thus, ATP depletion or severe oxidative stress may redirect otherwise apoptotic cell death to necrosis.
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Robertson, J.D., Chandra, J., Gogvadze, V., Orrenius, S. (2001). Biological Reactive Intermediates and Mechanisms of Cell Death. In: Dansette, P.M., et al. Biological Reactive Intermediates VI. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 500. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0667-6_1
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