Abstract
The atmospheric deposition of acidic species, i. e., sulfates and nitrates, has been known to occur for many decades. In recent years, concern about the ecological damage that acidic deposition may cause to streams and lake ecology, soils, forests, and materials has considerably increased (e. g., NRC, 1983; EPA, 1983; OTA, 1982). At the first meeting of the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution of the U.N. Economic Commission for Europe, held in Geneva in June 1983, Nordic countries proposed a 30 percent reduction in sulfur emissions to be implemented by 1993. In North America, the U.S./Canada Memorandum of Intent on Transboundary Air Pollution was set to define a common policy for the United States and Canada. Canada calls for a 50 percent reduction in SO2emission in both countries. In the United States, several reports acknowledge the contribution of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide (N0x) anthropogenic emissions to acidic deposition in northern America and the need for emission control (NRC, 1983; OSTP, 1983; OTA, 1982; EPA, 1983
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Behar, D., Czapski, G., Rabani, J., Dorfman, L. M., and Schwartz, H. A., 1970, The acid dissociation constant and decay kinetics of the perhydroxyl radical, J. Phys. Chem., 74: 3209 – 3213.
Burton, C. S., Liu, M. K., Roth, P. M., Seigneur, C., and Whitten, G. Z., 1983, Chemical transformation in plumes, Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application—II, C. de Wispelaere, ed., pp. 3–58, Plenum Press, New York, New York.
Cotton, F. A., and Wilkinson, G., 1980, “Advanced Inorganic Chemistry,” 4th ed., John Wiley, New York, New York.
Atkinson, R., and Lloyd A. C. 1981, Evaluation of kinetic and mechanistic data for modeling of photochemical smog, J. Phys Chem. Ref. Data, 10.
Barrie, L. A., and Georgii, H. W., 1976, An experimental investigation of the absorption of sulfur dioxide by water drops containing heavy metal ions,Atmos. Environ., 10: 743 – 749.
Bassett, M. E., Gelbard, F., and Seinfeld, J. H., 1981, Mathematical model for multicomponent aerosol formation and growth in plumes, Atmos. Environ. 15: 2395 – 2406.
Calvert, J. G., ed. 1983, “Acid Precipitation,” Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, Michigan, in press.
Chameides. W. L., and Davis, D.D., 1982, The free radical chemistry of cloud droplets and its impact upon the composition of rain, J. Geophys. Res., 83: 4863 – 4877.
Damschen, 1982, private communication.
Dasgupta, P.K. Decesare, K., and Ulbrey, J. C., 1980, Determination of atmospheric sulfur dioxide without tetrachlorrmercurate (11) and the mechanism of the Schiff reaction, Anal. Chem., 52: 1912 – 1922.
Davis, D.D., 1983, private communication.
EPA, 1983, “The Acidic Deposition Phenomenon and Its Effects Critical Assesment Review Papers.”EPA-600/800/8-83-016, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washigton, D.C.
Eigen, M., Kruse, W., Maass, G., and DeMager, L., 1964, Rate constants of protolytic reactions in aqueous solution, in “Progress in Reaction Kinetics,” G. Porter, ed., Macmillan, New York, New York.
Erickson, R. E., Yates, L. M., Clark, R. L., and McEwan, D., 1977, The reaction of sulfur dioxide with ozone in water and its possible atmospheric significance, Atmos. Environ., 11: 813 – 817.
Farhataziz, and Ross, A. B., 1977, “Selected Specific Rates of Reactions of Transients From Water in Aqueous Sollution, III: Hydroxyl Radical and Perhydroxyl Radical and Their Radical Ions,” NSRDS-NBS 59, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.
Fuchs, N. A., and Sutugin, A. G., 1971, High-dispersed aerosols, in Topics in Current Aerosol Research, G. M. Hidy and J. R. Brock, eds., Pergamon Press, New York, New York.
Graedel, T. E., and Weschler, C. J., 1981, Chemistry within aqueous atmosperic aerosols and raindrops, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 19:505–539. =B
Gurol, M. D., and Singer, P. C.,1982, Kinetics of ozone decomposition: a dynamic approach, Environ. Sci. Technol., 16:337–383.
Harker, A. B., and Strauss, D.R., 1981, “Kinetics of the Heterogeneous Hydrolysis of Dinitrogen Pentoxide over the Temperature Range 214–263 K,” Rockwell International Science Center (Federal Aviation Administration, Publication FAA-EE-81-3).
Hoffmann, M. R., and Jacob, D. J., 1983, Kinetics and mechanisms of the catalytic oxidation of dissolved sulfur dioxide in aqueous solution: an application to nighttime fog water chemistry, in “Acid Precipitation,” J. G. Calvert, ed., Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, Michigan (in press).
Holdren, M. W., Ward, G. F., Keigley, G. W., and Spicer, C.W., 1082, “Preliminary Investigation of the Effects of Peroxyacetylnitrate Precipitation Chemistry,” Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Seattle, Washington.
Jacob, D. J., and Hoffmann, M. R., 1983, A dynamic model for the production of H+, NO -3 , and SO 2-4 in urban fog, J. Geophys. Research, in press.
Johnstone, H. F., and Leppla, P. W., 1934, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 56: 2233.
Killus, J.P., and Whitten, G. Z., 1983, “A New Carbon-Bond Mechanism for Air Quality Simulation Modeling,” 81245, Systems Applications, Inc., San Rafael, California.
Kosak-Channing, L. F., and Helz, G. R., 1983, Solubility of ozone in aqueous solutions of 0-0.6 M ionic strength at 5-30°C, Environ. Sci. Technol., 17: 145 – 149.
Lazrus, A. L.,Haagenson, P. L., Kok, G. L., Huebert, B. J., Kreitzberg, C. W., Likens, G. E., Mohnen, V. A., Wilson, W. E., and Winchester, J. W., 1983, Acidity in air and water in a case of warm frontal precipitation,Atmos. Environ., 17: 581 – 591.
Ledbury, W., and Blair, E. W., 1925, The partial formaldehyde vapor pressures of aqueous solution of formaldehyde, part II, J. Chem. Soc., 127: 2832 – 2839.
Lee, Y.N., and Schwartz, S. W., 1981, Reaction kinetics of nitrogen dioxide with liquid water at low partial pressure, J. Phys. Chem., 85: 840 – 848.
Livingston, R. and Zeldes, H., 1966, “Paramagnetic Resonance Study of Liquids During Photolysis—Hydrogen Peroxide and Alcohols,” J. Chem. Phys., Vol. 44, pp. 1245 – 1259.
Martin, L. R., 1983, Kinetic studies of sulfite oxidation in aqueous solution, in “Acid Precipitation,” J. G. Calvert, ed., Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, Michigan (in press).
Martin L. R., and Damschen, D, E., 1981, Aqueous oxidation of sulfur dioxide by hydrogen peroxide at low pH, Atmos. Environ., 15: 1615 – 1621.
Martin, L. R., Damschen, D. E., and Judeikis, M. S., 1981, The reaction of nitrogen oxide with S0« in aqueous aerosols,Atmos. Environ., 15: 191 – 195.
Middleton, P., Kiang, C.S., and Mohnen, V.A., 1980, theoretical estimates of the relative importance of various urban sulfate aerosol production mechanisms, Atmos. Environ., 14:463–472.
Mohnen, V. A., 1983, private communication.
Morgan, 0. M., and Maahs, 0., 1931, Can.J. Res., 5: 162.
Morrison, R.A., and Chu, K. S., 1979, Measurement and calculation of the total pressure in equilibrium with highly concentrated sulfuric acid, Symposium on Environmental and Climatic Impact of Coal Utilization, 17–19 April, Williamsburg, Virginia.
Munger, J. W., Jacob, D. J., Waldman, J. M. and Hoffman, M.R. 1983, Fogwater chemistry in an urban atmosphere, J. Geophys. Research, in press.
NAPAP, 1982, “Annual Report 1982 to the President and Congress,”National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program, Washington, D.C.
NASA, (1982), “Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric Modeling: Evaluation Number 5,” 82–57, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Pasadena, California.
NRC, 1983, “Acid Deposition—Atmospheric Processes in Eastern North America,” National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
OSTP, 1983, “Press Advisory and Interim Report from 0STPfs Acid Rain Peer Review Panel,” Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President, Washington, D.C.
OTA, 1982, “The Regional Implication of Transported Air Pollutant: An Assessment of Acidic Deposition and Ozone,” Office of Technology Assessment, Congress of the United States, Washington, D.C.
Overton, J. H., Aneja, V.P., and Durham, J. L., 1979, Production of sulfate in rain and raindrops in polluted atmospheres, Atmos. Environ., 13:355–367,
Perry, J. H., and Chilton, C. H., 1973, “Chemical Engineer’s Handbook,” Mc Graw-Hill, New York, New York.
Peterson, T. W., and Seinfeld, H. J. 1980, Heteorogeneous condensation and chemical reaction in droplets—application to the heteorogeneous atmospheric oxidation of SO2, SAdv. Environ. Sci. Technol., 10: 125 – 180.
Richards, L. W., 1983, Comments on the oxidation of NO2 to nitrate— day and night, Atmos. Environ., 17: 397 – 402.
Richards, L. W., Anderson, J. A., Blumenthal, D L., Duckhorn, S. L., and McDonald, J. A., 1983, “Characterization of Reactants, Reaction Mechanisms, and Reaction Products Leading to Existence of Acid Rain and Acid Aerosol Conditions in Southern California,” California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, California.
Robinson, R. A., and Stokes, R. H., 1965, “Electrolyte Solutions”, Butterworthe, London, England.
Roedel, W., 1979, Measurements of sulfuric acid saturation vapor pressure: Implications for aerosol formation by heteromolecular nucleation, J. Aerosol Sci., 10: 375.
Ross, A. B., and Neta, P., 1979, Rate Constants for Reactions of Inorganic Radicals in Aqueous Solution, NSRDS-NBS 65, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.
Saxena, P., Seigneur, C., and Peterson, T. W., 1983, Modeling of multiphase atmospheric aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 17: 1315 – 1329.
Seigneur, C., Saxena, P;, and Roth, P. M., 1982, Preliminary results of acid rain chemistry modeling, Proc. Atmospheric Deposition Specialty Conference, pp. 330–341, Air Pollution Control Association, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Tang, I. N., 1980, On the equilibrium partial pressures of nitric acid and ammonia in the atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 14: 819 – 828.
Yui, T., 1980, Tokyo Inst. Phys. Chem. Res. Bull., 19: T229.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1985 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Seigneur, C., Saxena, P., Roth, P.M. (1985). Chemistry of Sulfate and Nitrate Formation. In: De Wispelaere, C. (eds) Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application IV. Nato — Challenges of Modern Society, vol 7. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2455-3_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2455-3_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9491-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-2455-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive