Abstract
The idea that organisms are exquisitely designed to fit their environment is a legacy from a static and teleological world view that has a lengthy history in western thought (see Pirlot & Bernier 1973, Bernier & Pirlot 1977, Lewontin 1980, Krimbas 1984). It is a tradition that includes Aristotle, the Stoics, St. Thomas Aquinas, and the Natural Theologians. For these writers optimal design was evidence for the existence of various forms of an intelligent creator. This argument for the existence of a creator has become known as the “argument from design.” In its modern guise, the idea of design can be found in the Darwinian concept of adaptation. Darwin rejected God as an explanation of an organism-environment fit but accepted that such a fit existed (see Ospovat 1981).1 Drawing implicitly from Hobbes and Adam Smith, and explicitly from the Natural Theologians and Malthus, he proposed natural selection as a mechanism to explain this fit. In this manner, mechanism was wedded to teleology and Aristotle’s final causes were transformed into today’s “ultimate” or evolutionary causes.2 Mayr (1982, p. 521) asserts that this legitimization of “why questions” was the most important departure in Darwin’s methodology.
“The tradition of all the dead generations weighs like a nightmare on the brain of the living.” (Marx 1934, p.10)
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Gray, R.D. (1987). Faith and Foraging: A Critique of the “Paradigm Argument from Design”. In: Kamil, A.C., Krebs, J.R., Pulliam, H.R. (eds) Foraging Behavior. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1839-2_2
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