Abstract
This chapter considers physical alterations of a fabricated integrated circuit to correct for fabrication faults and increase the yield of functional monolithic IC/WSI circuits. The term “physical restructuring” is generally here used to represent physical alteration of the circuit interconnection links, including switches along interconnection paths. The alterations may involve addition or deletion of connections between physical interconnections or physical programming of switches controlling the interconnection paths. Typically, physical restructuring represents post-fabrication processing of the circuitry. Some of the techniques described here (e.g. electrically programmed switches with fuses blown by applying voltages above some threshold) physically alter switching devices without requiring additional fabrication steps and may allow reprogramming of the interconnections.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
J. Fried, An analysis of power and clock distribution for WSI systems, in Wafer Scale Integration, G. Saucier and J. Trihle (Eds), pp. 127–137 (1986).
R. M. Lea, A WSI image processing module, in Wafer Scaie Integration, G. Saucier and J. Trihle (Eds), pp. 43–58 (1986).
G. H. Chapman, Laser linking technology for RVLSI, in Wafer-Scale Integration, C. Jesshope and W. Moore (Eds), Adam Hilger Pubs, pp.204–215 (1987).
L. L. Burns, Laser Pantography, in Wafer Scaie Integration, G. Saucier and J. Trihle (Eds), Elsevier Science Press, pp. 281–290 (1986).
J.J. Barrett, E. M. Smith and P. L. Moran, A copper tracking technique for wafer scale integration, in Wafer Scaie Integration, G. Saucier and J. Trihle (Eds), Elsevier Science Press, pp. 291–300 (1986).
G. Nicholas, Technical and economical aspect of laser repair of WSI memory, in Wafer Scaie Integration, G. Saucier and J. Trihle (Eds), Elsevier Science Press, pp. 271–280 (1986).
R. P. Cenker, D. O. Clemons, W. R. Huber, J. B. Petrizzi, F. J. Procyk and G. M. Trout, A fault-tolerant 64K dynamic random access memory, IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-26, pp. 853–860 (1979).
R. T. Smith, J. D. Chlipala, J. F. M. Bindels, R. G. Nelson, F. H. Fischer and T. F. Mantz., Laser programmable redundancy and yield improvement in a 64K DRAM, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. SC-16, pp. 506–514 (1981).
B. F. Fitzgerald and E. P. Thoma, Circuit implementation of fusible redundant addresses of RAMs for productivity enhancement, IBM J. Res. Develop., vol. 24, pp. 291–298 (1980).
C.-W. Chen, J.-P. Peng, M.-Y. S. Shyu, M. Amundson and J. C. Yu, A fast 32K x 8 CMOS static RAM with address transition detection, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. SC-22, pp. 533–537 (1987).
S. Asai, Semiconductor memory trends, Proc. IEEE, vol. 74, pp. 1623–1635 (1986).
News Item, Polysilicon lines made with laser, Semiconductor International, pg. 16, (Sept. 1984).
H. Stopper, A wafer with electrically programmable interconnections, Digest: IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf., pp. 268–269 (1985).
R. Braun and S. Sharp, How to use silicon circuit boards effectively, Hybrid Circuit Technology, pp. 55–60, (Sept. 1987).
M. J. Mayo, Photodeposition: enhancement of deposition reactions by heat and light, Solid State Technology, pp. 141–144 (April 1986).
R. T. Young, J. Narayan, W. H. Christie, G. A. van der Leeden, J. I. Levatter and L. J. Cheng, Semiconductor processing with excimer lasers, Solid State Technology, pp. 183–188 (Nov. 1983).
T. McGrath, Applications of excimer lasers in microelectronics, Solid State Technology, pp. 165–169 (Dec. 1983).
R. Solanki, C. A. Moore and G. J. Collins, Laser-induced chemical vapor deposition, Solid State Technology, pp. 220–227 (June 1985).
T. T. Orlowski and H. Richter, Ultrafast laser-induced oxidation of silicon: a new approach towards high quality, low temperature, patterned SiO 2 formation, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 45, pp. 241–243 (1984).
D. J. Ehrlich, R. M. Osgood Jr., and T. F. Deutsch, Photodeposition of metal films with ultraviolet laser light, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., vol. 21, pp. 23–32 (1982).
J. Y. Tsao, D. J. Ehrlich, D. J. Silversmith and R. W. Mountain, Direct-write metalization of silicon MOSFET’s using laser photodeposition, IEEE Electron Dev. Lett., vol. EDL-3, pp. 164–166 (1982).
D. Bauerle, P. Irstgler, G. Leyendecker, H. Noll and D. Wagner, Ar + laser induced chemical vapor deposition of Si from SiH 4 , Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 40, pp. 819–821 (1982).
D. J. Ehrlich, R. M. Osgood Jr. and T. F. Deutsch, Laser microreaction for deposition of doped silicon films, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 39, pp. 957–959 (1981).
C. P. Christenson and K. M. Lakin, Chemical vapor deposition of silicon using a CO 2 laser, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 32, pp. 254–256 (1978).
D. C. Shaver, R. W. Mountain and D. J. Silversmith, Electron-beam programmable 128-Kbit wafer-scale EPROM, IEEE Electron Dev. Lett., vol. EDL-4, pp. 153–155 (1983)
P. W. Cook, S. E. Schuster and R. J. von Gutfeld, Appl. Phys. Lett, vol. 26, pp. 124 (1975)
Y. C. Kiang, J. R. Moulic, W.-K. Chil and A. C. Yen, Modification of semiconductor device characteristics by lasers, IBM J. Res. Dev., vol. 26, pp. 171–176 (1982).
J. A. Yasaitis, G. H. Chapman and J. I. Raffel, IEEE. Electron Dev. Lett., vol. EDL-3, pp. 184-? (1982).
J. Y. Tsao and D. H. Ehrlich, UV laser photopolymerization of volatile surfaceabsorbed methyl methacrytate, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 42, pp. 997–999 (1983).
News item, Semiconductor International, p. 30 (Aug 1986).
D. J. Ehrlich, J. Y. Tsao, D. J. Silversmith, J. H. C. Sedlacek, R. W. Mountain and W. S. Graber, Laser microchemical techniques for reversible restructuring of gate-array prototypes, IEEE Electron Dev. Lett., vol. EDL-5, pp. 32–35 (1984).
J. Y. Tsao and D. J. Ehrlich, Laser controlled etching of aluminum, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 43, pp. 146–148 (1983).
J. G. Black, D. J. Ehrlich, J. H. C. Sedlacek, A. D. Feinerman and H. H. Busta, Rapid low-resistance interconnects by selective tungston deposition on laser-direct-written polysilicon, IEEE Electron Dev. Lett., vol. EDL-7, pp. 422–424 (1986).
S. Somekh, Introduction to ion and plasma etching, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., vol. 13, pp. 1003–1007 (1976).
R. L. Kubena, R. L. Seliger and E. H. Stevens, High resolution sputtering using a focussed ion beam, Thin Solid Films, vol. 92, pp. 165–169 (1982)
H. Yamaguchi, A. Shimase, S. Haraichi and T. Miyauchi, Characteristics of silicon removal by fine focussed gallium ion beams, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, vol. 3, pp. 71–74 (1985).
H. Morimoto, Y. Sasaki, Y. Watakabe and T. Kato, Characteristics of submicron patterns fabricated by gallium focussed-ion-beam sputtering, J. Appl. Phys., vol. 57, pp. 159–160 (1985).
L. R. Harriott, A. Wagner and F. Fritz, Integrated circuit repair using focussed ion beam milling, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, vol. 4, pp. 181 (1986).
J. Melngailis, C. R. Musil, E. H. Stevens, M. Utlaut, E. M. Kellog, R. T. Post, M. W. Geis and R. W. Mountain, The focussed ion beam as an integrated circuit restructuring tool, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, vol. 4, pp. 176 (1986).
T. Ishitani, Y. Kawanami and H. Todokoro, Aluminum-line cutting end monitor using scanning-ion-microscope voltage contrast images, Japan J. Appl. Phys., vol. 24, pp. L133-L134 (1985).
V. Wang, J. W. Ward and R. L. Seliger, A mass-separating focussed-ion~beam system for maskless ion implantation, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., vol. 19, pp1158–1163 (1981).
R. L. Kubena, C. L. Anderson, R. L. Seliger, R. A. Juliens, E. H. Stevens, I. Lagnado, FET fabrication using maskless ion implantation, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., vol. 19, pp. 916–920, (1981).
A. Wagner, Applications of focused ion beams to microlithography, Solid State Technology, pp. 97–103 (May 1983).
D. C. Shaver and B. W. Ward, Integrated circuit diagnosis using focussed ion beams, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, vol. 4, pp. 185 (1986).
J. Melngailis, Focussed ion beam technology and applications, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, vol. 5, pp. 469–495 (1987).
T. Shiokawa, P. H. Kim, K. Toyoda and S. Namba, T. Namba, T. Matsui and K. Gamo 100 kev focussed ion beam system with E × B mass filter for maskless ion implantation, J. Vac. Sci. Technol.B, vol. 1, pp. 1117 (1983).
J.J. Muray, Physics of ion beam wafer processing, Semiconductor International, pp. 130–135 (April 1984).
D. C. Shaver and B. W. Ward, Semiconductor applications of focussed ion beam micromachining, Solid State Technology, pp. 73–78 (Dec 1985).
C. R. Musil, J. L. Bartlet and J. Melngailis, Focussed ion beam microsurgery for electronics, IEEE Electron Device Lett., vol. EDL-7, pp. 285–287 (1986).
D. R. Herriot, Electron-beam lithography machines, in Electron-Beam Technology in Microelectronic Fabrication, G. R. Brewer (Ed.), Academic Press, New York (1980).
D. R. Herriot, R. J. Collier, D. S. Alles and J. W Stafford, EBES: a practical electron lithographic system, IEEE Trans. Electron Dev., vol. ED-22, pp. 385–392 (1975)
J. L. Freyer and K. P. Standiford, Design of an accurate production e-beam system, Solid State Technology, pp. 165–170 (Sept. 1983).
R. M. Sills and K. P. Standiford, E-beam system metrology, Solid State Technology, pp. 191–196 (Sept. 1983).
Y. Tarui (ed.), VLSI Technology: Fundamentals and Applications, Springer-Verlag, New York (1986). Chapter 2.
I. Brodie and J. M. Muray, The Physics of Micro fabrication, pp. 316–329, Plenum Press, New York (1982).
P. Petric and O. Woodward, Direct-write electron beam systems, Solid State Technology, pp 154–160 (Sept 1983).
S. J. Gillespie, Top-edge imaging in e-beam lithography, Solid State Technology, vol. 174–176 (Sept 1983).
R. D. Moore, EL systems: high throughput electron beam lithography tools, Solid State Technology, pp. 127–132 (Sept 1983).
W. R. Livesay, J. S. Greeneich, J. E. Wolfe and R. J. Felker, A processcompatible electron beam direct write system, Solid State Technology, pp. 137–139 (Sept 1983).
P. Girard, B. Pistoulet, M. Valenza and R. Lorival, Electron beam switching of floating gate MOS transistors, IFIP Int. Workshop on Wafer Scale Int., Brunei University, (Sept. 23–25, 1987).
P. Girard, F. M. Roche and B. Pistoulet, Electron beam effects on VLSI MOS: conditions for testing and reconfiguration, in Wafer-Scale Integration, G. Saucier and J. Tritile (Eds.), North-Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 301–310 (1986).
D. C. Shaver, Proc. 2nd CALTECH conference on VLSI, pp. 111, California Inst. Technol., Pasadena, CA (Jan. 1981).
D. C. Shaver, Electron-beam technique for integrated circuit testing and customization, Proc. IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conf., pp. 606–609 (May 1984).
S. L. Garverick and E. A. Pierce, A single wafer 16-point 16 MHz FFT processor, Proc. IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conf., pp. 344–348 (May 1983).
F. M. Rhodes, Applications of RVLSI to signal processing, in Wafer Scale Integration, C. Jesshope and W. Moore (eds.), Adam Hilger Pubs., Bristol, pp. 223–235 (1986).
J. J. Dituri et al., Hough transform system, Proc. 1986 Workshop on VLSI Signal Processing, U. Southern California (Nov. 1986).
G. H. Chapman, J. I. Raffel, J. M. Canter and F. M. Rhodes, Advances in laser link technology for wafer-scale circuits, IFIP Int. Workshop on Wafer-Scale Integration, Sept. 23–25, 1987, Brunei University.
J. R. Mann and F. M. Rhodes, A wafer scale DTW multiprocessor, Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, pp. 1557–1560 (April 1986).
J. I. Raffel, A. H. Anderson, G. H. Chapman, K. H. Konkile, B. Mathur, A. M. Soares and P. W. Wyatt, A wafer-scale integrator, Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Computer Design, pp. 121–126 (Oct. 1984).
J. I. Raffel, M. L. Naiman, R. L. Burke, G. H. Chapman and P. G. Gottschalk, Laser programmed vias for resiruciurable VLSI, Digest: IEEE Int. Device Meeting, pp. 132–135 (1980).
G. H. Chapman J. I. Raffel, J. A. Yasaitis and S. M. Cheston, A laser linking process for resiruciurable VLSI, Digest: OSA/IEEE Conf. on Lasers and Electrooptics, pp. 60, 62–63 (1982).
J. I. Raffel et al., On the use of nonvolatile programmable links for resiruciurable VLSI, Proc. 1979 Caltech Conf. on VLSI, pp. 95–104 (1979).
G. H. Chapman and J. A. Burns, Enhanced operation of wafer-scale circuiis using nitride α-Si laser links, Digest: OSA/IEEE Conf. on Lasers and Electrooptics, pg. 148 (1986).
J. M. Canter, G. H. Chapman, B. Mathur, M. L. Naiman and J. I. Raffel, A laser-induced ohmic link for wafer-scale integration, IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-33, pp. 1861 (1986).
Restructurable VLSI Program: Semiannual Technical Summary, Lincoln Laboratories Technical Report (March 1985).
Restructurable VLSI Program: Semiannual Technical Summary, Lincoln Laboratories Technical Report (Sept. 1985).
B. J. Donlan and J. F. McDonald, A placement and routing system for wafer scale, Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Computer-Aided Design, pp. 462–464 (1986).
N. R. Quinn and M. A. Breuer, A force directed placement procedure for printed circuit boards, IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems, vol. 26, pp. 377–388 (1979).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tewksbury, S.K. (1989). Physical Restructuring. In: Wafer-Level Integrated Systems. The Kluwer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science, vol 70. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1625-1_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1625-1_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8898-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-1625-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive