Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Factors Influencing Input and Output of Nitrogen in Grasslands

  • Chapter
Perspectives in Grassland Ecology

Part of the book series: Ecological Studies ((ECOLSTUD,volume 32))

Abstract

The influence of nitrogen (N) on grassland production was demonstrated by the dramatic results presented in Chapter 3, and some mechanisms of its action were discussed in Chapter 2. Most information pertinent to N cycling in grassland ecosystems relates primarily to flows of N within biological pathways. Kline (1969), Whitehead (1970), Henzell and Ross (1973), Porter (1975), Charley (1977), and Frissel (1977) reviewed literature relating to N cycling in grasslands. Their publications illustrate that our greatest knowledge is of transfers within plant-dominated pathways. Reference is made by various authors to biological and chemical processes and to input and loss of N, but few quantitative data are presented. Henzell and Norris (1961) reviewed pathways of N input into tropical grasslands, but their values were not specific, being averages drawn from the literature. Bazilevich (1958), Rodin and Bazilevich (1967), and Bazilevich and Rodin (1971) reviewed world literature and presented data on transfers in plant parts within ecosystems. Reuss (1971) and Reuss and Innis (1977) discussed specific grassland sites and presented estimates of N additions based on results of Eriksson (1952). No estimates of total losses were given. Clark (1977) studied transfers of 15N in miniswards of blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis). His research focused on living and dead grass material and soil organic matter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alexander, M. 1961. Introduction to Soil Microbiology. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrow, N. J. 1960a. A comparison of the mineralization of nitrogen and of sulphur from decomposing organic materials. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 11:960–969.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barrow, N. J. 1960b. Simulated decomposition of soil organic matter during the decomposition of added organic materials. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 11:331–338.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barrow, N. J. 1961. Mineralization of nitrogen and sulphur from sheep faeces. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 12:644–650.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bazilevich, N. I. 1958. The minor biological cycle of ash elements and nitrogen in the processes of meadow-steppe and steppe soil development. Soviet Soil Sci. 1958:1314–1330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bazilevich, N. I. and L. E. Rodin. 1971. Geographical regularities in productivity and the circulation of chemical elements in the earth’s main vegetation types. Soviet Geogr. Rev. Trans. 12:293–317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beauchamp, E. G., G. E. Kidd, and G. Thurtell. 1978. Ammonia volatilization from sewage sludge applied in the field. J. Environ. Qual. 7:141–146.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bormann, F. H. and G. E. Likens. 1967. Nutrient cycling. Science 155:424–429.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. M. and W. B. Bartholomew. 1963. Sorption of gaseous ammonia by clay minerals as influenced by sorbed aqueous vapor and exchangeable cations. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 27:160–164.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burton, T. M. and G. E. Likens. 1975. Energy flow and nutrient cycling in salamander populations in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire. Ecology 56:1068–1080.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chao, T. T. and W. Kroontje. 1964. Relationships between ammonia volatilization, ammonia concentration, and water evaporation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 28(3):393–395.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Charley, J. L. 1977. Mineral cycling in rangeland ecosystems. In R. F. Sosebee (ed.), Rangeland Plant Physiology, Range Sci. Ser. No. 4, Society for Range Management, Denver, CO. pp. 215–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chin, W., and W. Kroontje. 1963. Urea hydrolysis and subsequent loss of ammonia. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc.. 27(3):316–318.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, F. E. 1975. Viewing the invisible prairie. In M. K. Wali (ed.), Prairie: A Multiple View, pp. 181–197. Grand Forks: University of North Dakota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, F. E. 1977. Internal cycling of 15nitrogen in shortgrass prairie. Ecology 58:1322–1333.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, F. E. and E. A. Paul. 1970. The microflora of grassland. Adv. Agron. 22:375–435.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, D. C, R. Andrews, J. E. Ellis, and J. S. Singh. 1977. Energy flow and partitioning in selected man-managed and natural ecosystems. Agro-Ecosystems 3:45–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conrad, J. P. 1942. The occurrence and origin of urease like activities in soils. Soil Sci. 54:367–380.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Copley, P. W. and J. O Reuss. 1972. Evaluation of biological N2 fixation in a grassland ecosystem, US/IBP Grassland Biome Tech. Rep. No. 152. Fort Collins: Colorado State Univ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahlman, R. C. and C. L. Kucera. 1968. Tagging native grassland vegetation with carbon-14. Ecology 49:1199–1203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dean, R. E. and R. W. Rice. 1974. Effects offences and corrals on grazing behavior. Proc. Western Sect. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. 25:56–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denmead, O. T., J. R. Simpson, and J. R. Freney. 1974. Ammonia flux into the atmosphere from a grazed pasture. Science 185:609–610.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Denmead, O. T., J. R. Freney, and J. R. Simpson. 1976. A closed ammonia cycle within a plant canopy. Soil Biol. Biochem. 8:161–164.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doak, B. W. 1952. Some chemical changes in the nitrogenous constituents of urine when voided on pasture. J. Agric. Sci. 42:162–171.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duvigneaud, P. and S. Denaeyer-DeSmet. 1975. Mineral cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. In D. E. Reichle, J. F. Franklin, and D. W. Goodall (eds.), Productivity of World Ecosystems, pp. 133–154. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, C. A. 1974. Macroarthropods. In C. H. Dickinson and G. J. F. Pugh (eds.), Biology of Plant Litter Decomposition, pp. 533–554. New York: Academic Press, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson, E. 1952. Composition of atmospheric precipitation. 1. Nitrogen compounds. Tellus 4:215–232.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ernst, J. W. and H. F. Massey. 1960. The effects of several factors on volatilization of ammonia formed from urea in the soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 24(2):87–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faurie, G., A. Josserand, and R. Bardin. 1975. Influence des colloides argileux sur la retention d’ammonium et la nitrification. Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol. 12:201–210.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fenn, L. B. 1975. Ammonium volatilization from surface applications of ammonium compounds on calcareous soils. III. Effects of mixing low and high loss ammonium compounds. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 39:366–369.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fenn, L. B. and R. Escarzaga. 1976a. Ammonium volatilization from surface applications of ammonium compounds on calcareous soils: V. Soil water content and method of nitrogen application. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 40:537–541.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fenn, L. B. and R. Escarzaga. 1976b. Ammonia volatilization from surface applications of ammonium compounds to calcareous soils as affected by initial soil water content and quantity of applied water. Agron. Abstr. 1976:127–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenn, L. B. and D. E. Kissel. 1973. Ammonia volatilization from surface applications of ammonium compounds on calcareous soils: I. General theory. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 37:855–859.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fenn, L. B. and D. E. Kissel. 1974. Ammonium volatilization from surface applications of ammonium compounds on calcareous soils: II. Effect of temperature and rate of NH+ 4 = N application. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 38:606–610.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fenn, L. B. and D. E. Kissel. 1975. Ammonium volatilization from surface applications of ammonium compounds on calcareous soils: IV. Effect of calcium carbonate content. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 39:631–633.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feth, J. H. 1966. Nitrogen compounds in natural water—a review. Water Resour. Res. 2:41–58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Floate, M. J. S. 1970a. Decomposition of organic materials from hill soils and pastures. 2. Comparative studies on the mineralization of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus from plant materials and sheep faeces. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2:173–185.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Floate, M. J. S. 1970b. Decomposition of organic materials from hill soils and pastures. 3. The effect of temperature on the mineralization of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus from plant materials and sheep feces. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2:187–196.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Floate, M. J. S. 1970c. Decomposition of organic materials from hill soils and pastures. 4. The effects of moisture content on the mineralization of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus from plant materials and sheep faeces. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2:275–283.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Floate, M. J. S. and C. J. W. Torrance. 1970. Decomposition of the organic materials from hill soils and pastures. 1. Incubation method for studying the mineralization of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. J. Sci. Food Agric. 21:116–120.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, H. 1954. On the nitrogen loss in aging plants (Trans. No. 3968 from “Über den Stickstoffverlust bei alternden Pflanzen”). Planta 44:319.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frissel, M. J. (ed.). 1977. Cycling of mineral nutrients in agricultural ecosystems. Agro-Ecosystems 4:1–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galloway, J. N. 1976. Critical factors in the collection of precipitation for chemical analysis. In D. H. Matheson and F. C. Elder (eds.) (Proc. First Specialty Symp. on Atmospheric Contribution to the Chemistry of Lake Waters Int. Assoc. Great Lakes Res.) pp. 65–81. Vol. 2, Supplement 1, Buffalo: State University College

    Google Scholar 

  • Gasser, J. K. R. 1964. Urea as a fertilizer. Soils Fert. 27(3): 175–180.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gillard, P. 1967. Coprophagous beetles in pasture ecosystems. J. Aust. Inst. Agric. Sci. 33:30–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Granat, L. 1976. Principles in network design for precipitation chemistry measurements. In D. H. Matheson and F. C. Elder (eds.) (Proc. First Specialty Symp. on Atmospheric Contribution to the Chemistry of Lake Waters Int. Assoc. Great Lakes Res.), pp. 42–55. Vol. 2, Supplement 1, Buffalo: State University College

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanawalt, R. B. 1969. Environmental factors influencing the sorption of atmospheric ammonia by soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 33:231–234.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hargrove, W. L., D. E. Kissel, and L. B. Fenn. 1977. Field measurements of ammonia volatilization from surface applications of ammonium salts to a calcareous soil. Agron. J. 69:473–476.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harmsen, G. W. and G. J. Kolenbrander. 1965. Soil inorganic nitrogen. In W. V. Bartholomew and F. E. Clark (eds.) Soil Nitrogen, Agronomy 10, pp. 43–92. Madison, Wisc: American Society of Agronomy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henzell, E. F. and D. O. Norris. 1961. Processes by which nitrogen is added to the soil/ plant system. Commonw. Bur. Pastures Field Crops Bull. 46:1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henzell, E. F. and P. J. Ross. 1973. The nitrogen cycles of pasture ecosystems. In G. W. Butler and R. W. Bailey (eds.), Chemistry and Biochemistry of Herbage, Vol. 2, pp. 227–246. New York: Academic Press, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilder, E. J. 1964. The distribution of plant nutrients by sheep at pasture. Proc. Aust. Soc. Anim. Prod. 5:241–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoeft, R. G., D. R. Keeney, and L. M. Walsh. 1972. Nitrogen and sulfur in precipitation and sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere in Wisconsin. J. Environ. Qual. 1:203–208.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson, G. L., R. J. Millington, and D. B. Peters. 1972. Atmospheric ammonia: Absorption by plant leaves. Science 175:771–772.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, M. L., and S. C. Chang. 1947. Anhydrous ammonic retention by soils as influenced by depth of application soil texture, moisture content, pH value, and tilth. Agron. J. 39:623–633.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, M. B., and R. G. Woodmansee. In press. Nitrogen cycling in annual grassland ecosystems. In L. T. Burcham and R. G. Woodmansee (eds.), Annual Grassland Ecosystems of California. Stroudsburg, Pa.: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Junge, C. E. 1958. The distribution of ammonia and nitrate in rain water over the United States. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 39:248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Junge, C. E. 1963. Air Chemistry and Radioactivity. New York: Academic Press, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Junge, C. E. and P. E. Gustafson. 1956a. On the distribution of sea salt over the United States and its removal by precipitation. Tellus 9:164–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Junge, C. E. and P. E. Gustafson. 1956b. Precipitation sampling for chemical analysis. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 37:244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khengre, S. T. and N. K. Savant. 1977. Distribution pattern of inorganic nitrogen following anhydrous ammonia injection into a vertisol. Soil Soc. Sci. Am. J. 41:1139–1141.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kilmer, V. J. 1974. Nutrient losses from grasslands through leaching and runoff. In D. A. Mays (ed.) Forage Fertilization, pp. 341–362. Madison, Wisc: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kissel, D. E., H. L. Brewer, and G. F. Arkin. 1977. Design and test of afield sampler for ammonia volatilization. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 41:1133–1138.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kline, J. R. 1969. Soil chemistry as a factor in the function of grassland ecosystems. In R. L. Dix and R. G. Beidleman (eds.), The Grassland Ecosystem (Range Sci. Dep. Sci. Ser. No. 2.) pp. 71–88. Fort Collins: Colorado State Univ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lapins, P. and E. R. Watson. 1970. Loss of nitrogen from maturing plants. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. 10:599–603.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lauer, D. A., D. R. Bouldin, and S. D. Klausner. 1976. Ammonia volatilization from dairy manure spread on the soil surface. J. Environ. Qual. 5(2): 134–141.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Likens, G. E. 1976. Acid precipitation. Chem. Eng. News 1976:29–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lofty, J. R. 1974. Oligochaetes. In C. H. Dickinson and G. J. F. Pugh (eds.), Biology of Plant Litter Decomposition. Vol. 2, pp. 467–488. New York: Academic Press, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lotero, J., W. W. Woodhouse, Jr., and R. G. Petersen. 1966. Local effect on fertility of urine voided by grazing cattle. Agron. J. 58:262–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malo, B. A., and E. R. Purvis. 1964. Soil absorption of atmospheric ammonia. Soil Sci. 97:242–247.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, J. P., and H. D. Chapman. 1951. Volatilization of ammonia from surface-fertilized soils. Soil Sci. 71(l):25–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McConnell, J. C. 1973. Atmospheric ammonia. J. Geophy. Res. 78:7812–7820.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGarity, J. W., and J. A. Rajaratnam. 1973. Apparatus for the measurement of losses of nitrogen as gas from the field and simulated field environments. Soil Biol. Biochem. 5:121–131.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, R. D., R. A. Olson, and H. F. Rhoades. 1961. Ammonia losses from fertilized Nebraska soils. Agron. J. 53(4):241–244.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Millar, C. S. 1974. Decomposition of coniferous leaf litter. In C. H. Dickinson and G. J. F. Pugh (eds.), Biology of Plant Litter Decomposition. Vol. 1, pp. 105–128. New York: Academic Press, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mills, H. A., A. V. Barker, and D. N. Maynard. 1973. Ammonia volatilization from soils. Agron. J. 66(3):355–358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mortland, M. M. 1958. Reactions of ammonia in soils. Adv. Agron. 10:325–348.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mortland, M. M. and A. R. Wolcott. 1965. Sorption of inorganic nitrogen compounds by soil materials. In W. V. Bartholomew and F. E. Clark (eds.), Soil Nitrogen, Agronomy 10, pp. 151–197. Madison, Wisc: American Society of Agronomy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nommik, H. 1965. Ammonium fixation and other reactions involving a nonenzymatic immobilization of mineral nitrogen in soil. In W. V. Bartholomew and F. E. Clark (eds.), Soil Nitrogen, Agronomy 10, pp. 198–258. Madison, Wisc: American Society of Agronomy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odum, E. P. 1969. The strategy of ecosystems development. Science 164:262–270.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olson, R. A., E. C. Scim, and J. Muir. 1973. Influence of agricultural practices on water quality in Nebraska: A survey of streams, groundwater, and precipitation. Water Resour. Bull. 9:301–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Overrein, L. N. and P. G. Moe. 1967. Factors affecting urea hydrolysis and ammonia volatilization in soil. Soil Sci. Am. Proc. 31(1):57–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parr, J. F. and R. I. Papendick. 1966. Retention of anhydrous ammonia by soil: II. Effect of ammonia concentration and soil moisture. Soil Sci. 101:109–119,

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearsall, W. H. and M. C. Billimoria. 1937. Loss of nitrogen from green plants. Biochem. J. 31:1734.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, L. K. 1975. Nitrogen transfer in ecosystems. Soil Biochem. 4:1–30.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Porter, L. K., F. G. Viets, Jr., and G. L. Hutchinson. 1972. Air containing nitrogen-15 ammonia: Foliar absorption by corn seedlings. Science 174:759–761.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Power, J. F., J. A. Lessi, G. A. Reichman, and D. L. Grunes. 1973. Recovery, residual effects, and fate of nitrogen fertilizer sources in a semiarid region. Agron. J. 65:765–768.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rashid, G. H. 1977. The volatilization losses of nitrogen from added urea in some soils of Bangladesh. Plant Soil 48:549–556.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reuss, J. O. 1971. Decomposer and nitrogen cycling investigations in the Grassland Biome. In N. R. French (ed.) Preliminary Analysis of Structure and Function in Grasslands (Range Sci. Dep. Sci. Ser. No. 10), pp. 133–146. Fort Collins: Colorado State Univ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reuss, J. O. and G. S. Innis. 1977. A grassland nitrogen-flow simulation model. In G. S. Innes (ed.) Grassland Simulation Model. Ecological Studies, 26, pp. 186–203. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, A. E. V., H. C. Trumble, and R. E. Shapter. 1931. Factors affecting the mineral contents of pasture (Bull. No. 49). Council for Sci. Ind. Res.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, E. and R. C. Robbins. 1968. Sources, abundance, and fate of gaseous atmospheric pollutants (Report prepared for the American Petroleum Institute, SRI Proj. PR-6755). Menlo Park, Calif. Stanford Research Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodin, L. E. and N. I. Bazilevich. 1967. Production and Mineral Cycling in Terrestrial Vegetation. (Transi.). London: Oliver and Boyd Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogler, G. A. and R. J. Lorenz. 1974. Fertilization of mid-continent range plants. In D. A. Mays (ed.), Forage Fertilization, pp. 231–254. Madison, Wisc: Agronomic Society of America, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuman, G. E. and R. E. Burwell. 1974. Precipitation nitrogen contribution to surface runoff discharges. J. Environ. Qual. 3:366–369.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, J. R. 1968. Losses of urea nitrogen from the surface of pasture soils. Int. Congr. Soil Sci. Trans. 9(2):459–466.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sims, P. L. and J. S. Singh. 1971. Herbage dynamics and net primary production in certain ungrazed and grazed grasslands in North America. In N.R. French (ed.), Preliminary Analysis of Structure and Function in Grasslands (Range Sci. Dep. Sci. Ser. No. 10) pp. 56–124. Fort Collins: Colorado State Univ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skujins, J. 1975. Nitrogen dynamics in stands dominated by some major cool desert shrubs, US/IBP Research Memorandum 75–33. Logan: Utah State Univ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Söderlund, R. and B. H. Svensson. 1976. The global nitrogen cycle. In B. H. Svensson and R. Söderlund (eds.), Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur-Global Cycles SCOPE Rep. 7, Ecol. Res. Comm. Bull. No. 22, pp. 23–75. Stockholm: Statens naturvetenska-pliga forskningsråd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soulides, D. A. and F. E. Clark. 1958. Nitrification in grassland soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 22:308–311.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, B. A. 1970. Volatilization and nitrification of nitrogen from urine under simulated cattle feedlot conditions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 4:479–582.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, B. A., F. G. Viets, Jr., G. L. Hutchinson, and W. A. Kemper. 1967. Nitrate and other water pollutants under fields and feed lots. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1:763.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sturges, F. W., R. T. Holmes, and G. E. Likens. 1974. The role of birds in nutrient cycling in a northern hardwoods ecosystem. Ecology 55:149–155.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tabatabai, M. A. and J. M. Laflen. 1976. Nitrogen and sulfur content and pH of precipitation in Iowa. J. Environ. Qual. 5:108–112.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, A. W., W. M. Edwards, and E. C. Simpson. 1971. Nutrients in streams draining woodland and farmland near Coshocton, Ohio. Water Resour. Res. 7:81–89.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Viets, F. G., Jr. 1975. The environmental impact of fertilizers. CRC Critical Rev. Environ. Control 5:423–453.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vitousek, P. M., and W. A. Reiners. 1975. Ecosystem succession and nutrient retention: A hypothesis. Bio Science 25:376–381.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Voigt, G. H. 1965. Nitrogen recovery from decomposing tree leaf tissue and forest humus. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 29:756–759.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Volk, G. M. 1959. Volatile loss of ammonia following surface application of urea to turf or bare soils. Agron. J. 51(12):746–749.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wahhab, A., M. S. Randhawa, and S. Q. Alam. 1957. Loss of ammonia from ammonium sulphate under different conditions when applied to soils. Soil Sci. 84(3):249–255.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wakesman, S. A., T. C. Cordon, and N. Hulpoi. 1939. Influence of temperature upon the microbiological population and decomposition processes in composts of stable manure. Soil Sci. 47(2):83–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, E. R. and P. Lapins. 1969. Losses of nitrogen from urine on soils from southwestern Australia. Aust. J. Exp. Agrie. Anim. Husb. 9:85–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead, D. C. 1970. The role of nitrogen in grassland productivity. Commonw. Agric. Bur. Bull. No. 48. Farnham Royal, Bucks, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodmansee, R. G. 1978. Additions and losses of nitrogen in grassland ecosystems. Bio Science 28:448–453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodmansee, R. G., J. L. Dodd, R. A. Bowman, F. E. Clark, and C. E. Dickinson. 1978. Nitrogen budget for a shortgrass prairie ecosystem. Oecologia 34:363–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zakharchenko, I. G. 1974. Supply of nitrogen with atmospheric precipitation and its losses during soil leaching in the Ukranian poless’ye and forest-steppe. Soviet Soil Sci. 1974:63–67.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Robert G. Woodmansee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA

    Norman R. French

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1979 Spriger-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Woodmansee, R.G. (1979). Factors Influencing Input and Output of Nitrogen in Grasslands. In: French, N.R. (eds) Perspectives in Grassland Ecology. Ecological Studies, vol 32. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-6182-7_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-6182-7_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-6184-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-6182-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation