Skip to main content

Adenocarcinoma of the Pancreas

  • Chapter
Radiology of the Pancreas

Abstract

Ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas is of increasing medical importance in the United States. The age-adjusted mortality rate has risen from 2.9 to 9.0 per 100,000 population between the years 1920–1970 (1). This represents an increase of over 300%. Since the mean survival of patients with pancreatic carcinoma is only 4.3 months from time of diagnosis, the mortality and incidence rates essentially are equal (2,3).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Statistical Research Service: Cancer mortality statistics. New York: American Cancer Society 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Krain LS: The rising incidence of carcinoma of the pancreas real or apparent. J Surg Oncol 2: 115–124, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Krain LS: The rising incidence of cancer of the pancreas—further epidemiologic studies. J Chron Dis 23: 685–690, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Hermann RE, Cooperman AM: Current concepts in cancer. Cancer of the pancreas. N Engl J Med 301: 482–485, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Yaskin JC: Nervous symptoms as earliest manifestation of carcinoma of the pancreas. JAMA 96:1664– 1668, 1931.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Fras I, Litin EM, Bartholomew LG: Mental symptoms as an aid in the early diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas. Gastroenterology 55: 191–198, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Macchia B, Bobruff J, Groissier VW: Positional relief of pain; important clue to clinical diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas. JAMA 182: 6–8, 1962.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Gambill E: Pancreatitis associated with pancreatic carcinoma: A study of 26 cases. Mayo Clin Proc 46: 174–177, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Gambill E: Pancreatic and ampullary carcinoma: Diagnosis and prognosis in relationship to symptoms,

    Google Scholar 

  10. Niccolini DG, Grahm JH, Banks PA: Tumor–induced acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 71: 142–145, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Waes LV, Maele VM, Demeulenaere L, Et Al: Carcinoma of the pancreas presenting as relapsing pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 68:88–; 90, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Melnyk CS: Carcinoma of the pancreas. In Sleisenger MH, Fordtran JS (eds): Gastrointestinal Disease. Philadelphia: WB Saunders 1973, pp 1198–1205.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Cohen GF: Early diagnosis of pancreatic neoplasm in diabetics. Lancet 2: 267–269, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Bell ET: Carcinoma of the pancreas. I. A. clinical and pathologic study of 609 necropsied cases. II. The relation of carcinoma of the pancreas and diabetes mellitus. Am J Pathol 33: 499–524, 1957.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. McBee JW, Lanza FL, Erickson EE: Hypoglycemia due to obstruction of pancreatic excretory ducts by carcinoma. Arch Pathol 81: 287–291, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Braganza JM, Howat HT: Cancer of the pancreas. Clin Gastroenterol 1: 219–237, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Lafler CJ, Hinerman DL: A morphologic study of pancreatic carcinoma with reference to multiple thrombi. Cancer 14: 944–949, 1961.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Lieberman JR, Borrero J, Urdaneta E, et al: Thrombophlebitis and cancer. JAMA 177: 542–546, 1961.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Spain DM: Minute pancreatic tumor associated with arterial thrombi. Gastroenterology 43: 104–106, 1962.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. LaMonte CS, DeCosse JJ, McPeak CJ: Carcinoma of the pancreas presenting with gastrointestinal bleeding. JAMA 180: 974–976, 1962.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Marks LJ, Weingarten B, Gerst GB: Carcinoma of tail of pancreas associated with bleeding gastric varices and hyperplenism. Ann Int Med 37: 1077–1079, 1952.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. McDermott WV Jr: Portal hypertension secondary to pancreatic disease. Ann Surg 152: 147–149, 1960.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Warren KW, Jefferson MF: Carcinoma of the exocrine pancreas. In Carey LC (ed): The Pancreas. St. Louis: CV Mosby 1973. pp 243–294.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Wapnick S, Hadas N, Purow E, Grosberg SJ: Mass in the head of the pancreas in cholestatic jaundice. Carcinoma or pancreatitis. Ann Surg 190: 587–591, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Meyers MA, Volberg F, Katzen B, et al: Haustral anatomy and pathology: A new look. II. Roentgen interpretation of pathologic alterations. Radiology 108: 505–512, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Meyers MA: Dynamic Radiology of the Abdomen. Normal and Pathologic Anatomy. New York: Springer-Verlag 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  27. White RJ: Carcinoma of pancreas presenting as acute duodenal obstruction without jaundice. Ann Surg 153: 769–775, 1961.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Mullin GT, Caperton EM Jr, Crespin SR, et al: Arthritis and skin lesions resembling erythema nodosum in pancreatic disease. Ann Int Med 68: 75–87, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Virshup AM, Sliwinski AJ: Polyarthritis and subcutaneous nodules associated with carcinoma of the pancreas. Arthritis Rheum 16: 388–392, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Haubrich WS, Berk JE: Tumors of the pancreas. I. Medical aspects of exocrine tumors. In Bockus HL (ed): Gastroenterology. Volume III. Philadelphia: WB Saunders 1976, pp 1102–1121.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Dreiling DA: The early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Scand J Gastroenterol 5 (Suppl 6): 115–; 122, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  32. DiMagno EP, Malagelada J–R, Moertel CG, et al: Prospective evaluation of the pancreatic secretion of immunoreactive carcinoembryonic antigen, enzyme, and bicarbonate in patients suspected of having pancreatic cancer. Gastroenterology 73: 457–461, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. DiMagno EP, Malagelada J–R, Taylor WF, et al: A prospective comparison of current diagnostic tests for pancreatic cancer. N Engl J Med 297: 737–742, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. DiMagno EP, Malagelada J–R, Go VLW: The relationships between pancreatic ductal obstruction and pancreatic secretion in man. Mayo Clin Proc 54: 157–162, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Williams RR, Mclntire KR, Waldmann TA: Tumor– associated antigen levels (carcinoembryonic antigen, human chorionic gonadotropin, and alpha–fetopro– tein antedating the diagnosis of cancer in the Framingham study). J Natl Cancer Inst 58: 1547–1551, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Banwo O, Versey J, Hobbs JE: New oncofetal antigen for human pancreas. Lancet 1: 643–645, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Holyoke ED, Douglass HO Jr, Goldrosen MH, et al: Tumor markers in pancreatic cancer. Semin Oncol 6: 347–356, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Cubilla AL, Fitzgerald PJ: Morphological patterns of primary nonendocrine human pancreas carcinoma. Cancer Res 35: 2234–2248, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Cubilla A, Fitzgerald PJ: Pancreas cancer. 1. Duct adenocarcinoma: A clinical–pathologic study of 380 patients. Part 1, Pathol Annu 1978, pp 241–287.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Cubilla AL, Fitzgerald PJ: Classification of pancreatic cancer (nonendocrine). Mayo Clin Proc 54: 449–458, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Cubilla AL, Fortner J, Fitzgerald PJ: Lymph node involvement in carcinoma of the head of the pancreas area. Cancer 41: 880–887, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Sommers SC, Murphy SA, Warren S: Pancreatic duct hyperplasia and cancer. Gastroenterology 27:629– 640, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Kozuka S, Sassa R, Taki T, Masamoto K, Nagasawa S, Saga S, Hasegawa K, Takeuchi M: Relation of pancreatic duct hyperplasia to carcinoma. Cancer 43: 1418–1428, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Ferrari BT, O’Halloran RL, Longmire WP Jr, et al: Atypical papillary hyperplasia of the pancreatic duct mimicking obstructing pancreatic carcinoma. N Engl J Med 301: 531–532, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Berg JW, Connelly RR: Updating the epidemiologic data on pancreatic cancer. Semin Oncol 6: 275–284, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Young JL Jr, Asire AJ, Pollack ES (eds): SEER Program. Cancer Incidence and Mortality in the United States 1973–1976. Bethesda: US Dept. HEW, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Lin RS, Kessler II: A Multifactorial model for pancreatic cancer in man. Epidemiologic evidence. JAMA 245: 147–152, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Kessler II: Cancer mortality among diabetics. J Natl Cancer Inst 44: 673–686, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Leach WB: Carcinoma of the pancreas: A clinical and pathological analysis of 39 autopsied cases. Am J Pathol 26: 333–347, 1950.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Gullick HD: Carcinoma of the pancreas. A review and critical study of 100 cases. Medicine 38: 47–84, 1959.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Bell ET: Carcinoma of the pancreas. I. A clinical and pathologic study of 609 necropsied cases. II. The relation of carcinoma of the pancreas to diabetes mellitus. Am J Pathol 33: 499–523, 1957.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Grant GH, Percerai PE: Carcinoma of the pancreas in a girl of 16 presenting as carcinomatosis of the lungs. Br Med J 1: 857–858, 1954.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Turner JW, Jaffe HL: Metastatic neoplasms. AJR 43: 479–492, 1940.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Abrams HL, Spiro R, Goldstein N: Metastases in carcinoma. Analysis of 1000 autopsied cases. Cancer 3:74– 85, 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Graver FW: Pancreatic carcinoma: A review of 34 autopsies. Arch Int Med 63: 884–898, 1939.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Murray RO, Jacobson HG: The Radiology of Skeletal Disorders. Exercises in Diagnosis. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins 1972, p 1098.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Joffe N, Antonioli DA: Osteoblastic bone metastases secondary to adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Clin Radiol 29: 41–46, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Courvoisier LG: Kasvistisch–Statistische, Beitrage zur pathologie und chirurgie der gallenwege. Leipsig: FCW Vogel 1890.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Buranasiri S, Baum S: The significance of the venous phase of celiac and superior mesenteric arteriography in evaluating pancreatic carcinoma. Radiology 102: 11–20, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Rösch J, Herfort K: Contribution of splenoportography to the diagnosis of diseases of the pancreas. Acta Med Scand 171: 251–272, 1962.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Donowitz M, Kerstein MD, Spiro HM: Pancreatic ascites. Medicine 53: 183–195, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Paloyan D, Skinner DB: Clinical significance of pancreatic ascites. Am J Surg 132: 114–117, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Sankaran S, Sugawa C, Walt AJ: Value of endoscopic retrograde pancreatography in pancreatic ascites. Surg Gynec Obstet 148: 185–192, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Eaton SB Jr, Ferrucci JT Jr: Radiology of the Pancreas and Duodenum. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Baltaxe HA, Leslie EV: Vanishing pancreatic calcifications. AJR 99: 642–644, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Tucker DH, Moore IB: Vanishing pancreatic calcification in chronic pancreatitis. N Engl J Med 268:31– 33, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Becker WF, Welsh RA, Pratt HS: Cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Ann Surg 161: 845–863, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Freeny PC, Weinstein CJ, Taft DA, Allen FH: Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas: New angiographic and ultrasonographic findings. AJR 131: 795–802, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Haukohl RS, Melamed A: Cystadenoma of the pancreas. A report of two cases showing calcification. AJR 63: 234–245, 1950.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Piper CE, Remine WH, Priestly JR: Pancreatic cystadenoma: Report of 20 cases. JAMA 180: 648–652, 1962.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Dodds WJ, Margolin FR, Goldberg HI: Cavernous lymphangioma of the pancreas. Radiol Clin Biol 38: 267–270, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Strang C, Walton JN: Carcinoma of body and tail of pancreas. Ann Int med 39: 15–37, 1953.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Herbert WW, Margulis AR: Diagnosis of retroperitoneal masses by gastrointestinal roentgenographic measurements: A computer study. Radiology 84:52– 57, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Poole JG: A new roentgenographic method of measuring the retrogastric and retroduodenal spaces: Statistical evaluation of reliability and diagnostic utility. Radiology 97: 71–81, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Sorabella PA, Campbell WL, Seaman WB: Comparative detection of pancreatic body–tail enlargement using the supine translateral and axial pancreatic views: A prospective statistical study. AJR 125:143– 153, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Chait H, Faegenburg DH: Illusory neoplasms of the stomach and duodenum as a manifestation of carcinoma of the pancreas. Radiology 74: 771–777, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Sutton JP, Yarborough DY, Richards JT: Isolated splenic vein occlusion. Arch Surg 100: 623–626, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Johnston F, Myers RT: Etiologic factors and consequences of splenic vein obstruction. Ann Surg 177: 736–739, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Muhletaler C, Gerlock AJ Jr, Goncharenko V, et al: Gastric varices secondary to splenic vein occlusion: Radiographic diagnosis and clinical significance. Radiology 132: 593–598, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Marshall JP, Smith PD, Hoyumpa AM: Gastric varices. Problem in diagnosis. AM J Dig Dis 22: 947–955, 1977.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Burbige EJ, Tarder G, Carson S, et al: Colonic varices. A complication of pancreatitis with splenic vein thrombosis. Dig Dis 23: 752–755, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Poppel MH: Roentgen manifestations of Pancreatic Disease. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Rigler LG: Diagnosis of extra–gastrointestinal abdominal masses. Radiology 21: 229–238, 1933.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Salik JO: Pancreatic carcinoma and its early roentgen recognition. AJR 86: 1–28, 1961.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Eyler WR, Clark MD, Rian RL: An evaluation of roentgen signs of pancreatic enlargement. JAMA 181: 967–971, 1962.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Kreel L: The pancreas: Newer radiological methods of investigation. Postgrad Med 43: 14–23, 1967.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Laufer I: Double Contrast Gastrointestinal Radiology with Endoscopic Correlation. Philadelphia: WB Saunders 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Op den Orth JO: Hypotonic duodenography without the use of a stomach tube. Radiol Clin Biol 42:173– 174, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Guerrier K, Persky L: Pancreatic disease simulating renal abnormality. Am J Surg 120:46–49, 1970.Levin B, ReMine WH, Hermann RE, Et Al: Panel: Cancer of the pancreas. Am J Surg 135: 185–191, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Marshall S, Lapp M, Schulte JW: Lesions of the pancreas mimicking renal disease. J Urol 93: 41–45, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Mani JR, Zboralske FF, Margulis AR: Carcinoma of the body and tail of the pancreas. AJR 96: 429–446, 1966.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Engelhart G, Blauenstein VM: Ultrasound in the diagnosis of malignant pancreatic tumors. GUT 11:443– 449, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Ferrucci JT Jr: Radiology of the pancreas, 1976. Sonography and ductography. Radiol Clin N Amer 14: 543–561, 1976.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Fontana G, Bolondi L, Conte M, et al: An evaluation of echography in the diagnosis of pancreatic disease. GUT 17: 228–234, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Johnson ML, Mack LA: Ultrasonic evaluation of the pancreas. Gastrointest Radiol 3: 257–266, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Lee JKT, Stanley RJ, Melson GL, Et Al: Pancreatic imaging by ultrasound and computed tomography. A general review. Radiol Clin N Amer 16:105–117,

    Google Scholar 

  97. Leopold GR: Echographic study of the pancreas. JAMA 232: 287–289, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Stuber JL, Templeton AW, Bishop K: Sonographic diagnosis of pancreatic lesions. AJR 116: 406–412, 1972.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Doust BD, Ultrasonic examination of the pancreas. Radiol Clin N Amer 13: 467–478, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Cotton PB, Lees WR, Vallon AG, et al: Gray–scale ultrasonography and endoscopic pancreatography in pancreatic diagnosis. Radiology 134: 453–459, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Perlmutter GS: Pancreas In Goldberg BB (ed): Abdominal Gray–Scale Ultrasonography. New York: Wiley Medical Publication 1977, pp 168–213.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Pietri H, Sahel J, Sarles H: Diagnosis of cancer of the pancreas by echotomography), endoscopic wirsu– nography, arteriography and other means. In Glass GBJ (ed): Progress in Gastroenterology. New York: Grune & Stratton 1977, pp 617–642.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Arger PH, Mulhern CB, Bonavita JA, et al: An analysis of pancreatic sonography in pancreatic disease. J Clin Ultrasound 7: 91–97, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Pietri H, Sahel J: Ultrasonography of the Pancreas In Howat HT, Sarles H (eds): The Exocrine Pancreas. Philadelphia: WB Saunders 1979, pp 243–256.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Engelhart GJ: Diagnosis with Ultrasound in the Region of the Pancreas. In Anacker H (ed): Efficiency and Limits of Radiologic Examination of the Pancreas. Alton, Massachusetts: Publishing Sciences Group 1975, pp 245–253.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Weill FS: Ultrasonography of Digestive Diseases. St. Louis: CV Mosby 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Weinstein DP, Wolfman NT, Weinstein BJ: Ultrasonic characteristics of pancreatic tumors. Gastrointest Radiol 4: 245–251, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Kunzmann A, Bowie JD, Rochester D: Texture patterns in pancreatic sonograms. Gastrointest Radiol 4: 353–357, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Marks WM, Filly RA, Callen PW: Ultrasonic evaluation of normal pancreatic echogenicity and its relationship to fat deposition. Radiology 137:475–479,

    Google Scholar 

  110. Sample WF: Techniques for improved delineation of normal anatomy of the upper abdomen and high retroperitoneum with gray–scale ultrasound. Radiology 124: 197–202, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Simeone JF, Simonds BD: Normal Anatomy of the Pancreas by CT and Diagnostic Ultrasound. In Clinics in Diagnostic Ultrasound. Vol I. Taylor KJW (ed): Diagnostic Ultrasound in Gastrointestinal Disease, New York: Churchill Livingstone 1979, pp 73–84.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Gosink BB, Leopold GR: The dilated pancreatic duct. Ultrasonic evaluation. Radiology 126: 475–478, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Kaude JV, Wood MB, Cerda JJ, et al: Ultrasonographic demonstration of the pancreatic duct. Gastrointest Radiol 4: 239–244, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Weinstein DP, Weinstein BJ: Ultrasonic demonstration of the pancreatic duct: An analysis of 41 cases. Radiology 130: 729–734, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Lawson TL, Berland LL, Foley WD, Et Al: Ultrasonic visualization of the pancreatic duct. Radiology, In Press.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Ohto M, Saotome N, Saisho H, Et Al: Real–time sonography of the pancreatic duct: Application to percutaneous pancreatic ductography. AJR 134: 647–652, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Plumley TF, Rohrmann CA, Freeny PC, Et Al: The double duct sign: An analysis of its significance in evaluating the abnormal endoscopic retrograde cho– langiopancreatogram. AJR, In Press.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Cooperberg PL, Cohen MM, Grahm M: Ultrasono– graphically guided percutaneous pancreatography: Report of two cases. AJR 132: 662–663, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Otto R, Deyhle P: Guided puncture under real–time sonographic control. Radiology 134: 784–785, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Ohto M, Karasawa E, Tsuchiya Y, et al: Ultrasonically guided percutaneous contrast medium injection and aspiration biopsy using a real–time puncture transducer. Radiology 136: 171–176, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Zimmon DS, Panke WF, Clemett AR: Percutaneous pancreatography: Case report and presentation of technique. Gastroenterology 77: 1101–1104, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Sullivan DC, Taylor KJW, Gottschalk A: The use of ultrasound to enhance the diagnostic utility of the equivocal liver scintigraph. Radiology 128: 727–732, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Snow JH Jr, Goldstein HM, Wallace S: Comparison of scintigraphy, sonography, and computed tomography in the evaluation of hepatic neoplasms. AJR 132: 915–918, 1979.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Green B, Bree RL, Goldstein HM, et al: Grey scale ultrasound evaluation of hepatic neoplasms: Patterns anc correlations. Radiology 124: 203–208, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. McArdle CR: Ultrasonic diagnosis of liver metastases. J Clin Ultrasound 4: 265–268, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Wooten WB, Green B, Goldstein HM: Ultrasonography of necrotic hepatic metastases. Radiology 128: 447–450, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Berk JE: Diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas. Arch Intern Med 68: 525–559, 1941.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Braganza JM, Howat HT: Tumors of the exocrine pancreas. In Howat HT, Sarles H (eds): The Exocrine Pancreas. Philadelphia: WB Saunders 1979, pp 484– 519.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Weinstein DP, Weinstein BJ, Brodmerkel GJ: Ultrasonography of biliary tract dilatation without jaundice. AJR 132: 729–734, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Carlsen EN, Filly RA: Newer ultrasonographic anatomy of the upper abdomen. I. The portal and hepatic venous anatomy. J Clin Ultrasound 4: 85–90, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Filly RA, Carlsen EN: Newer ultrasonographic anatomy in the upper abdomen: II. The major systemic veins and arteries with a special note on localization of the pancreas. J Clin Ultrasound 4: 91–96, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Filly RA, Laing FC: Anatomic variation of portal venous anatomy in the porta hepatis: ultrasonographic evaluation. J Clin Ultrasound 6: 83–89, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Goldberg HI, Filly RA, Korobkin M, et al: Capability of CT body scanning and ultrasonography to demonstrate the status of the biliary ductal system in patients with jaundice. Radiology 129: 731–737, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Laing FC, London LA, Filly RA: Ultrasonographic identification of dilated intrahepatic bile ducts and their differentiation from portal venous structures. J Clin Ultrasound 6: 90–94, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Parulekar SG: Ultrasound evaluation of common bile duct size. Radiology 133: 703–707, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Lee TG, Henderson SC, Ehrlich R: Ultrasound diagnosis of common bile duct dilatation. Radiology 124: 793–797, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Malini S, Sabel J: Ultrasonography in obstructive jaundice. Radiology 123: 429–433, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Conrad MR, Landay MJ, Jones JO: Sonographic “parallel channel” sign of biliary tree enlargement in mild to moderate obstructive jaundice. AJR 130: 279–286, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Laing FC, London LA, Filly RA: Ultrasonographic identification of dilated intrahepatic bile ducts and their differentiation from portal venous structures. J Clin Ultrasound 6: 90–94, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Weill F, Eisencher A, Zelther F: Ultrasonic study of the normal and dilated biliary tree. The “shotgun” sign. Radiology 127: 221–224, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Sample WF, Sarti SA, Goldstein LI, et al: Gray–scale ultrasonography of the jaundiced patient. Radiology 128: 719–725, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Muhletaler CA, Gerlock AJ Jr, Fleischer AC, et al: Diagnosis of obstructive jaundice with nondilated bile ducts. AJR 134: 1149–1152, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Shanser JD, Korobkin M, Goldberg HI, et al: Computed tomographic diagnosis of obstructive jaundice in the absence of intrahepatic ductal dilatation. AJR 131: 389–392, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Neiman HL, Mintzer RA: Accuracy of biliary duct ultrasound; comparison with cholangiography. AJR 129: 979–982, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Taylor KJW, Rosenfeld AT: Gray scale ultrasonography in the differential diagnosis of jaundice. Arch Surg 112: 820–825, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Freimanis A. Asher W: Development of diagnostic criteria in echographic study of abdominal lesions. AJR 108: 747–751, 1970.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Leopold GR: Ultrasound. In Margulis AR, Burhenne JH (eds): Alimentary Tract Roentgenology. Abdominal Imaging. St. Louis: CV Mosby 1979, pp 275–290.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Walls WJ, Temple ton AW: The ultrasonic demonstration of inferior vena caval compression: A guide to pancreatic head enlargement with emphasis on neoplasm. Radiology 123: 165–167, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Freeny PC, Ball Tf: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and percutaneous transhepatic chalangiography (PTC) in the evaluation of suspected pancreatic carcinoma: Diagnostic limitations and contemporary roles. Cancer 47: 1666–1678, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Hessel SJ, Siegelman SS, McNeil BJ, et al: A prospective evaluation of computed tomography and ultrasound of the pancreas. Radiology 143: 129–133, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Lawson TL: Sensitivity of pancreatic ultrasonography in the detection of pancreatic disease. Radiology 128: 733–736, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Filly RA, Freimanis AK: Echographic diagnosis of pancreatic lesions: Ultrasound scanning techniques and diagnostic findings. Radiology 96: 575–582, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Burger J, Blavenstein VW: Current aspects of ultrasonic scanning of the pancreas. AJR 122: 406–412, 1974.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Stuber JL, Templeton AW, Bishop K: Sonographic diagnosis of pancreatic lesions. AJR 116: 406–412, 1972.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Walls WJ, Gonzales G, Martin NL, Et Al: B–scan ultrasound evaluation of the pancreas. Radiology 114:127– 134, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  156. McCormack LR, Seat SG, Strum WB: Pancreatic carcinoma. Survival following detection by ultrasonic scanning. JAMA 238: 240–241, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Lawson TL, Irami SK, Stock M: Detection of pancreatic pathology by ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. Gastrointest Radiol 3: 335–341, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Barkin J, Vining D, Miale A Jr, et al: Computerized tomography, diagnostic ultrasound and radionuclide scanning. Comparison of efficacy in diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. JAMA 238: 2040–2042, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Stephens DH, Sheedy PF II: Computed tomography. In Margulis AR, Burhenne HJ (eds): Alimentary Tract Radiology, Abdominal Imaging. St. Louis: CV Mosby 1979, pp 251–274.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Callen PW, Breiman RS, Korobkin M, et al: Carcinoma of the tail of the pancreas: An unusual CT appearance. AJR 133: 135–137, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Stanley RJ, Sagel SS, Levitt RG: Computed tomography of the pancreas. Radiology 124: 705–712, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Stanley RJ: Pancreas: Computed tomography. In Moss AA, Goldberg HI (eds): Computed Tomography, Ultrasound and X–Ray: An Integrated Approach. Mason 1980, pp 89–105.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Robbins AH, Gerzof SG, Pugatch RD: Newer imaging techniques for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Semin Oncol 6: 332–343, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Fawcitt RA, Forbes WSC, Isherwood I, et al: Computed tomography in pancreatic disease. Br J Radiol 51: 1–4, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Haaga JR, Alfidi RJ, Zelch MG, et al: Computed tomography of the pancreas. Radiology 120: 589–595, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Moss AA, Kressal HY: Computed tomography of the pancreas. Dig Dis 22; 1018–1027, 1977.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Sheedy PFII, Stephens DH, Hattery RR, et al: Computed tomography in the evaluation of patients with suspected carcinoma of the pancreas. Radiology 124: 731–737, 1977.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Stephens DH, Hattery RR, Sheedy PF II: Computed tomography of the abdomen. Early experience with the EMI body scanner. Radiology 119: 331–335, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Berland LL, Lawson TL, Foley WD, Et Al: Computed tomography of the normal and abnormal pancreatic duct: Correlation with pancreatic ductography. Radiology, In Press.

    Google Scholar 

  170. Kaplan JO, Isikoff MB, Barkin J, et al: Necrotic carcinoma of the pancreas: The pseudo–pseudocyst.,, J Comput Assist Tomogr 4: 166–167, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Hauser H, Battikha JG, Wettstein P: Computed tomography of the dilated main pancreatic duct. J Comput Assist Tomogr 4: 53–58, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Fishman A, Isikoff MB, Barkin JS, et al: Significance of a dilated pancreatic duct on CT examination. AJR 133: 225–227, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Seidelmann FE, Cohen WN, Bryan PJ, Et Al: CT demonstration of the splenic vein—pancreatic relationship: The pseudodilated pancreatic duct. AJR 129:17– 21, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  174. Sheedy PF II, Stephens DH, Hattery RR, et al: Computed tomography of the pancreas. Radiol Clin N Amer 15: 349–366, 1977.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Kreel L: Computed Tomography of Pancreatic Tumors. In Kawai K (ed): Early Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer. New York: Igaku–Shoin 1980, pp 89–104.

    Google Scholar 

  176. Raptopoulos V, Schellinger D: Imaging of the pancreas with computed tomography. Comput Tomogr 3: 37–47, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Alfidi RJ, Haaga JR, Havrilla TR, et al: Computed tomography of the liver, AJR 127: 69–74, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Levitt RG, Sagel SS, Stanley RJ, et al: Accuracy of computed tomography of the liver and biliary tract. Radiology 124: 123–128, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Biello DR, Levitt RG, Siegel BA, et al: Computed tomography and radionuclide imaging of the liver: A comparative evaluation. Radiology 127: 159–163, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Scherer V, Rothe R, Eissnburg J, et al: Diagnostic accuracy of CT in circumscript liver disease. AJR 130: 711–714, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Freeny PC, Anatonovic R, Gutierrez OH, et al: Diagnostic effectiveness of infusion hepatic angiography. Rofeo 124: 534–541, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Rosch J, Freeny PC, Antonovic R, et al: Infusion hepatic angiography in diagnosis of liver metastases. Cancer 38: 2278–2286, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Araki T, Itai Y, Furi S, et al: Dynamic CT densitometry of hepatic tumors. AJR 135: 1037–1043, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Marchal GJ, Baert AL, Wilms GE: CT of noncystic liver lesions: Bolus enhancement. AJR 135: 57–65, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Havrilla TR, Haaga JR, Alfidi RJ, et al: Computed tomography and obstructive biliary disease. AJR 128: 765–768, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Foley WD, Wilson CR, Quiroz FA, et al: Demonstration of the normal extrahepatic biliary tract with computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 4: 48–52, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Isherwood I, Fawcitt RA: Computed tomography of the pancreas. In Howat HT, Sarles H (eds): The Exocrine Pancreas. Philadelphia: WB Saunders 1979, pp 227–242.

    Google Scholar 

  188. Haaga JR, Alfidi RJ: Computed tomographic scanning of the pancreas. Radiol Clin N Amer 15: 367–376, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Laing FC, Filly RA, Gooding GAW: Spleen: ultrasound, In Margulis AR, Burhenne HJ (eds): Alimentary Tract Radiology. Abdominal Imaging. St. Louis, CV Mosby, 1979, pp. 332–341.

    Google Scholar 

  190. Clark KE, Foley WD, Lawson TL, et al: CT evaluation of esophageal and upper abdominal varices. J Computer Assisted Tomography 4: 510–515, 1980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Freeny PC, Marks WM, Ball TJ: Impact of high–resolution computed tomography of the pancreas on utilization of ERCP and angiography. Radiology 142:35– 39, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  192. Haaga JR, Alfidi RJ, Havrilla TR, et al: Definitive role of CT scanning of the pancreas. The second year’s experience. Radiology 124: 723–730, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Whalen JP: Caldwell lecture. Radiology of the abdomen: Impact of new imaging methods. AJR 133:587– 618, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  194. Ferrucci JT Jr, Wittenberg J, Black EB, et al: Computed body tomography in chronic pancreatitis. Radiology 130: 175–182, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Ferrucci JT Jr, Wittenberg J: A comprehensive approach for diagnosis of pancreatic disease. Radiology 136: 255–256, 1980.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Freeny PC: Radiologic evaluation of pancreatic neoplasms: the impact of computed tomography. In Moss A A, Goldberg HI (eds): Interventional Radiologic Techniques: Computed Tomography and Ultrasonography. San Francisco University of California, Department of Radiology 1981, pp 279–288.

    Google Scholar 

  197. Simeone JF, Wittenberg J, Ferrucci JT Jr: Modern concepts of imaging of the pancreas. Invest Radiol 15: 6–18, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Stanley RJ, Sagel SS, Evens RG: The impact of new imaging methods on pancreatic arteriography. Radiology 136: 251–253, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Freeny PC, Ball TJ: Evaluation of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and angiography in the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. AJR 130:683– 691, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  200. Freeny PC, Ball TJ: Rapid diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. An algorithmic approach. Radiology 127: 627–633, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Freeny PC, Kidd R, Ball TJ: ERCP–guided percutaneous fine–needle pancreatic biopsy. West J Med 132: 283–287, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. DiMagno EP, Malagelada J–R, Taylor WP, Go VLW: A prospective comparison of current diagnostic tests in pancreatic cancer. N Engl J Med 297: 737–742, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Osnes M, Serck–Hanssen A, Myren J: Endoscopic retrograde brush cytology (ERBC) of the biliary and pancreatic ducts. Scand J Gastroenterol 10: 829–831, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Reuben A, Cotton PB: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in carcinoma of the pancreas. Surg Gynec Obstet 148: 179–184, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Freeny PC, Bilbao MK, Katon RM: “Blind” evaluation of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma: The “double duct” and other signs. Radiology 119: 271–274, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Rohrmann CA Jr, Silvis SE, Vennes JA: Evaluation of the endoscopic pancreatogram. Radiology 113: 297–304, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Ralls PW, Halls J, Renner I, Juttner H: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in pancreatic disease. A reassessment of the specificity of ductal abnormalities in differentiating benign from malignant disease. Radiology 134: 347–352, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Rohrmann CA Jr, Silvis SE, Vennes JA: The significance of pancreatic ductal obstruction in differential diagnosis of the abnormal endoscopic retrograde pancreatogram. Radiology 121: 311–314, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. AriyamaJ, Shirakabe H, Sumida M, Bartram CI: Angiographic evaluation of the abdominal endoscopic pancreatogram. Gastrointest Radiol 4: 231–237, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  210. Freeny PC, Ball TJ, Ryan J: Impact of new diagnostic imaging methods on pancreatic angiography. AJR 133: 619–624, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Silvis SE, Rohrmann CA, Vennes J A: Diagnostic criteria for the evaluation of the endoscopic pancreatogram. Gastrointest Endosc 20: 51–55, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Fukumoto K, Nakajima M, Murakami K, Kawai K: Diagnosis of pancreatic cancer by endoscopic pan– creatocholangiography. Am J Gastroenterol 62:21– 213, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  213. Roberts–Thomson IC: Endoscopic retrograde pancreatography. Analysis of the normal pancreatogram and changes which are associated with chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma. Med J Australia 2: 793–796, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  214. Takemoto T, Kasugai T: Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography. Tokyo: Igaku–Shoin 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  215. Kasugai T, Kuno N, Kizu M: Endoscopic pancreato– cholangiography with special reference to manomet– ric method. Med J Australia 2: 717–725, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Kasugai T, Kuno N, Kizu M: Manometric endoscropic retrograde pancreatocholangiography. Technique, significance, and evaluation. Am J Dig Dis 19:485– 502, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  217. Anacker H, Weiss H–D, Kramann B, Rupp N: Experience with endoscopic retrograde pancreatography. AJR 122: 375–384, 1974.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Kruse A, Thommesen P, Frederiksen P: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 13: 513–517, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Classen M, Anacker H, Stadelmann O, et al: The diagnosis of tumors of the papilla of Vater and of the pancreas by endoscopic–radiologic cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). (In Anacker H (ed): Efficiency and Limits of Radiologic Examination of the Pancreas. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme 1975, pp 203–209.

    Google Scholar 

  220. Garabedian M, Shanszad M: Pancreatography in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas. Med Clin N Amer 59: 239–246, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Stadelmann O, Safrang L, Loffler A, et al: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Endoscopy 6: 84–93, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  222. Satake K, Umeyama K, Kobayashi K, et al: An evaluation of endoscopic pancreatocholangiography in surgical patients. Surg Gynec Obstet 140: 349–354, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Stewart ET, Vennes JA, Geenen JE: Atlas of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography. St. Louis: CV Mosby 1977, p. 247.

    Google Scholar 

  224. Ayoola EA, Vennes JA, Silvis SE, Rohrmann CA, Ansel HJ: Endoscopic retrograde intrahepatic cholangiography in liver diseases. Gastrointest Endosc 22: 156–159, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Rohrmann CA Jr, Ansel HJ, Ayoola EA, Et Al: Endoscopic retrograde intrahepatic cholangiogram: Radiographic findings in intrahepatic disease. AJR 128:45– 52, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  226. Wood RAB, Moossa AR, Blackstone MO, et al: Comparative value of four methods of intestigating the pancreas. Surgery 80: 518–522, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Kasugai T, Kuno N, Aoki I, et al: Fiberduodenoscopy: Analysis of 353 examinations. Gastrointest Endosc 18: 9–16, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Brühlmann VW, Rüttimann A: Die uterscheidung zwischen malignen und benignen Läsionen in retrograden pankreatikogramm. Fortschr Röntgenstr 124: 542–546, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  229. Kawanishi H, Pollard HM: Endoscopic evaluation of cancer of the pancreas. Semin Oncol 6: 309–317, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Norton RA, Ogoshi K, Hara Y, Niwa M, Paul RE Jr, Tomas J, Fawaz K: Pancreatographic abnormalities due to pancreatic cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 20:13– 14, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  231. Ogoshi K, Niwa M, Hara Y, Nebel OT: Endoscopic pancreatocholangiography in the evaluation of pancreatic and biliary disease. Gastroenterology 64:210– 216, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  232. Goldman ML, Gonzalez AC, Galambos JT, Gordon IJ, Oen K–T: The transjubular technique of hepatic venography and biopsy, cholangiography, and obliteration of esophageal varices. Radiology 128:325– 331, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  233. Rösch J, Lakin PC, Antonovic R, Dotter CT: Trans– jugular approach to liver biopsy and transhepatic cholangiography. N Engl J Med 289: 227–231, 1973.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  234. Tylen U, Hoevels J, Vang J: Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography with external drainage of obstructive biliary lesions. Surg Gynec Obstet 144:13– 18, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  235. Nakayama T, Ikeda A, Okuda K: Percutaneous transhepatic drainage of the biliary tract: Techniques and results in 104 patients. Gastroenterology 74:554– 559, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  236. Ring EJ, Oleaga JA, Freiman DB, et al: Therapeutic applications of catheter cholangiography. Radiology 128: 333–338, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Hoevels J, Lunderquist A, Ihse I: Percutaneous transhepatic intubation of bile ducts for combined internal–external drainage in preoperative and palliative treatment of obstructive jaundice. Gastrointest Radiol 3: 23–31, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Berk RN, Clemett AR: Radiology of the Gallbladder and Bile Ducts. Philadelphia: WB Saunders 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  239. Baddeley H, Nolan DJ, Salmon PR: Radiological Atlas of Biliary and Pancreatic Disease. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  240. Evans JA: Specialized roentgen diagnostic techniques in the investigation of abdominal disease. Radiology 82: 579–593, 1964.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Ohto M, Ono T, Tsuchiya Y, Saisho H: Cholangiography and Pancreatography. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  242. Lang EK: Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. Radiology 112: 283–290, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  243. Fleming MP, Carlson HC, Adson MA: Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography: the differential diagnosis of bile duct pathology, AJR 116: 327–336, 1972.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Isley JK, Schauble JF: Interpretation of the percutaneous cholangiogram. AJR 88: 772–777, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  245. Mujahed Z, Evans JA: Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. Radiol Clin N Amer 4: 535–545, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  246. Hatfield PM, Wise RE: Radiology of the Gallbladder and Bile Ducts. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  247. Buonocore E: Transhepatic percutaneous cholangiography. Radiol Clin N Amer 14: 527–542, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Kittredge RD, Baer JW: Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. Problems in interpretation. AJR 125: 35–46, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Jaques PF, Bream CA: Barium duodenography as an adjunct to percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. AJR 130: 693–696, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. Okuda K, Iio M: Radiological Aspects of the Liver and Biliary Tract. X–ray and Radioisotope Diagnosis. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  251. Kaude JV, Weidenmier CH, Agee OF: Decompression of bile ducts with the percutaneous transhepatic technique. Radiology 93: 69–71, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. Molnar W, Stockum AE: Relief of obstructive jaundice through percutaneous transhepatic catheter— a new therapeutic method. AJR 122: 356–367, 1974.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Burcharth F, Nielbo N: Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography with selective catheterization of the common bile duct. AJR 127: 409–412, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. Pereiras RV, Rheingold OJ, Hutson D, et al: Relief of malignant obstructive jaundice by percutaneous insertion of a permanent prosthesis in the biliary tree. Ann Int Med 89: 589–593, 1978.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  255. Hoevels J, Lunderquist A, Ihse I: Percutaneous transhepatic intubation of bile ducts for combined treatment of obstructive jaundice. Gastrointest Radiol 3: 23–31, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. Ariyama J, Shirakabe H, Ohashi K, Et Al: Experience with percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography using the Japanese needle. Gastrointest Radiol 2:359– 365, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  257. Harrington DP, Barth KH, Maddrey WC, Et Al: Per– cutaneously placed biliary stents in the management of malignant biliary obstruction. Dig Dis Sei 24:849– 857, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  258. Hansson JA, Hoevels J, Simert G, et al: Clinical aspects of nonsurgical percutaneous transhepatic bile drainage in obstructive lesions of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Ann Surg 189: 58–61, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Pollock TW, Ring ER, Oleaga JA, et al: Percutaneous decompression of benign and malignant biliary obstruction. Arch Surg 114: 148–151, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Hellekant C, Jonsson K, Genell S: Percutaneous internal drainage in jaundice. AJR 134: 661–664, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Ferrucci JT Jr, Mueller PR, Harbin WP: Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. Technique, results, and applications. Radiology 135: 1–3, 1980.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  262. Mendez G Jr, Russell E, Levi JU, et al: Percutaneous brush biopsy and internal drainage of biliary tree through endoprosthesis. AJR 134: 653–659, 1980.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  263. Lunderquist A, Lunderquist M, Owman T: Guide wire for percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. Radiology 132: 228, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. Burcharth F: A new endoprosthesis for nonoperative intubation of the biliary tract in malignant obstructive jaundice. Surg Gynec Obstet 146: 76–78, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Cotton PB, Burney PGJ, Mason RR: Transnasal bile duct catheterisation after endoscopic sphincterotomy. GUT 20: 285–287, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Soehendra N, Reynders–Frederix V: Palliative bile duct drainage—a new endoscopic method of introducing a transpapillary drain. Endoscopy 12: 8–11, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. Fitzgerald PJ, Fortner JG, Watson RC, et al: The value of diagnostic aids in detecting pancreas cancer. Cancer 41: 868–879, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Ariyama J, Shirakabe H, Ikenobe H, et al: The diagnosis of the small resectable pancreatic carcinoma. Clin Radiol 28: 437–444, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Eisenberg H: Pancreatic angiography. In Hilal SK (ed): Small Vessel Angiography: Imaging, Morphology, Physiology and Clinical Applications. St. Louis: CV Mosby 1973, pp 405–433.

    Google Scholar 

  270. Goldstein HM, Neiman HL, Bookstein JJ: Angiographic evaluation of pancreatic disease. A further appraisal. Radiology 112: 275–282, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Hawkins IF Jr, Kaude JV, MacGregor A: Priscoline and epinephrine in selective pancreatic angiography. Radiology 116: 311–321, 1975.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  272. Rösch J, Holman DC: Superselective arteriography of the pancreas. In Anacker H (ed): Efficiency and Limits of Radiologic Examination of the Pancreas. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme 1975, pp 159–167.

    Google Scholar 

  273. Reuter SR, Redman HC: Gastrointestinal Angiography. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  274. Rosch J, Judkins MP: Angiography in the diagnosis of pancreatic disease. Semin Roentgenol 3: 296–209, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  275. Keller FS, Niles NR, Rosch J: Retrograde pancreatic venography: Autopsy study. Radiology 135: 285–293, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. Fortner JG: Regional resection of cancer of the pancreas: A new surgical approach. Surgery 73: 307–320, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Fortner JG: Recent advances in pancreatic cancer. Surg Clin N Amer 54: 859–863, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. Suzuki T, Kawabe K, Natayasu A, et al: Selective arteriography in cancer of the pancreas at a resectable stage. Am J Surg 122: 402–407, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Suzuki T, Kawabe K, Imamura M, Honjo I: Survival of patients with cancer of the pancreas in relation to findings on arteriography. Ann Surg 176: 37–41, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Suzuki T, Tani T, Honjo I: Appraisal of arteriography for assessment of operability in periampullary cancer. Ann Surg 182: 66–71, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. Sato T, Saitoh, Y, Koyama K, Watanable K: Preoperative determination of operability in carcinomas of the pancreas and the periampullary region. Ann Surg 168: 876–886, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. Tylen U, Arnesjo B: Resectability and prognosis of carcinoma of the pancreas evaluated by angiography. Scand J Gastroenterol 8: 691–697, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  283. Ariyama J, Shirakabe H, Ikenobe H, et al: Angiographic diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. Stomach and Intestine 11: 1605–1018, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  284. Reuter SR: Superselective pancreatic angiography. In Anacker H (ed): Efficiency and Limits of Radiologic Examination of the Pancreas. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme 1975, pp 149–158.

    Google Scholar 

  285. Tylen U: Accuracy of angiography in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas. Acta Radiol 14:449– 466, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  286. Mackie CR, Lu CT, Noble HG, Cooper MJ, et al: Prospective evaluation of angiography in the diagnosis and management of patients suspected of having pancreatic cancer. Ann Surg 189: 11–17, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. Nebesar RA, Pollard JJ: A critical evaluation of selective celiac and superior mesenteric angiography in the diagnosis of pancreatic disease, particularly malignant tumor: Facts and “artifacts.” Radiology 89: 1017–1027, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  288. Bookstein JJ, Reuter SR, Martel W: Angiographic evaluation of pancreatic carcinoma. Radiology 93: 757–764, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. Herlinger H, Finlay DBL: Evaluation and follow–up of pancreatic arteriograms. A new role for angiography in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas. Clin Radiol 29: 277–284, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. Blackstone MO, Cockerham L, Kirsner JB, et al: Intraductal aspiration for cytodiagnosis in pancreatic malignancy. Gastrointest Endosc 23: 145–147, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. Endo Y, Moru T, Tamura H, et al: Cytodiagnosis of pancreatic malignant tumors by aspiration under direct vision using duodenal fiberscope. Gastroenterology 67: 944–951, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  292. Goodale RL, Condie RM, Dressel TD, et al: A study of secretory proteins, cytology and tumor site in pancreatic cancer. Ann Surg 189: 340–344, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  293. Hatfield ARW, Smithies A, Wilkins R, et al: Assessment of endoscopic retrograde cyolangiopancreatog– raphy (ERCP) and pure pancreatic juice cytology in patients with pancreatic disease. GUT 17: 14–21, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. Kawanishi H, Sell JE, Pollard HM: Combined endoscopic pancreatic fluid collection and retrograde pancreatography in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc 22:82– 85, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  295. Tsuchiya R, Henni T, Kondo N, et al: Endoscopic aspiration biopsy of the pancreas. Gastroenterology 73: 1050–1052, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  296. Rosen RG, Garret M, Aka E: Cytologic diagnosis of pancreatic cancer by ductal aspiration. Ann Surg 167: 427–432, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  297. Christoffersen P, Poll P: Peroperative pancreas aspiration biopsies. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 212 (Suppl): 28–32, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  298. Koivuniemi A, Lempinen M, Pantzar P: Fine–needle aspiration biopsy of pancreas. Ann Chir Gynaecol 61: 273–280, 1972.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  299. Forsgren L, Orell S: Aspiration cytology in carcinoma of the pancreas. Surgery 73: 38–42, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  300. Kline TS, Neal HS, Needle aspiration biopsy. A safe diagnostic procedure for lesions of the pancreas. Am J Clin Pathol 63: 16–19, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  301. Oscarson J, Stormby N, Sundgren R: Selective angiography in fine–needle aspiration cytodiagnosis of gastric and pancreatic tumors. Acta Radiol Diag 12:737– 748, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  302. Clouse ME, Greeg JA, McDonald DG, et al: Percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy of pancreatic carcinoma. Gastrointest Radiol 2: 67–69, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  303. Dekker A, Lloyd JC: Fine–needle aspiration biopsy in ampullary and pancreatic carcinoma. Arch Surg 114: 592–596, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  304. Evander A, Ihse I, Lunderquist A, et al: Percutaneous cytodiagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas and bile duct. Ann Surg 188: 90–92, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  305. Hancke S, Holm HH, Koch F: Ultrasonically guided percutaneous fine needle biopsy of the pancreas. Surg Gynec Obstet 140: 361–364, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  306. Ho C–S, McLoughlin MJ, McHattie JD, et al: Percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy of the pancreas following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Radiology 125: 351–353, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  307. Skolnick ML, Dekker A, Weinstein BJ: Ultrasound guided fine–needle aspiration biopsy of abdominal masses. Gastrointest Radiol 3: 295–302, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  308. Smith EH, Bartrum RJ, Chang YC, et al: Percutaneous aspiration biopsy of the pancreas under ultrasonic guidance. N Engl J Med 292: 825–828, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  309. Tylen U, Arnesjo B, Lindberg LG, et al: Percutaneous biopsy of carcinoma of the pancreas guided by angiography. Surg Gynec Obstet 142: 737–739, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  310. Wittenberg J, Ferrucci JT Jr: Radiographically guided needle biopsy of abdominal neoplasms—who, how, when, why. J Clin Gastroenterol 1: 273–284, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  311. Goldman ML, Naib ZM, Galambos JT, et al: Preoperative diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma by percutaneous aspiration biopsy. Am J Dig Dis 22: 1076–1082, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  312. Ferrucci JT Jr, Wittenberg J, Margolies MN, Carey RW: Malignant seeding of the tract after thin–needle aspiration biopsy. Radiology 130: 345–346, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  313. Ihse I, Toregard B–M, Akerman M: Intraoperative fine needle aspiration cytology in pancreatic lesions. Ann Surg 190: 732–734, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  314. Isaacson R, Weiland LH, Mcllrath DC: Biopsy of the pancreas. Arch Surg 109: 227–230, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  315. Bowden L: The fallibility of pancreatic biopsy. Ann Surg 139: 403–408, 1954.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  316. Horton JA, Bank WO, Kerber CW: Guiding the thin spinal needle. AJR 134: 845–846, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  317. Yeh EL, Kroneurotter C, Meade RC, et al: Technical considerations in B–mode scanning with an aspiration transducer. Radiology 129: 527–530, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  318. Otto R, Deyhle P: Guided puncture under real–time sonographic control. Radiology 134: 784–785, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  319. Ohto M, Saotome N, Saisho H, et al: Real–time sonography of the pancreatic duct: Application to percutaneous pancreatic ductography. AJR 134: 647–652, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  320. Ferrucci JT Jr, Wittenberg J: CT biopsy of abdominal tumor: Aids for lesion localization. Radiology 129: 739–744, 1978.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  321. Haaga JR, Alfidi RJ: Precise biopsy localization by computed tomography. Radiology 118:603–607,

    Google Scholar 

  322. Kidd R, Freeny PC, Bartha M: Single pass fine needle aspiration biopsy. AJR 133: 333–334, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  323. Mennemeyer R, Bartha M, Kidd CR: Diagnostic cytology and electron microscopy of fine–needle aspirates of retroperitoneal lymph nodes in the diagnosis of metastatic pelvic neoplasms. Acta Cytol 23:370– 373, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  324. Kline TS, Neal HS: Needle aspiration biopsy: A critical appraisal. Eight years and 3, 267 specimens later. JAMA 239: 36–39, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  325. Frable WJ: Thin–needle aspiration biopsy. A personal experience with 469 cases. Am J Clin Pathol 65:168– 182, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  326. Berger RL, Dargan EL, Haung BL: Dissemination of cancer cells by needle biopsy of the lung. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 63: 430–432, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  327. Bush WH Jr, Burnett LL, Gibbons RP: Needle tract seeding of renal cell carcinoma. AJR 129:725–727,

    Google Scholar 

  328. Crile G Jr, Hazard JB: Classification of thyroiditis with special reference to the use of needle biopsy. J Clin Endocrinol 11: 1123–1127, 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  329. Desai SG, Woodruff LM: Carcinoma of prostate. Local extension following perineal needle biopsy. Urology 3: 87–88, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  330. Labardini MM, Nesbit RM: Perineal extension of adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland after punchbiopsy. J Urol 97: 891–893, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  331. Wolinsky H, Lischner MW: Needle tract implantation of tumor after percutaneous lung biopsy. Ann Int Med 71: 359–362, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  332. Goldstein HM, Zornoza J: Percutaneous transperitoneal aspiration biopsy of pancreatic masses. Dig Dis Sei 23: 840–843, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  333. Goldstein HM, Zornoza J, Wallace S, et al: Percutaneous fine–needle aspiration biopsy of pancreatic and other abdominal masses. Radiology 123: 319–322, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  334. Blair M, Manske RF: The pancreas specificity of SE– 75–selenomethionine. J Nucl Med 2: 102–105, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  335. Potsaid MS: Radionuclide pancreatography. In Eaton SB, Ferrucci JT (eds): Radiology of the Pancreas and Duodenum. Philadelphia: WB Saunders 1973, pp 203–226.

    Google Scholar 

  336. Bachrach WH, Birsner JW, Izenstark JL, Smith VL: Pancreatic scanning: A review. Gastroenterology 63: 890–910, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  337. Bouchier IAD, Youngs GR, Agnew JE: Pancreatic scanning. Clin Gastroenterol 1: 105–118, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  338. Eaton SB, Ferrucci JT, Benedict KT: A comprehensive evaluation of radiologic exploration of the pancreas. Crit Rev Rad Sei 1: 165–202, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  339. Rosch J: Radiologic diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. J Surg Oncol 7: 121–133, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  340. Sadar ES, Hardy RW Jr: Thoracic splanchnicectomy and symphatectomy for relief of pancreatic pain. In Cooperman AM, Hoerr SO (eds): Surgery of the Pancreas. A Text and Atlas. St. Louis: CV Mosby 1978, pp 141–152.

    Google Scholar 

  341. Sadar ES, Cooperman AM: Bilateral thoracic sympa– thectomy–splanchnicectomy in the treatment of intractable pain due to pancreatic carcinoma. Cleveland Clin Quart 41: 185–188, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  342. Thompson GE, Moore DC, Bridenbaugh LD, et al: Abdominal pain and alcohol celiac plexus nerve block. Anesth Analg 56: 1–5, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  343. Bridenbaugh LD, Moore DC, Campbell DD: Management of upper abdominal cancer pain. Treatment with celiac plexus block with alcohol. JAMA 190: 877– 880, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  344. Moore DC: Regional Block. A Handbook for Use in the Clinical Practice of Medicine and Surgery. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas 1978, pp 145– 162.

    Google Scholar 

  345. Moore DC, Bush WH, Burnett LL: Celiac plexus block: a roentgenographic, anatomic study of technique and spread of solution in humans and corpses. Anesth Analg 60: 369–379, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  346. Doubelbower RR Jr: The radiotherapy of pancreatic cancer. Semin Oncol 6: 378–389, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  347. Carter SK, Comis RL: The integration of chemotherapy into a combined modality approach for cancer treatment. Cancer Treat Rev 2: 193–214, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  348. Frey C, Twomey P, Keehn R, et al: Randomized study of 5–FU and CCNU in pancreatic cancer: Report of the veterans administration surgical adjuvant cancer chemotherapy study group. Cancer 47: 27–31, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  349. A multi–institutional comparative trial of radiation therapy alone and in combination with 5–fluorouracil for locally unresectable pancreatic carcinoma. The Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group. Ann Surg 189: 205–208, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  350. Levin B, ReMine WH, Hermann RE, et al: Panel: Cancer of the pancreas. Am J Surg 135: 185–191, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  351. Brooks JR: Operative approach to pancreatic carcinoma. Semin Oncol 6: 357–367, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  352. Ihse I, Lilja P, Arnesjo B, et al: Total pancreatectomy for cancer. An appraisal of 65 cases. Ann Surg 186: 675–680, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  353. Fortner JG: Surgical principles for pancreatic cancer. Regional total and subtotal pancreatectomy. Cancer 47: 1712–1718, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  354. Pliam MB, ReMine WH: Further evaluation of total pancreatectomy. Arch Surg 110: 506–512, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  355. Fortner JG, Kim DK, Cubilla A, et al: Regional pancreatectomy: En bloc pancreatic, portal vein, and lymph node resection. Ann Surg 186: 42–50, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  356. Hicks RE, Brooks JR: Total pancreatectomy for ductal carcinoma. Surg Gynec Obstet 133: 16–20, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  357. Aston SJ, Longmire WP Jr: Management of the pancreas after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Ann Surg 179: 322–327, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  358. Smith R: Progress in the surgical treatment of pancreatic disease. Am J Surg 125: 145–153, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  359. Moossa AR, Lewis MH, Mackie CR: Surgical treatment of pancreatic cancer. Mayo Clin Proc 54:468– 474, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  360. Warren KW, Choe DS, Plaza J, et al: Results of radical resection for periampullary cancer. Ann Surg 181: 534–540, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  361. Monge JJ, Judd ES, Gage RP: Radical pancreatoduodenectomy; a 22 year experience with complications, mortality rate and survival rate. Ann Surg 160:711– 722, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  362. Brooks JR, Culebras JM: Cancer of the pancreas. Palliative operation, Whipple procedure, or total pancreatectomy? Am J Surg 131: 516–520, J976.

    Google Scholar 

  363. van Heerden JA, ReMine WH, Llícllrath DC, Ilstrup DM: Total pancreatectomy for ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Mayo Clinic experience. Am J Surg 142: 308–311, 1981.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1982 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Freeny, P.C., Lawson, T.L. (1982). Adenocarcinoma of the Pancreas. In: Radiology of the Pancreas. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5689-2_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5689-2_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-5691-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-5689-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics