Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Endocrine Tumors of the Pancreas

  • Chapter
Radiology of the Pancreas

Abstract

The islet cells of the pancreas were first described in 1869 by Langerhans; however, he did not associate the cells with any particular function. Over 100 years later, these tiny islands of cells now are recognized as the source of a variety of important hormones, including insulin and glucagon, as well as being responsible for a variety of endocrine neoplasms and syndromes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Nicholls AG: Simple adenoma of pancreas arising from an island of Langerhans. J Med Res 8: 385, 1902.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Banting FG, Best CH: The internal secretion of the pancreas. J Lab Clin Med 7:25–; 261, 1922.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Pearse AGE: The APUD concept and its implications in pathology. Pathol Annual 9: 27–42, 1974.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Solcia E, Polak JM, Pearse AGE, et al: Lavsanne 1977 classification of gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) endocrine cells. In Bloom SR (ed): Gut Hormones. Edinburgh: Churchill-Livingstone 1978, pp 10–18.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Larsson LI: Endocrine pancreatic tumors. Hum Pathol 9: 401–416, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Larsson L-I, Grimelius L, Hakanson R, et al: Mixed endocrine pancreatic tumors producing several peptide hormones. Am J Pathol 79: 271–284, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Levin ME: Endocrine syndromes associated with pancreatic islet cell tumors. Med Clin N Amer 52: 295–312, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Greider MH, Rosai J, McGuigan JE: The human pancreatic islet cells and their tumors. II. Ulcerogenic and diarrheogenic tumors. Cancer 33: 1423–1443, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Broder LE, Carter SK: Pancreatic islet cell carcinoma. I. Clinical features of 52 patients. Ann Int Med 79: 101–107, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Schein PS, DeLellis RA, Kahn CR, et al: Islet cell tumors: Current concepts and management. Ann Int Med 79: 239–257, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Visser PA, Friesen SR: Uncommon tumors of the APUD system. Surg Clin N Amer 59: 143–158, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Zollinger RM, Ellison EH: Primary peptic ulcerations of the jejunum associated with islet cell tumors of the pancreas. Ann Surg 142: 709–726, 1955.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Ellison EH, Wilson SD: The Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: Reappraisal and evaluation of 260 registered cases. Ann Surg 160: 512–530, 1964.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Way L, Goldman L, Dunphy JE: Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: An analysis of twenty- five cases. Am J Surg 116: 293–304, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Cameron AJ, Hoffman HN II: Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: Clinical features and long–term follow–up. Mayo Clin Proc 49: 44–51, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Wright HK, Hersh T, Folch MH, Weinstein LD: Impaired intestinal absorption in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome independent of gastric hypersecretion. Am J Surg 119: 250–253, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Shimoda SS, Saunders DR, Rubin CE: The Zollinger– Ellison syndrome with steatorrhea. II. The mechanisms of fat and vitamin Bi2 malabsorption. Gastroenterology 55: 705–723, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Ballard HS, Frame B, Hartsock RJ: Familial multiple endocrine adenoma–peptic ulcer complex. Medicine 43: 481–516, 1964.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Johnson GJ, Summerskill WHS, Anderson VE: Clinical and genetic investigation of a large kindred with multiple endocrine adenomatosis. N Engl J Med 277: 1379–1385, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Karbach HE Jr, Galindo DL: Familial endocrine adenomatosis. Tex Med 66: 54–63, 1970.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Ayogi T, Summerskill WHJ: Gastric secretion with ulcerogenic islet cell tumor: Importance of basal acid output. Arch Int Med 117: 667–672, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Lewin M, Stagg B, Clark C: Gastric acid secretion and diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Br Med J 2: 139–141, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Winship DH, Ellison EH: Variability of gastric secretion in patients with and without the Zollinger– Ellison syndrome. Lancet 1: 1128–1130, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Ruppert RD, Greenberger NJ, Berman FM, et al: Gastric secretion in ulcerogenic tumors in the pancreas. Ann Int Med 67: 808–811, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. McGuigan JE, Trudeau WL: Immunochemical measurement of elevated levels of gastrin in the serum of patients with pancreatic tumors of the Zollinger– Ellison variety. N Engl J Med 278: 1308–1313, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Yalow RS, Berson SA: Radioimmunoassay of gastrin. Gastroenterology 58: 1–14, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Trudeau WL, McGuigan JE: Serum gastrin levels in patients with peptic ulcer disease. Gastroenterology 59: 6–10, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. McGuigan JE, Trudeau WL: Serum gastrin concentrations in pernicious anemia. N Engl J Med 282: 358–361, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Ganguli PC, Cullen DR, Irvine WJ: Radioimmunoassay of plasma–gastrin in pernicious anaemia, achlor– hydria without pernicious anaemia, hypochlorhyd– ria, and in controls. Lancet 1: 155–157, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Korman MG, Strickland RG, Hansky J: Serum gastrin in chronic gastritis. Br Med J 2: 16–18, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Isenberg JI, Walsh JH, Grossman MI: Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Gastroenterology 65: 140–165, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. McGuigan JE: Disorders of gastrin secretion. Adv Int Med 19: 179–193, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Hansky J, Soveny C, Korman MG: Effect of secretin on serum gastrin as measured by immunoassay. Gastroenterology 61: 62–68, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Kolts BE, Herbest CA, McGuigan JE: Calcium and secretin–stimulated gastrin release in the Zollinger– Ellison syndrome. Ann Int Med 81: 758–761, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Passaro E Jr, Basso N, Sanchez RE, Gordon HE: Newer studies in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Am J Surg 120: 138–140, 1970.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Trudeau WL, McGuigan JE: Effects of calcium on serum gastrin in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. N Engl J Med 281: 862–868, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. McGuigan JE: The Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. In Sleisenger MH, Fordtran JS (eds): Gastrointestinal Disease. Philadelphia: WB Saunders 1978, pp 860– 875.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Hoffman JW, Fox PS, Wilson SD: Duodenal wall tumors and the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Arch Surg 107: 334–338, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Fox PS, Hoffmann JW, Wilson SD, et al: Surgical management of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Surg Clin N Amer 54: 395–407, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Wermer P: Duality of pancreatogenous peptic ulcer (correspondence). N Engl J Med 278: 397–398, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Polak JM, Stagg B, Pearse AGE: Two types of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: Immunofluorescent, cyto– chemical and ultrastructural studies of the antral and pancreatic gastrin cells in different clinical states. GUT 13: 501–512, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. McCarthy DM: The place of surgery in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. N Engl J Med 302:1344– 1347, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Stage JG, Stadil F: The clinical diagnosis of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Scand J Gastroenterol (14:Suppl) 53: 79–91, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Deveney CW, Deveney KS, Way LW: The Zollinger-Ellison syndrome—23 years later. Ann Surg 188: 384–393, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Regan PT, Malagelada JR: A reappraisal of clinical, roentgenographic, and endoscopic features of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 53:19– 23, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Creutzfeldt W, Arnold R, Creutzfeldt C, Track NS: Pathomorphologic, biochemical and diagnostic aspects of gastrinomas (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome). Hum Pathol 6: 47–76, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Zollinger RM, Martin EW, Carey LC, Sparkes J, Minton JP: Observations on the postoperative tumor growth behavior of certain islet cell tumors. Ann Surg 184: 525–530, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Bozymski EM, Woodruff K, Sessions JT: Zollinger– Ellison syndrome with hypoglycemia associated with calcification of the tumor and its metastases. Gastroenterology 65: 658–661, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Jahnke RW, Gnekow W, Harell GS: Calcification associated with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and multiple endocrine adenomatosis. Gastrointest Radiol 1: 345–347, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Rosenbusch G, Lamers C, Van Tongeren J: Pep– tische oesophagitis und tumorverkalkung beim Zollinger-Ellison syndrom. Radiologe 15: 210–214, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Dodds WJ, Dehn TG, Hogan WJ, et al: Severe peptic esophagitis in a patient with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. AJR 113: 237–240, 1971.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Smith HJ, Chapa HJ, Kilman WJ, Watkins WL: Zollinger-Ellison syndrome presenting as esophageal stricture. Gastrointest Radiol 4: 349–351, 1979.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Christoforidis AJ, Nelson SW: Radiological manifestations of ulcerogenic tumors of pancreas: Zollinger– Ellison syndrome. JAMA 198: 511–516, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Nelson SW, Christoforidis AJ: Roentgenologic features of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome—ulcerogenic tumor of the pancreas. Semin Roentgenol 3: 254–265, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Missakian MM, Carlson HC, Huizenga KA: Roentgenographs findings in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. AJR 94: 429–437, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Zboralske FF, Amberg JR: Detection of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: The radiologist’s responsibility. AJR 104: 529–543, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Olsson O: Angiographic diagnosis of an islet cell tumor of the pancreas. Acta Chir Scand 126: 346–351, 1963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Alfidi RJ, Skillern PG, Crile G: Arteriographic manifestations of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Cleveland Clin Quart 36: 41–45, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Auerbach RC, Koehler PR: The many faces of islet cell tumors. AJR 119: 133–140, 1973.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Boijsen E, Samuelsson L: Angiographic diagnosis of tumors arising from the pancreatic islets. Acta Radiol 10: 161–176, 1970.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Clemett AR, Park WM: Arteriographic demonstration of pancreatic tumor in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Radiology 88: 32–34, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Deutsch V, Adar R, Jacob ET, et al: Angiographic diagnosis and differential diagnosis of islet-cell tumors. AJR 119: 121–132, 1973.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Gray RK, Rosch J, Grollman JH Jr: Arteriography in the diagnosis of islet-cell tumors. Radiology 97:39– 44, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  64. McKinnon CM, Brant B, Rosch J: Angiography in the diagnosis and management of extrapancreatic islet-cell tumors. Ann Surg 177: 381–383, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Giacobazzi P, Passaro E Jr: Preoperative angiography in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Am J Surg 126: 74–76, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Thomas RL, Robinson AE, Johnsrude IS, et al: The demonstration of an insulin and gastrin producing pancreatic tumor by angiography and pancreatic scanning. AJR 104: 646–651, 1968.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. White TT, Kavlie H: Hormone-producing pancreatic isletcell tumors and hyperplasia. Acta Chir Scand 138: 809–815, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Mills SR, Doppman JL, Dunnick NR, McCarthy DM: Evaluation of angiography in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Radiology 131: 317–320, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Hawkins IF Jr, Kaude JV: Angiographic findings in some rare pancreatic tumors. Fortschr Rontgenstr 125: 521–526, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Korobkin MT, Palubinskas AJ, Glickman MG: Pitfalls in arteriography of islet-cell tumors of the pancreas. Radiology 100: 319–328, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Reuter SR: Potential over–diagnosis of pancreatic islet cell adenomas. J Canad Assoc Radiol 22:184– 186, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Robins JM, Bookstein JJ, Oberman HA, Fajans SS: Selective angiography in localizing islet-cell tumors of the pancreas. A further appraisal. Radiology 106: 525–528, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Dunnick NR, Doppman JL, Mills SR, McCarthy DM: Computed tomographic detection of nonbeta pancreatic islet cell tumors. Radiology 135: 117–120, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Gothlin J, Lunderquist A, Tylen U: Selective phlebography of the pancreas. Acta Radiol 15: 474–480, 1974.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Lunderquist A, Vang J: Transhepatic catheterization and obliteration of the coronary vein in patients with portal hypertension and esophageal varices. N Engl J Med 291: 646–649, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Ingemansson S, Lunderquist A, Lunderquist I, et al: Portal and pancreatic vein catheterization with radioimmunologic determination of insulin. Surg Gynec Obstet 141: 705–711, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Burchardt F, Stage JG, Stadil F, et al: Localization of gastrinomas by transhepatic portal venous catheterization and gastrin assay. Gastroenterology 77: 444–450, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Lunderquist A, Eriksson M, Ingemansson S, et al: Selective pancreatic vein catheterization for hormone assay in endocrine tumors of the pancreas. Cardiovasc Radiol 1: 117–124, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Ingemansson S, Larsson L-I, Lunderquist A, et al: Pancreatic vein catheterization with gastrin assay in normal patients and in patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Am J Surg 134: 558–563, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Passaro E Jr: Localization of pancreatic endocrine tumors by selective portal vein catheterization and radioimmunoassay. Gastroenterology 77: 806–807, 1979.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Wilson SD: Ulcerogenic tumors of the pancreas: The Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. In Carey LC (ed): The Pancreas. St. Louis: CV Mosby 1973, pp 295–318.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Zollinger RM, Ellison EC, Fabri PJ, et al: Primary peptic ulcerations of the jejunum associated with islet cell tumors. Twenty–five year appraisal. Ann Surg 192: 422–430, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Fox PS, Hoffman J W, DeCosse JJ, et al: The influence of total gastrectomy on survival in malignant Zollinger-Ellison tumors. Ann Surg 180: 558–566, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. McCarthy DM: Report on the United States experience with Cimetidine in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and other hypersecretory states. Gastroenterology 74: 453–458, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Broder LE, Carter SK: Pancreatic islet cell carcinoma. II. Results of therapy with streptozotocin in 52 patients. Ann Int Med 79: 108–118, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Lamers CBH, Van Tongeren JHM: Streptozotocin in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Lancet 2:1150– 1151, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Stadil F, Stage G, Rhefeld JF: Treatment of Zol– linger–Ellison syndrome with streptozotocin. N Engl J Med 294: 1140–1142, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Wilder RM, Allen FN, Power MH, et al: Carcinoma of the islands of the pancreas. Hyperinsulinism and hypoglycemia. JAMA 89: 348–349, 1927.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Visser PA, Friesen SR: Uncommon tumors of the APUD system. Surg Clin N Amer 59: 143–158, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Service FJ, Dale AJD, Elvenback LR, et al: Insulinoma. Clinical and diagnostic features of 60 consecutive cases. Mayo Clin Proc 51: 417–429, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital (case 30–1978). N Engl J Med 299: 241–248, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Davidson DC, Blackwood MJ, Fox EG: Neonatal hypoglycemia with congenital malformation of pancreatic islets. Arch Dis Child 49: 151–154, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Garces LY, Drash A, Kenny FM: Islet cell tumor in the neonate. Pediatrics 41: 789–796, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Grampa G, Gargantini L, Grigaloto PG, et al: Hypoglycemia in infancy caused by beta cell nesidioblastosis. Am J Dis Child 128: 226–231, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Fonkalsrud EW, Dilley RB, Longmire WP: Insulin secreting tumors of the pancreas. Ann Surg 159:730– 741, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Kavlie H, White TT: Pancreatic islet beta cell tumors and hyperplasia: Experience in 14 Seattle hospitals. Ann Surg 175: 326–335, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Whipple AO: The surgical therapy of hyperinsulinism. J Internat Chir 3: 237, 1938.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Kaplan EL, Lee CH: Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of insulinomas. Surg Clin N Amer 59: 119–129, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Rubenstein AH, Mako ME, Starr JI, et al: Circulating proinsulin in patients with islet cell tumors. In Malai see WJ, Pirart J (eds): Diabetes. Proceedings of the Eighth Congress of the International Diabetes Foundation. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica 1973, 736–752.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Haubrich WS, Berk JE: Medical aspects of endocrine tumors. In Bockus HL (ed): Gastroenterology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders 1976, pp 1130–1150.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Alsever RN, Roberts JP, Gerber JG, et al: Insulinoma with low circulating insulin levels: The diagnostic value of proinsulin measurements. Ann Int Med 82: 347–351, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Rubenstein AH, Kuzuga H, Horwitz DL: Clinical significance of circulating C–peptide in diabetes mellitus and hypoglycemic disorders. Arch Int Med 137: 625–630, 1977.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Gaeke RF, Kaplan EL, Rubenstein A: Insulin and proinsulin release during calcium infusion in a patient with islet-cell tumor. Metabolism 24:1029– 1031, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Howard JM, Moss NH, Rhoads JE: Collective review: Hyperinsulinism and islet cell tumors of the pancreas with 398 recorded tumors. Surg Gynec Obstet 90: 417–455, 1950.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Stefanini P, Carboni M, Patrassi N, et al: Beta–islet cell tumors of the pancreas: Results of a study of 1607 cases. Surgery 75: 597–609, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Laidlaw GF: Nesidioblastosis: Islet tumor of pancreas. Am J Pathol 14: 125–134, 1938.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Anthony GJ, Underwood LE, Van Wyk JJ: Studies in hypoglycemia of infancy and childhood: Diagnosis and treatment. Am J Dis Child 114: 345–369, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Knight J, Garvin PS, Danis RK, et al: Nesidioblastosis in children. Arch Surg 115: 880–882, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Yakovac WC, Baker L, Hummeler K: Beta cell nesidioblastosis in idiopathic hypoglycemia of infancy. J Pediatr 79: 226–231, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Frantz VK: Tumors of the pancreas. AFIP Fascicles 27, 28. Washington DC: AFIP 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Robbins SL: Pathologic Basis of Disease. Philadelphia: WB Saunders 1974, pp 1056–1077.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Filipi CJ, Higgins GA: Diagnosis and management of insulinoma. Am J Surg 125: 231–237, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Alfidi RJ, Bhyun DS, Crile G Jr, Hawk W: Arteriography and hypoglycemia. Surg Gynec Obstet 133:447– 452, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Bookstein JJ, Oberman HA: Appraisal of selective angiography in localizing isletcell tumors of the pancreas. Radiology 86: 682–685, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Buonocore E, Meaney TF, Skillern PG, Crile G Jr: Functioning islet-cell adenoma diagnosed preoperative by means of splanchnic arteriography. Arch Int Med 116: 824–831, 1965.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Clouse ME, Costello P, Legg MA, et al: Subselective angiography in localizing insulinomas of the pancreas. AJR 128: 741–746, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Epstein HY, Abrams RM, Beranbaum ER, et al: Angiographic localization of insulinomas: High reported success rate and two additional cases. Ann Surg 169: 349–354, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Ferris DO, Molnar GD, Schnelle N, et al: Recent advances in management of functioning islet cell tumor. Arch Surg 104: 443–446, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Fujii K, Yamagata S, Sasaki R, et al: Arteriography in insulinoma. AJR 120: 634–647, 1974.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Fulton RE, Sheedy PF, Mcllrath DC, et al: Preoperative angiographic localization of insulin–producing tumors of the pancreas. AJR 123: 367–377, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Madsen B, Hanse ES: Correlation between angiographic diagnosis and histology of pancreatic insulinomas. Br J Radiol 43: 185–192, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Rosch J, Holman DC: Superselective arteriography of the pancreas. In Anacker H (ed): Efficiency and Limits of Radiologic Examination of the Pancreas. Alton, Massachusetts: Publishing Sciences Group, Inc. 1975, pp 159–167.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Sigstedt B, Lunderquist A, Tylen U: The yield of angiography. 1. The yield of pancreatic angiography. Ann Radiol 21: 381–383, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Turner RC, Less ECG, Morris PJ, et al: Localization of insulinomas. Lancet 1: 515–518, 1978.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Millan VG, Urosa CL, Molitch ME, et al: Localization of occult insulinoma by superselective pancreatic venous sampling for insulin assay through percutaneous transhepatic catheterization. Diabetes 28: 249–251, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Ingemansson S, Kühl C, Larsson L. I, et al: Islet cell hyperplasia localized by pancreatic vein catheterization and insulin radioimmunoassay. Am J Surg 133: 643–645, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Gardner DF, Sterling FH, Stanley CA: Pancreatic venography and plasma ketone measurements in the diagnosis of hyperinsulinism. Am J Med Sei 277: 23–27, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Doppman JL, Brennan MF, Dunnick NR, et al: Role of pancreatic venous sampling in the localization of occult insulinomas. Radiology 138: 557–562, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Mengoli L, LeQuesne LP: Blind pancreatic resection for suspected insulinoma: Review of problem. Br J Surg 54: 749–756, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Moss NH, Rhoads JE: Hyperinsulinism and islet cell tumors of the pancreas. In Howard JM, Jordan GL (eds): Surgical Diseases of the Pancreas. Philadelphia: Lippincott 1960, pp 321–441.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Hermann RE: Endocrine diseases of the pancreas. In Cooperman AM, Hoerr SO (eds): Surgery of the Pancreas. A Text and Atlas. St. Louis: CV Mosby 1978, pp 205–225.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Carey LC: The Pancreas. St. Louis: CV Mosby 1973, pp 319–332.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Graber AL, Porte E Jr, Williams RH: Clinical use of diazoxide and mechanism for its hyperglycemic effects. Diabetes 15: 143–148, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Smith CK, Stoll RW, Vance J, et al: Treatment of malignant insulinoma with streptozotocin. Diabetologia 7: 118–124, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Verner JV, Morrison AB: Islet cell tumor and a syndrome of refractory watery diarrhea and hypokalemia. Am J Med 25: 374–380, 1958.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Walsh JH: Pancreatic cholera and related syndromes. In Sleisenger MH, Fordtran JS (eds): Gastrointestinal Disease. Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management. Philadelphia: WB Saunders 1978. pp 1496–1504.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Shafer WH, McCormick LJ, Hoerr SO: Non–beta islet-cell carcinoma of the pancreas with flushing attacks and diarrhea. Cleveland Clin Quart 32: 13, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Murray JS, Paton RR, Pope CE II Pancreatic tumor associated with flushing and diarrhea. N Engl J Med 264: 436–439, 1961.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Verner JV, Morrison AB: Non–B islet tumors and the syndrome of watery diarrhea, hypokalemia and hypochlorhydria. Clin Gastroenterol 3: 595, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Rambaud J-C, Modigliani R, Matuchansky C, et al: Pancreatic cholera. Studies on tumoral secretions and pathophysiology of diarrhea. Gastroenterology 69: 110–122, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Bloom SR, Polak JM, Pearse AGE: Vasoactive intestinal peptide and watery diarrhea syndrome. Lancet 2: 14–16, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Krejs GJ, Walsh JH, Morawski SG, et al: Intestinal perfusion studies and plasma VIP concentrations in patients with pancreatic cholera syndromes and surreptitious ingestion of laxatives and diuretics. Am J Dig Dis 22: 280–292, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Said SI, Faloona GR: Elevated plasma and tissue levels of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the watery–diarrhea syndrome due to pancreatic, bronchogenic and other tumors. N Engl J Med 293: 115–160, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Elias E, Polak JM, Bloom SR, et al: Pancreatic cholera due to production of gastric inhibitory polypeptide. Lancet 2: 791–793, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Jaffe DM, Condon S: Prostaglandins E and F in endocrine diarrheagenic syndromes. Ann Surg 184: 516–524, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Larsson L-I, Schwartz T, Lundquist G, et al: Occurrence of human pancreatic polypeptide in pancreas endocrine tumors. Am J Pathol 85: 675–684, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Lin TM, Chance RE: Gastrointestinal actions of a new bovine pancreatic peptide (BPP). In Chey WY, Brooks FP (eds): Endocrinology of the Gut. Thoro– fare NJ: Charles B. Slack 1974, pp 143–145.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Zollinger RM, Thompkins RK, Amerson JR, et al: Identification of the diarrheogenic hormone associated with non–beta islet cell tumors of the pancreas. Ann Surg 168: 502–521, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Verner JV, Morrison AB, Piseataway NJ: Endocrine pancreatic islet disease with diarrhoea: Report of a case due to diffuse hyperplasia of nonbeta islet tissue with a review of 54 additional cases. Arch Int Med 133: 492–500, 1974.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Tompkins JH: Pancreatic cholera syndrome. In Walsh JH (moderator): Gastrointestinal hormones in clinical disease: Recent developments. Ann Int Med 90:817–828, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Gold RP, Black TJ, Rotterdam H, Casarella WJ: Radiologic and pathologic characteristics of the WDHA syndrome. AJR 127: 397–401, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Thomas ML, Lamb GHR, Barraclough MA: Angiographic demonstration of a pancreatic “Vipoma” in the WDHA syndrome. AJR 127: 1037–1039, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Gjone E, Frentheim B, Nordoy A, Et Al: Intractable watery diarrhea, hypokalemia and achlorhydria associated with pancreatic tumor containing gastric secretory inhibitor. Scand J Gastroenterol 5: 401– 408, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  154. Andersson H, Dotevall G, Fagerberg G, et al: Pancreatic tumors with diarrhea, hypokalemia and hypochlorhydria. Acta Chir Scand 138: 102–107, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Schmitt MG Jr, Soergel KH, Hensley GT, et al: Watery diarrhea associated with pancreatic islet cell carcinoma. Gastroenterology 69: 206–216, 1975.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Goulon MRM, Charleux H, Baguet JB, et al: Diarrhée ageuse et hypokaliémie associées a une tumeur langerhansienure noninsulino sécrétante. Presse Med 46: 2345–2350, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Jacobs WH, Halperin P, Mantz FA: Watery diarrhea and hypkalemia due to nonbeta islet cell hyperplasia of the pancreas. Am J Gastroenterol 57: 333–340, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Imamoto K, Yoshino F, Nakao N, Et Al: Angiographic diagnosis of a pancreatic islet tumor in a patient with WDHA syndrome. Gastrointest Radiol 5:259– 261, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  159. Mills SR, Doppman JL, Kahn R: Metastatic islet cell carcinoma to the liver visualized after intraarterial epinephrine. AJR 132: 664–665, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Pandol SJ, Korman LY, McCarthy DM, et al: Beneficial effect of oral lithium carbonate in the treatment of pancreatic cholera syndrome. N Engl J Med 302: 1403–1404, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Kingham JGC, Dick R, Bloom SR, Frankel RJ: Vipoma: Localization by percutaneous portal venous sampling. Br Med J 2: 1682–1683, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Cooperman AM, Eversman JJ, Winkelman EI: The watery diarrhea syndrome. Guidelines for treatment. Cleveland Clin Quart 46: 149–154, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Jaffe BM: The diarrheogenic syndrome: Verner-Morrison WDHA syndromes. In Friesen SR (ed): Surgical Endocrinology: Clinical Syndrome. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Kahn CR, Levy AG, Gardner JD, et al: Pancreatic cholera: Beneficial effects of treatment with strepto– zotocin. N Engl J Med 292: 941–945, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Becker SW, Kahn D, Rothman S: Cutaneous manifestations of internal malignant tumors. Arch Dermatol Syph 45: 1069–1080, 1942.

    Google Scholar 

  166. McGavran MH, Under RH, ReCant L, et al: A gluca– gon–secreting alpha–cell carcinoma of the pancreas. N Engl J Med 274: 1408–1414, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Higgins GA, ReCant L, Fischman BA: The glucago– noma syndrome: Surgically curable diabetes. Can J Surg 137: 142–149, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Wilkinson DS: Necrolytic migrating erythema with carcinoma of the pancreas. Trans St John Dermatol Doc 59: 244, 1973.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital (case 20–1975). N Engl J Med 292: 1117–1123, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  170. Mallinson CN, Bloom SR, Warin AP, et al: A gluca– gonoma syndrome. Lancet 2: 1–5, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Hoist JJ, Aasted B: Production and evaluation of glucagon antibodies for radioimmunoassay. Acta Endocrinol 77: 715–726, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  172. Danforth DN, Triche T, Doppman JL, et al: Elevated plasma proglucagon–like component with a glucagon–secreting tumor. Effect of streptozotocin. N Engl J Med 295: 242–245, 1976.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Higgins GA: Pancreatic islet cell tumors: insulinoma, gastrinoma, and glucagonoma. Surg Clin N Amer 59: 131–141, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Roggli VL, Judge DM, McGavran MH: Duodenal glucagonoma: A case report. Hum Pathol 10:350– 3531, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  175. Paloyan E, Lawrence A, Ernst K: Inter–relationships between parathyroids and islet of Langerhans. Fed Proc 25: 495–498, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  176. Burbige EJ, Manning RJ, Belber JP: Watery diarrhea syndrome with elevated levels of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide associated with pancreatitis and pancreatic pseudocyst. Am J Gastroenterol 70:136– 140, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  177. Croughs RJM, Hulsmans HAM, Israel DR, et al: Glucagonoma as part of the polyglandular adenoma syndrome. Am J Med 52: 690–698, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Leichter SB, Pagliara AS, Greider MH, et al: Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and hyperglucagonemia associated with an islet cell carcinoma. Am J Med 58: 285–293, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  179. Cho KJ, Wilcox CW, Reuter SR: Glucagon–produc– ing islet cell tumor of the pancreas. AJR 129:159– 161, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  180. Ingemansson S, Lunderquist A, Hoist J: Selective catheterization of the pancreatic vein for radioimmunoassay in glucagon secreting carcinoma of the pancreas. Radiology 119: 555–556, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Murray-Lyon IM, Eddleston ALWF, Williams R: Treatment of multiple hormone–producing malignant islet cell tumor with streptozotocin. Lancet 2: 895–898, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Ganda OP, Weir GC, Soeldner JS, Et Al: “Somatostatinoma.”,, A somatostatin–containing tumor of the endocrine pancreas. N Engl J Med 296: 963–967, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Galmiche JP, Chay vialle J A, Dubois PM, et al: Calcitonin–producing pancreatic somatostatinoma. Gastroenterology 78: 1577–1583, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Gerlock AJ Jr, Muhletaler CA, Halter S, Goncharenko V: Pancreatic somatostatinoma: Histologic, clinical and angiographic features. AJR 133:939– 943, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Larsson L. I, Hoist JJ, Kiihl C, et al: Pancreatic somatostatinoma. Clinical features and physiological implications. Lancet 1: 666–668, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Krejs GJ, Orci L, Conlon JM, et al: Somatostatinoma syndrome. Biochemical, morphologic and clinical features. N Engl J Med 301: 285–292, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Kovacs K, Horvath E, Ezrin C, et al: Immunoreac– tive somatostatin in pancreatic islet-cell carcinoma accompanied by ectopic ACTH syndrome. Lancet 1: 1365–1366, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Bloom SR, Mortimer CH, Thorner MD, et al: Inhibition of gastrin and gastric–acid secretion by growth– hormone release–inhibiting hormone. Lancet 2: 1106–1109, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Mortimer CH, Tunbridge WMG, Carr D, et al: Effects of growth–hormone release–inhibiting hormone on circulating glucagon, insulin, and growth hormone in normal, diabetic, acromegalic and hypo– pituitary patients. Lancet 1: 697–701, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Schlegel W, Raptis S, Harvey RF, et al: Inhibition of cholecystokinin–pancreozymin release by somatostatin. Lancet 2: 166–168, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Hansky J: Gastrointestinal hormones and clinical disease: Other hormones. In Walsh JH (moderator): Gastrointestinal hormones in clinical disease: Recent developments. Ann Int Med 90:817–828, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  192. Thomas RL, Robinson AE, Johnsrude IS, Goodrich JK, Lester RG: The demonstration of an insulin and gastrin–producing pancreatic tumor by angiography and pancreatic scanning. AJR 104: 646–648, 1968.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Hammar S, Sale G: Multiple hormone producing islet cell carcinomas of the pancreas. Hum Pathol 6: 349–362, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Law DH, Liddle GW, Scott HW, Tauber SD: Ectopic production of multiple hormones (ACTH, MSH, and gastrin) by a single malignant tumor. N Engl J Med 273: 292–296, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Van der Veer JS, Coufoer JC, Querido A, et al: Metastasizing islet cell tumor of the pancreas associated with hypoglycemia and carcinoid syndrome. Lancet 1: 1416–1419, 1964.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Belchetz PE, Brown CL, Makin HLJ, et al: ACTH, glucagon and gastrin production by a pancreatic islet cell carcinoma and its treatment. Clin Endocrinol 2: 207–316, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  197. Kyriakides GK, Silvis SE, Ahmed M, et al: Gastrinoma associated with common bile duct obstruction and the ectopic production of ACTH. Am J Surg 137: 800–802, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Adler O, Kaftori JK, Rosenberger A, Arieh JB: Nonfunctioning islet cell tumors of the pancreas. A review of radiological literature and a report on two cases. Fortschr Rôentgenstr 127: 559–563, 1977.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Baghery S, Alfidi RJ, Zelch MG: Angiography of nonfunctioning islet cell tumors of the pancreas. Radiology 120: 57–59, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Boijsen E, Inactive malignant tumors of the pancreas. Radiologe 15: 177–182, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Ponsky JC, Hoffman M, Rhodes RS: Arteriovenous fistula and portal hypertension secondary to islet– cell tumor of the pancreas. Surgery 85: 408–411, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Mason Clinic, 98111, Seattle, Washington, USA

    Patrick C. Freeny M.D. (Associate Clinical Professor of Radiology)

  2. The Medical College of Wisconsin, 53226, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA

    Thomas L. Lawson M.D. (Professor of Radiology)

Authors
  1. Patrick C. Freeny M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Thomas L. Lawson M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1982 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Freeny, P.C., Lawson, T.L. (1982). Endocrine Tumors of the Pancreas. In: Radiology of the Pancreas. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5689-2_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5689-2_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-5691-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-5689-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation