Abstract
The amount of information known about the forces in the wrist joint is limited, but has been rapidly increasing over the past few years. These forces are a result of those externally applied and those exerted by the wrist and finger flexor and extensor muscle-tendon units. The combination of eight semi-rigid carpal bones located between the radius, ulna, and five metacarpal bones; compressive load bearing tissues varying in compliance from cartilage to the triangular fibrocartilage complex; ligaments spread throughout the wrist; and muscle forces being applied across the wrist joint, all add up to make the wrist one of the most complex joints in the body. The numerous wrist positions and motions only complicate the problem further. In addition, there is an interaction between the forces and motions at the wrist and those at the elbow and hand. The complexity of the wrist has requiredresearchers to develop new methods of theoretically and experimentally estimating the forces in the joint. At this point, the results obtained still only reflect what can either be analytically modeled or experimentally measured from in vitro cadaver experiments.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
An KN, Berglund L, Cooney WP, Chao EYS, Kovacevic N: Direct In Vivo Tendon Force Measurement System. J Biomech 1990;23:1269–1271.
An KN, Himeno S, Tsumura H, Kawai T, Chao EYS: Pressure Distribution on Articular Surfaces: Application to Joint Stability Evaluation. J Biomech 1990;23:1013–1020.
Brand PW, Beach RB, Thompson DE: Relative Tension and Potential Excursion of Muscles in the Forearm and Hand. J Hand Surg 1981;6:209–219.
Ekenstam FW, Palmer AK, Glisson RR: The Load on the Radius and Ulna in Different Positions of the Wrist and Forearm. Acta Orthop Scand 1984;55:363–365.
Epner RA, Bowers WH, Guilford WB: Ulnar Variance - The Effect of Wrist Positioning and Roentgen Filming Technique. J Hand Surg 1982;7:298–305.
Garcia-Elias M, An KN, Cooney WP, Linscheid RL, Chao EYS: Transverse Stability of the Carpus: An Analytical Study. J Orthop Res 1989;7:738–743.
Horii E, An KN, Chao EYS: Force Distribution Across the Wrist Joint using a Pressure Transducer. Wrist Biomechanics Workshop, Mayo Clinic, October 7, 1990
Horii E, Garcia-Elias M, An KN, Bishop AT, Cooney WP, Linscheid RL, Chao EYS: Effect on Force Transmission Across the Carpus in Procedures Used to Treat Kienböck’s Disease. J Hand Surg 1990;15:393–400.
Mendelson LS, Peckham PH, Freehafer AA, Keith MW: Intraoperative Assessment of Wrist Extensor Muscle Force. J Hand Surg 1988;13:832–836.
Ohnishi N, Ryu J, Colbaugh R, Rowen B: Moment Arms of the Prime Wrist Motors and Extrinsic Finger Motors at the Wrist. Transactions of the Orthopaedic Research Society, Anaheim, California, 1991;pp567
Palmer AK: Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Lesions: Classification and Treatment. J Hand Surg 1989;14A:594–606.
Palmer AK, Werner FW, Glisson RR, Murphy D: Partial Excision of the Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex. J Hand Surg 1988;13:403–406.
Palmer AK: The distal radial ulnar joint. Hand Clinics 1987;3:31–40.
Palmer AK, Glisson RR, Werner FW: Relationship Between Ulnar Variance and Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Thickness. J Hand Surg 1984;9A:681–683.
Palmer AK, Werner FW: Biomechanics of the Distal Radioulnar Joint. Clin Orthop 1984;187:26–35.
Palmer AK, Glisson RR, Werner FW: Ulnar Variance Determination. J Hand Surg 1982;7:376–379.
Palmer AK, Werner FW: The Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex of the Wrist - Anatomy and Function. J Hand Surg 1981;6:153–162.
Patterson RM, Todd P, Viegas SF, McCarty P: Forearm Load Distribution. Ninth Annual Conference on Biomedical Engineering Research, Houston, Texas, February 7–8, 1991
Rodgers MM, Barre PS, Zachary SV, Glaser RM: Intraoperative Assessment of Muscle Performance During Total Wrist Arthroplasty. Transactions of the American Society of Biomechanics, Burlington, Vermont, 1989;pp36–37
Shaw JA: A Biomechanical Comparison of Scaphoid Screws. J Hand Surg 1987;12:347–353.
Short WH, Werner FW, Fortino MD, Palmer AK: Distribution of Pressures and Forces on the Wrist After Simulated Intercarpal Fusion and Kiènböck’s Disease. Transactions of the Orthopaedic Research Society, Anaheim, California, 1991;pp568
Short WH, Werner FW, Fortino MD, Palmer AK: Distribution of Pressures and Forces on the Wrist After Simulated Intercarpal Fusions and Kienböcks Disease. Wrist Biomechanics Workshop, Mayo Clinic, October 7, 1990
Tong J, Werner FW, Somerset JH: Wrist Joint Motion Simulator. Transactions of the Orthopaedic Research Society, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1986;pp441
Trumble TE, Glisson RR, Seaber AV, Urbaniak JR: Forearm Force Transmission After Surgical Treatment of Distal Radioulnar Joint Disorders. J Hand Surg 1987;12:196–202.
Tsumura H, Himeno S, An KN, Cooney WP, Chao EYS: Biomechanical Analysis of Kienböcks Disease. Transactions of the Orthopedic Research Society, San Francisco, California, 1987;pp208
Tsumura H, Himeno S: Load Transmission and Injury Mechanism of the Wrist Joint. Biomechanics Symposium 1983;56:5–8.
Tsumura H, Himeno S, Kojima T, Kido M: Biomechanical analysis of Kienböcks Disease. Seikeigeka 1982;3:1399–1402.
Werner FW, Palmer AK, Fortino MD, Short WH: Force Transmission Through the Distal Ulna: Effect of Ulnar Variance, Lunate Fossa Angulation, and Radial and Palmar Tilt of the Distal Radius. Submitted to J Hand Surg
Werner FW, Palmer AK, Tong J, Somerset JH: In Vitro Evaluation of Total Wrist Replacements. Transactions of the Orthopaedic Research Society, Las Vegas, Nevada, 1989;pp366
Werner FW, Palmer AK, Utter RG: Distal Radial Wedge Osteotomy for the Treatment of Kienböcks Disease: A Biomechanical Study. Transactions of the Orthopaedic Research Society, Atlanta, Georgia, 1988;pp411
Werner FW, Murphy D, Palmer AK: Silastic Synovitis Following Lunate Replacement: A Biomechanical Evaluation of Preventive Measures. Transactions of the Orthopaedic Research Society, San Francisco, California, 1987;pp414
Werner FW, Glisson RR, Murphy D, Palmer AK: Force Transmission Through the Distal Radioulnar Carpal Joint: Effect of Ulnar Lengthening and Shortening. Handchirurgie 1986;18:304–308.
Wnorowski DC, Palmer AK, Werner FW, Fortino MD: The Arthroscopic Wafer Procedure: An Anatomic and Biomechanical Study. Transactions of the Orthopaedic Research Society, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1990;pp501
Youm Y, McMurtry RY, Flatt AE, Gillespie TE: Kinematics of the Wrist. J Bone Joint Surg 1978;60:423–431.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Werner, F.W., An, KN., Palmer, A.K., Chao, E.YS. (1991). Force Analysis. In: An, KN., Berger, R.A., Cooney, W.P. (eds) Biomechanics of the Wrist Joint. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3208-7_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3208-7_5
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7833-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-3208-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive