Abstract
Experimental psychologists have known for some time that it is possible to allocate visual-spatial attention to one region of the visual field even as we maintain eye fixation on another region. As William James stated it, “…we may attend to an object on the periphery of the visual field and yet not accommodate the eye for it” (James, 1890/1950, p. 437). At the same time, experimental psychologists have also known that during the course of a complex visual task such as reading or picture viewing, our eyes move from one location to another at an average rate of 3 to 5 times per second (e.g., Rayner, 1978; Tinker, 1939; Yarbus, 1967). The question therefore arises how these covert and overt changes in processing focus are related. This is the question addressed in the present chapter.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Balota, D.A., Pollatsek, A., & Rayner, K. (1985). The interaction of contextual constraints and parafoveal visual information in reading. Cognitive Psychology, 17, 364–390.
Becker, W., & Jürgens, R. (1979). An analysis of the saccadic system by means of double-step stimuli. Vision Research, 19, 967–983.
Becker, CA., & Killion, T.H. (1977). Interaction of visual and cognitive effects in word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 3, 389–401.
Blanchard, H.E., Pollatsek, A., & Rayner, K. (1989). Parafoveal processing during eye fixations in reading. Perception & Psychophysics, 46, 85–94.
Eriksen, C.W., & Yeh, Y. (1985). Allocation of attention in the visual field. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 11, 583–597.
Ferreira, F., & Henderson, J.M. (1990). The use of verb information in syntactic parsing: Evidence from eye movements and word-by-word self-paced reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 555–569.
Fisher, D.F., & Shebilske, W.L. (1985). There is more that meets the eye than the eyemind assumption. In R. Groner, G.W. McConkie, & C. Menz (Eds.), Eye movements and human information processing. North Holland: Elsevier.
Frazier, L., & Rayner, K. (1982). Making and correcting errors during sentence comprehension: Eye movements in the analysis of structurally ambiguous sentences. Cognitive Psychology, 14, 178–210.
Henderson, J.M. (1988). Visual attention and the acquisition of extrafoveal information during eye fixations. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.
Henderson, J.M. (1990). The allocation of visual-spatial attention prior to a saccadic eye movement. Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the Psychonomie Society, New Orleans.
Henderson, J.M. (1992). Eye movement control during visual object processing: Effects of initial fixation position and semantic constraint. Canadian Journal of Psychology, (in press).
Henderson, J.M. (1991). Stimulus discrimination following covert attentional orienting to an exogenous cue. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 17, 91–106.
Henderson, J.M., & Ferreira, F. (1990). Effects of foveal processing difficulty on the perceptual span in reading: Implications for attention and eye movement control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 417–429.
Henderson, J.M., Pollatsek, A., & Rayner, K. (1987). Effects of foveal priming and extrafoveal preview on object identification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 13, 449–463.
Henderson, J.M., Pollatsek, A., & Rayner, K. (1989). Covert visual attention and extrafoveal information use during object identification. Perception & Psychophysics, 45, 196–208.
Hogaboam, T.W. (1983). Reading patterns in eye movement data. In K. Rayner (Ed.), Eye movements in reading: Perceptual and language processes. New York: Academic Press.
Hughes, H.C., & Zimba, L.D. (1985). Spatial maps of directed visual attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 11,409–430.
Hughes, H.C., & Zimba, L.D. (1987). Natural boundaries for the spread of directed visual attention. Neuropsychologia, 2, 5–18.
Inhoff, A.W. (1984). Two stages of word processing during eye fixations in reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 23, 612–624.
Inhoff, A.W., Pollatsek, A., Posner, M.I., & Rayner, K. (1989). Covert attention and eye movements in reading. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 41 A, 63–89
Inhoff, A.W., & Rayner, K. (1986). Parafoveal word processing during eye fixations in reading: Effects of word frequency. Perception & Psychophysics, 40, 431–439.
James, W.(1890/1950). The principles of psychology(Vol. 1). New York: Dover
Just, M.A., & Carpenter, P.A. (1980). A theory of reading: From eye fixations to comprehension. Psychological Review, 87, 329–354.
Just, M.A., & Carpenter, P.A. (1987). The psychology of reading and language comprehension. Newton, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Klein, R. (1980). Does oculomotor readiness mediate cognitive control of attention? In R.S. Nickerson (Ed.), Attention and performance VIII (pp. 259–276). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Klein, R., & McCormick, P. (1989). Covert visual orienting: Hemifield activation can be mimicked by zoom lens and midlocation placement strategies. Acta Psychologica, 770, 235–250.
Koch, C, & Ullman, S. (1985). Shifts in selective visual attention: towards the underlying neural circuitry. Human Neurobiology, 4, 219–227.
Kucera, H., & Francis, W.N. (1967). Computational analysis of present-day American English. Providence, RI: Brown University Press.
Mahoney, J.V., & Ullman, S. (1988). Image chunking defining spatial building blocks for scene analysis. In Z. Pylyshyn (Ed.), Computational processes in human vision: An interdisciplinary perspective. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
McConkie, G.W. (1979). On the role and control of eye movements in reading. In P.A. Kolers, M.E. Wrolstad, & H. Bouma (Eds.), Processing of visible language (Vol. 1, pp. 37–48). New York: Plenum Press.
McConkie, G.W., Kerr, P., Reddix, M.D., & Zola, D. (1988). Eye movement control during reading: I. The location of initial eye fixations in words. Vision Research, 28, 1107–1118.
McConkie, G.W., & Rayner, K. (1975). The span of the effective stimulus during a fixation in reading. Perception & Psychophysics, 17, 578–586.
McConkie, G.W., & Rayner, K. (1976). Asymmetry of the perceptual span in reading. Bulletin of the Psychonomie Society, 8, 365–368.
McConkie, G.W., & Zola, D. (1987). Visual attention during eye fixations in reading. Attention and Performance XII (pp. 385–401) London: Erlbaum.
Morrison, R.E. (1984). Manipulation of stimulus onset delay in reading: Evidence for parallel programming of saccades. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 10, 667–682.
Morton, J. (1969). Interaction of information in word recognition. Psychological Review, 76, 165–178.
Pollatsek, A., Bolozky, S., Well, A.D., & Rayner, K. (1981). Asymmetries in the perceptual span for Israeli reader. Brain and Language, 14, 174–180.
Pollatsek, A., Rayner, K., & Balota, D.A. (1986). Inferences about eye movement control from the perceptual span in reading. Perception & Psychophysics, 40, 123–130.
Posner, M.I., Snyder, C.R.R., & Davidson, B.J. (1980). Attention and the detection of signals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 109, 160–174.
Rayner, K. (1975). The perceptual span and peripheral cues in reading. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 65–81.
Rayner, K. (1978). Eye movements in reading and information processing. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 618–660.
Rayner, K. (1986). Eye movements and the perceptual span in beginning and skilled readers. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 41, 211–236.
Rayner, K., & Balota, D.A. (1989). Parafoveal preview and lexical access during eye fixations in reading. In W. Marslen-Wilson (Ed.), Lexical representation and process. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Rayner, K., & Duffy, S.A. (1986). Lexical complexity and fixation times in reading: Effects of word frequency, verb complexity, and lexical ambiguity. Memory & Cognition, 14, 191–201.
Rayner, K., & Frazier, L. (1987). Parsing temporarily ambiguous complements. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 39A, 657–673.
Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (1981). Eye movement control during reading: Evidence for direct control. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 33A, 351–373.
Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (1987). Eye movements in reading: A tutorial review. Attention and Performance XII (pp. 327–362). London: Erlbaum.
Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (1989). The psychology of reading. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Rayner, K., Well, A.D., & Pollatsek, A. (1980). Asymmetry of the effective visual field in reading. Perception & Psychophysics, 27, 537–544.
Shepard, M., Findlay, J.M., & Hockey, R.J. (1986). The relationship between eye movements and spatial attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38A, 475–491.
Tinker, M.A. (1939). Reliability and validity of eye-movement measures of reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 19, 732–746.
Underwood, N.R., & McConkie, G.W. (1985). Perceptual span for letter distinctions during reading. Reading Research Quarterly, 20, 153–162.
Yarbus, A.L. (1967). Eye movements and vision. New York: Plenum Press.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1992 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Henderson, J.M. (1992). Visual Attention and Eye Movement Control During Reading and Picture Viewing. In: Rayner, K. (eds) Eye Movements and Visual Cognition. Springer Series in Neuropsychology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2852-3_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2852-3_15
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7696-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-2852-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive