Summary
Predicting and understanding the effects of multiple stressors is one of the most important challenges presently facing ecologists. Human activities expose ecological systems to a wide range of stressors, whose direct, indirect, and interactive effects can vary depending on system, species, and stressor characteristics. Understanding how multiple stressors affect natural systems will improve our ability to manage and protect these systems, as well as contribute to the understanding of fundamental ecological principles. However, a concerted effort is needed to explore this issue through experiments, modeling, and sampling conducted at a range of spatial and temporal scales, and in ways that take advantage of management-initiated as well as unintentional changes in human-influenced systems.
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Breitburg, D.L. et al. (1998). Understanding Effects of Multiple Stressors: Ideas and Challenges. In: Pace, M.L., Groffman, P.M. (eds) Successes, Limitations, and Frontiers in Ecosystem Science. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1724-4_17
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1724-4_17
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