Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Dietary Fat and Coronary Heart Disease

  • Chapter
A Balanced Diet?

Abstract

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a major public health problem because a high proportion of its victims are middle-aged men: an apparently healthy man in his fifties can leave home for work in the morning and be dead an hour later, his wife a widow without support. Women, at least before the menopause, are less prone to the disease than men. It is estimated that about 1 in 5 men suffer a heart attack before the age of 65 and a high proportion of attacks are fatal. However, the average age of death from CHD is 74 years [1]. The individual is concerned about whether he will live longer and whether he will have less disability, not about what is written on his death certificate. As immortality is not an alternative, sudden death from CHD in the geriatric population has advantages over other causes of death such as stroke and cancer, which involve more suffering and an increased burden on society. The aim perhaps should be to defer rather than prevent CHD. Dietary fat has been implicated in the causation of CHD, and changes in fat intake have been recommended for the general population. This article critically reviews the available evidence.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. DHSS (1984) Diet and cardiovascular disease. Reports on health and social subjects 28. HMSO, London

    Google Scholar 

  2. Marmot MG (1979) Epidemiological basis for the prevention of coronary heart disease. Bull WHO 57:331–347

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Thorn TJ, Epstein FH, Feldman JJ, Leaverton PE (1985) Trends in total mortality and mortality from heart disease in 26 countries from 1950 to 1978. Int J Epidemiol 14:510–520

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Kromann N, Green A (1980) Epidemiological studies in the Upernavik District, Greenland. Acta Med Scand 208:401–406

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Marmot MG (1984) Immigrant mortality in England and Wales 1970–78. Study of medical and population subjects. 47 OPCS:HMSO, London

    Google Scholar 

  6. Beckles GLA, Miller GJ, Kirkwood BR et al. (1986) High total and cardiovascular disease mortality in adults of Indian descent in Trinidad, unexplained by major coronary risk factors. Lancet II:1298–1300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Barker DJP, Osmond C (1986) Infant mortality, childhood nutrition, and ischaemic heart disease in England and Wales. Lancet I:1077–1081

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Marmot MG, Syme SL, Kato H, Cohen JB, Belsky J (1975) Epidemiological studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California. Am J Epidemiol 102:514–525

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Medalie JH, Khan NA, Neufeld NH et al. (1983) Myocardial infarction over a five-year period. I. Prevalence, incidence and mortality experienced. J Chron Dis 26:63–84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Kannel WB, Gordon T (1970) Some characteristics related to incidence of cardiovascular death: Framingham study, 16-year follow-up. US Government Printing Office, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  11. Goldbourt U, Neufeld HN (1986) Genetic aspects of arteriosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis 6:357–377

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Townsend JL, Meade TW (1979) Ischaemic heart disease mortality risks for smokers and non-smokers. J Epidemiol Community Health 33:243–247

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Keys A (1970) Coronary heart disease in seven countries. Circulation 41:1–211

    Google Scholar 

  14. Pooling Project Research (1978) Relationship of blood pressure, serum cholesterol, smoking habit, relative weight and ECG abnormalities to incidence of major coronary events: final report of the Pooling Project. J Chron Dis 31:201–306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Cambien F, Jaqueson A, Richard JL, Warnet JM, Ducimetiere P, Claude JF (1983) Is the level of serum triglyceride a significant predictor of coronary death in normocholesterolemic subjects? Am J Epidemiol 124:624–632

    Google Scholar 

  16. Stern MP, Haffner SM (1986) Body fat distribution and hyperinsulinemia as risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Arteriosclerosis 6:123–130

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Mather HM, Keen H (1985) The Southall diabetes survey. Prevalence of known diabetes in Asians and Europeans. Br Med J 291:1081–1084

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Miller GJ, Miller NE (1975) Plasma-high-density-lipoprotein concentration and development of ischaemic heart disease. Lancet 1:16–19

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Teng B, Thompson GR, Sniderman AD, Forter TM, Krauss RM, Kwiterovich PO (1983) Composition and distribution of low density lipoprotein fractions in hyperapobetalipoproteinemia, normolipidemia, and familial hypercholesterolemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:6662–6666

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Laakso M, Voutilainen E, Pyorala K, Sarlund H (1985) Association of low HDL and HDL2 cholesterol with coronary heart disease in noninsulin-dependent diabetics. Arteriosclerosis 5:653–658

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Meade TW, Chakrabarti R, Haines AP et al. (1980) Haemostatic function and cardiovascular death: early results of a prospective study. Lancet I:1050–1054

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Ross R, Faggiotto A, Bowen-Pope D, Raines E (1984) The role of endothelial injury and platelet and macrophage interactions in atherosclerosis. Circulation 70:77

    Google Scholar 

  23. Smith EB (1985) Lipoproteins and atheroma. In: Kakkar W (ed) Atheroma and thrombosis. Academic Press, London, pp 22–25

    Google Scholar 

  24. Maseri A, L’Abbate A, Baroldi G et al. (1978) Coronary vasospasm as a possible cause of myocardial infarction. A conclusion derived from preinfarction angina. N Engl J Med 299:1271–1277

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Bang HO, Dyerberg J (1980) Lipid metabolism in Greenland Eskimos. Adv Nutr Res 3:1–40

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Prior IM, Evans JG (1970) Current developments in the Pacific. In: Jones RJ (ed) Atherosclerosis n. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 335–342

    Google Scholar 

  27. Sanders TAB (1987) Fish and coronary artery disease. Br Heart J 57:214–219

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. McGill HC (1979) The relationship of dietary cholesterol to serum cholesterol and atherosclerosis in man. Am J Clin Nutr 32:2664–2702

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Phillips RL, Lemon FR, Beeson WL, Kuzma JW (1978) Coronary heart disease mortality among Seventh-Day Adventists with different dietary habits: a preliminary report. Am J Clin Nutr 31:191–198

    Google Scholar 

  30. Logan RL, Thomson MR, Riemersma RA et al. (1984) Risk factors for ischaemic heart disease in normal men aged 40. Lancet I:949–955

    Google Scholar 

  31. Wood DA, Riemersma RA, Butler S et al. (1987) Linoleic and eicosapentaenoic acids in adipose tissue and platelets and risk of coronary heart disease. Lancet I:117–183

    Google Scholar 

  32. Sanders TAB, Ellis FR, Dickerson JWT (1978) Studies of vegans: the fatty acids composition of plasma choline phosphoglycerides, erythrocytes, adipose tissue, and breast milk, and some indieators of susceptibility to ischemic heart disease in vegans and omnivore controls. Am J Clin Nutr 31:805–813

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Reddy S, Sanders TAB (1987) Plasma phospholipid fatty acid composition in men of Asian and European descent. Proc Nutr Soc 46:117 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Thomas LH, Jones PR, Winter JA, Smith H (1981) Hydrogenated oils and fats: presence of chemically-modified fatty acids in human adipose tissue. Am J Clin Nutr 34:877–886

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Burr ML, Sweetnam PM (1982) Vegetarianism, dietary fiber, and mortality. Am J Clin Nutr 36:873–877

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Margetts BM, Beilin LJ, Vandongen R, Armstrong BK (1986) Vegetarian diet in mild hypertension: a randomised controlled trial. Br Med J 293:1468–1471

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Haines AP, Chakrabarti R, Fisher D, Meade TW, North WRS, Stirling Y (1980) Haemostatic variables in vegetarians and non-vegetarians. Thromb Res 19:139–148

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Burr ML, Bates CJ, Fehily AM, St Leger AS (1981) Plasma cholesterol and blood pressure in vegetarians. J Hum Nutr 35:437–441

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Roshanai F, Sanders TAB (1984) Assessment of fatty acid intakes in vegans and omnivores. Hum Nutr Appl Nutr 38A:345–354

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Kromhout D, Bosschieter EB, Coulander CL (1984) The inverse relation between fish consumption and 20-year mortality from coronary disease. N Engl J Med 312:1205–1209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Shekelle RB, Missell L, Oglesby P et al. (1985) Fish consumption and mortality from cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 313:820

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Vollset SE, Heuch I, Bjelke E (1985) Fish consumption and mortality from cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 313:820–821

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Curb JD, Reed DM (1985) Fish consumption and mortality from cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 313:821–822

    Google Scholar 

  44. Grundy SM (1984) Pathogenesis of hyperlipoproteinemia. J Lipid Res 25:1611–1618

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Packard CJ, Munro A, Lorimer AR, Gotto AM, Shepherd J (1984) Metabolism of apolipoprotein B in large triglyceride-rich very low density lipoproteins of normal and hypertriglyceridemic subjects. J Clin Invest 75:2178–2192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Goldstein JL, Brown MS (1984) Progress in understanding the LDL receptor and HMG-CoA reductase, two membrane proteins that regulate the plasma cholesterol. J Lipid Res 25:1450–1461

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Miller NE (1984) Why does plasma low density lipoprotein concentration in adults increase with age? Lancet I:263–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Nestel PJ, Reardon M, Fidge NH (1979) Sucrose-induced changes in VLDL-and LDL-B apoprotein removal rates. Metabolism 28:531–535

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Manzato E, Marin R, Gasparotto A et al. (1986) Lipoprotein modifications during dietary treatment in patients with primary type V hyperlipoproteinaemia. Eur J Clin Invest 16:149–156

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Rudel LL, Parks JS, Johnson FL, Babiak J (1986) Low density lipoproteins in atherosclerosis. J Lipid Res 27:465–474

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Gianturco SH, Eskin SG, Navarro LJ, Lahart CJ, Smith LC, Gotto Am (1980) Abnormal effects of hypertriacylglycerolemic very low-density lipoproteins on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coA reductase activity and viability of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 618:143–152

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Sanders TAB (1983) Dietary fat and platelet function. Clin Sci 65:343–450

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Elkeles RS, Chakrabarti R, Vickers M, Stirling YB, Meade TW (1980) Effect of treatment of hyperlipidaemia on haemostatic variables. Br Med J 281:973

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Strano A, Davi G, Averna M et al. (1982) Platelet sensitivity to prostacyclin and thromboxane production in hyperlipidemic patients. Thromb Haemost 48:18–20

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Yano K, Reed DM, Curb JD, Hankin JH, Albers JJ (1986) Biological and dietary correlates of plasma lipids and lipoproteins among elderly Japanese men in Hawaii. Arteriosclerosis 6:422–433

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Keys A (1984) Serum-cholesterol response to dietary cholesterol Am J Clin Nutr 40:351–359

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Hegsted DM (1986) Serum-cholesterol response to dietary cholesterol: a re-evaluation. Am J Clin Nutr 44:299–305

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Packard CJ, McKinney L, Carr K, Shepherd J (1983) Cholesterol feeding increases low density lipoprotein synthesis. J Clin Invest 72:45–51

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Keys A, Parlin RW (1966) Serum-cholesterol response to changes in dietary lipids. Am J Clin Nutr 19:175–181

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Mattson FH, Grundy SM (1985) Comparison of effects of dietary saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in man. J Lipid Res 26:194–202

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Illingworth DR, Sundberg EE, Becker N, Connor WE, Alaupovic P (1981) Influence of saturated, monounsaturated and w6-PUFA on LDL metabolism in man. Arteriosclerosis 1:380

    Google Scholar 

  62. Turner JD, Ngocanh Le, Brown WV (1981) Effect of changing dietary fat saturation on low-density lipoprotein metabolism in man. Am J Physiol 241:E57–57E63

    Google Scholar 

  63. Cortese C, Levy Y, Janus ED et al. (1983) Modes of action of lipid-lowering diets in man: studies of apolipoprotein B kinetics in relation to fat. Eur J Clin Invest 13:79–85

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Harriss WS, Connor WE, McMurray MP (1983) The comparitive reductions of plasma lipids and lipoproteins by dietary polyunsaturated fats: salmon vs vegetable oil. Metabolism 32:179–184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Phillipson BE, Rothrock DW, Connor WE, Harris WS, Illingworth DR (1985) Reduction of plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and apoproteins by dietary fish oils in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. N Engl J Med 313:1210–1216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Sullivan DR, Sanders TAB, Trayner IM, Thompson GR (1986) Paradoxical elevation of LDL apoprotein B levels in hypertriglyceridaemic patients and normal subjects ingesting fish oil. Atherosclerosis 61:129–134

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Vergroesen AJ (1972) Dietary fat and cardiovascular disease: possible modes of action of linoleic acid. Proc Nutr Soc 31:323–329

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Vergroesen AJ, Gottenbos JJ (1975) The role of fats in human nutrition: an introduction. In: Vergroesen AJ (ed) The role of fats in human nutrition. Academic Press, New York, pp 1–32

    Google Scholar 

  69. British Nutrition Foundation (1979) Trans fatty acids. Report of the British Nutrition Foundation’s Task Force. British Nutrition Foundation, London

    Google Scholar 

  70. Kuusi T, Ehnholm C, Huttunen JK et al. (1985) Concentration and composition of serum lipoproteins during a low-fat diet at two levels of polyunsaturated fat. J Lipid Res 26:360–367

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Report of the committee of principal investigators (1984) WHO cooperative trial on primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease with Clofibrate to lower serum cholesterol: final mortality follow-up. Lancet I:600–604

    Google Scholar 

  72. Lipid Research Climcs Program (1984) The Lipid Research Clinics coronary primary prevention trial results 1. Reduction in the incidence of coronary heart disease. 2. The relationship of reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease to cholesterol lowering. JAMA 251:351–364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. O’Brien JR, Etherington MD, Jamieson S (1976) Effect of a diet of polyunsaturated fats on some platelet-function tests. Lancet II:995–997

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Miller GJ, Martin JC, Webster J et al. (1986) Association between dietary fat intake and plasma factor VII coagulant activity — a predictor of cardiovascular mortality. Atherosclerosis 60:269–277

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Hornstra G (1982) Dietary fats, prostanoids and arterial thrombosis. In: Developments in hematology and immunology vol 4. Martinus Nijhoff, London

    Google Scholar 

  76. Moncada S, Vane JR (1979) Arachidonic acid metabolites and the interactions between platelets and blood vessel walls. N Engl J Med 300:1142–1147

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Cairns JA, Gent M, Singer J et al. (1985) Aspirin, sulfinpyrazone, or both in unstable angina. Results of a Canadian multicenter-trial. N Engl J Med 313:1369–1375

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Culp BR, Lands WEM, Lucches BR, Pitt R, Romson J (1980) The effect of dietary supplementation of fish oil on experimental myocardial infarction. Prostaglandins 20:1021–1031

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Knapp HR, Reilly AG, Allesandrini P, Fitzgerald GA (1986) In vivo indexes of platelet and vascular function during fish oil administration in patients with atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 314:937–942

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Renaud S, Morazain R, McGregor L, Baudier F (1979) Dietary fats and platelet functions in relation to atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Haemostasis 8:234–251

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Renaud S, Godsey F, Dumont E, Thevenon C, Ortchanian E, Martin JL (1986) Influence of longterm diet modification on platelet function in Moselle farmers. Am J Clin Nutr 43:136–150

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Hornstra G, Lewis B, Chait A et al. Influence of dietary fat on platelet function in men. Lancet 1:115–1157

    Google Scholar 

  83. Mahley RW (1982) Atherogenic hyperlipoproteinemia. Med Clin N Am 66:375–402

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Alderson LM, Hayes KC, Nicolosi RJ (1986) Peanut oil reduces diet-induced atherosclerosis in Cynomolgus Monkeys. Arteriosclerosis 6:465–474

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Kritchevsky D (1983) Trans fatty acids in experimental atherosclerosis. Fed Proc 41:2813–2817

    Google Scholar 

  86. Schiefer HB (1982) Studies in non-hominid primates. In: Barlow SM, Stansby ME (eds) Nutritional evaluation of long-chain fatty acids in fish oil. Academic Press, London, pp 215–243

    Google Scholar 

  87. Mueller RW, Schiefer HB, Laxdal VA, Ackman RG (1982) Aortic changes in Cynomolgus monkeys fed high-fat diets (long-term study). Artery 11:174–191

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Weiner BH, Ockene IS, Levine PH et al. (1986) Inhibition of atherosclerosis by cod-liver oil in a hyperlipidemic swine model. N Engl J Med 315:841–846

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Landymore RW, Kinley CE, Cooper JH et al. (1985) Cod-liver oil in the prevention of intimai hyperplasia in autologous vein grafts used for arterial bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 89:351–357

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group (1982) Multiple risk factor intervention trial. Risk factor changes and mortality results. JAMA 248:1465–1477

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Mitchell JRA (1985) Diet and arterial disease — the myths and realities. Proc Nutr Soc 44:363–370

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Leren P (1966) The effect of plasma cholesterol lowering diet in male survivors of myocardial infarction. Universitetsforlaget, Oslo

    Google Scholar 

  93. Hjermann I, Holme I, Byre KV, Leren P (1981) Effect of diet and smoking on the incidence of coronary heart disease. Lancet II:1301–1310

    Google Scholar 

  94. Miettenen M, Turpeinen O, Karvonen MJ, Elosuo R, Paavilainen E (1972) Effect of cholesterol lowering diet on mortality from coronary heart disease and other causes. Lancet II:835–838

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. European Atherosclerosis Society (1987) Stategies for the prevention of coronary heart disease: a policy statement of the European Atherosclerosis Society. Eur Heart J 8:77–88

    Google Scholar 

  96. Lord Trenchard (1978) The interrelationship of marketing and nutrition. In: Yudkin J (ed) Diet of man: needs and wants. Applied Science Publishers, London, pp 225–242

    Google Scholar 

References

  1. Keys A (1970) Coronary heart disease in seven countries. Circulation 41:1–211

    Google Scholar 

  2. Health implications of obesity: National Institutes of Health consensus development statement (1985) Ann Intern Med 103:147–151

    Google Scholar 

  3. Lapidus L, Bengtsson C, Larsson B et al. (1984) Distribution of adipose tissue and risk of cardiovascular disease and death: a 12 year follow-up of the participants in the population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden. Br Med J 289:1257–1261

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Larsson B, Svärdsudd K, Welin L et al. (1984) Abdominal adipose tissue distribution, obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease and death: a 13 year follow-up of participants in the study of men born in 1913. Br Med J 288:1401–1404

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Jarrett RJ (1984) Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease — chicken, egg or neither? Diabetologia 26:99–102

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Kushi H, Lew RA, Stare FJ et al. (1985) Diet and 20-year mortality from coronary heart disease: the Ireland-Boston diet — heart study. N Engl J Med 312:811–818

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Garda-Palmieri MR, Sorlie P, Tillotson J et al. (1980) Relationship of dietary intake to subsequent coronary heart disease incidence; the Puerto Rico heart health program. Am J Clin Nutr 33:1818–1827

    Google Scholar 

  8. McGee DL, Reed DM, Yano K et al. (1984) Ten year incidence of coronary heart disease in the Honolulu heart program: relationship to nutrient intake. Am J Epidemiol 119:667–676

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Morris JN, Marr JW, Clayton DG (1977) Diet and heart: a postscript. Br Med J ii:1307–1314

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. T. A. B. Sanders
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Child Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK

    John Dobbing DSc, FRCP, FRCPath (Emeritus Professor of Child Growth and Development) (Emeritus Professor of Child Growth and Development)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1988 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sanders, T.A.B. (1988). Dietary Fat and Coronary Heart Disease. In: Dobbing, J. (eds) A Balanced Diet?. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1652-3_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1652-3_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-1654-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-1652-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation