Abstract
Dehesas are the most widespread agroforestry systems in Europe, where they cover 3.1 million hectares. They are multipurpose open woodlands, mostly created by clearing the natural forests, where livestock rearing, cereal cropping, cork and firewood harvesting, and hunting are combined. In dehesas, trees can be seen as “ecosystem engineers”, as they allow the maintenance of grass production in poor soils under a semiarid climate. We summarize the most outstanding results on both the effect of trees on the production and quality of the understorey (crop and native grasses) and also on the consequences of reduced tree density for the physiological condition and production of trees. The ecological basis of tree-understorey interactions is explained based on spatial distribution and use of above and belowground resources. Dehesas have been considered habitats to be preserved because they maintain a high biological diversity including several globally endangered animal species. They are considered an example of sustainable land use, although their conservation has been threatened in the last few decades. Excessive tree cutting, including complete elimination in some cases, has taken place as a consequence of increased mechanisation and stocking rates. This has caused a lack of natural regeneration and tree death in over-aged stands. We make a critical analysis of the ecological stability and sustainability of the system following four different approaches related to current problems: (i) historical evolution of the dehesa range, (ii) soil degradation and erosion, (iii) plot and farm-level factors precluding tree regeneration, and (iv) economic profitability of the dehesas. From these analyses, we derive a number of recommendations for dehesa management aimed at ensuring both its multifunctional role and its sustainability. The critical role of the shrub understorey for the ecological function, nutritional contribution and biodiversity is emphasized.
Access provided by Autonomous University of Puebla. Download to read the full chapter text
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
References
Blondel J, Aronson J (1999) Biology and wildlife of the Mediterranean region. University Press, Oxford
Brasier CM, Robredo F, Ferraz JFP (1993) Evidence of Phytophthora cinnamomi involvement in Iberian oak decline. Plant Pathol 42:140–145
Bugalho MN, Milne JA (2003) The composition of the diet of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in a Mediterranean environment: a case of nutritional constraint? Forest Ecol Manag 181:23–29
Calvo JC, Calvo G, Aparicio MA (1999) ¿Es sustentable el modelo actual de la gestión de los sistemas adehesados? In: Actas del Congreso Europeo de Agricultura Sostenible en Ambientes Mediterráneos. Junta de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain, 22–23 March 1999
Campos P (1992) Reunión Internacional sobre sistemas agroforestales de dehesas y montados CEE/CSIC/SIA-Extremadura, Badajoz, 3–5 October 1991. Agricultura y Sociedad 62:197–202
Campos P (1998) Contribución de los visitantes a la conservación de Monfragüe. In: Hernández CG (ed) La dehesa, aprovechamiento sostenible de los recursos naturales. Editorial Agrícola Española, Madrid
Campos P (2004) Towards a sustainable global economics approach for Mediterranean agrofor-estry systems. In: Schnabel S, Ferreira A (eds.) Sustainability of agrosilvopastoral systems. Advances in GeoEcology, vol 37. Catena Verlag, Reiskirchen, Germany, pp13–28
Campos P, Martín-Bellido M (eds.) (1997) Conservación y desarrollo de las dehesas portuguesa y española. Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, Madrid
Campos P, Caparrós A (2005) Can we use non-market valuation techniques in green national accounting for forests? In: Abstract XXII IUFRO World Congress: Forests in the Balance: Linking Tradition and Technology, Brisbane, 8–13 August 2005
Campos P, Rodríguez Y, Caparrós A (2001) Towards the dehesa total income accounting: theory and operative Montfragüe study cases. Inv Agr Sist Rec Forest 1:45–69
Campos P, Huntsinger L, Standiford R, Martin-Barroso D, Mariscal-Lorente P, Starrs PF (2002) Working woodlands: public demand, owner management, and government intervention in conserving mediterranean ranches and dehesas. In: Standiford R, Richard B et al. (eds.) Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Oak Woodlands: Oaks in California's Challenging Landscape. Gen. Tech. Rep. Pacific Southwest Research Station-General Technical Research (PSW-GTR)-184, Albany, NY
Campos P, Cañellas I, Montero G (2003a) Evolución y situación actual del monte adehesado. In: Pulido FJ, Campos P, Montero G (eds.) La gestión forestal de las dehesas. Junta de Extremadura, Mérida
Campos P, Martín D, Montero G (2003b) Economía de la reforestación del alcornoque y de la regeneración natural del alcornocal. In: Pulido FJ, Campos P, Montero G (eds.) La gestión forestal de las dehesas. Junta de Extremadura, Mérida
Cañellas I, San Miguel A, Del Río V (1991) Evaluación de la producción silvopastoral de una dehesa extremeña: pasto, bellota y biomasa de ramas podadas. In: Actas de la SEEP (Sociedad Española para el Estudio de los Pastos) 31:234–240
Cañellas I, Roig S, Poblaciones MJ, Gea-Izquierdo G, Olea L (2007) An approach to acorn production in Iberian dehesas. Agroforest Syst 70:3–9
Carranza J (1999) Aplicaciones de la etología al manejo de las poblaciones de ciervo en el suroeste de la Península Ibérica: producción y conservación. Etología 7:5–18
Carranza J, Hidalgo S, Medina R, Valencia J, Delgado J (1991) Space use by red deer in a Mediterranean ecosystem. Appl Anim Behav Sci30:363–371
Casado MA, De Miguel JM, Sterling A, Peco B, Galiano EF, Pineda FD (1985) Production and spatial structure of Mediterranean pastures in different stages of ecological succession. Vegetatio64:75–86
Coelho COA, Ferreira AJD, Laouina A, Hamza A, Chaker M, Naafa R, Regaya K, Boulet AK, Keizer JJ, Carvalho TMM (2004) Changes in land use and land management practices affecting land degradation within forest and grazing ecosystems in the Western Mediterranean. In: Schnabel S, Ferreira A (eds.) Sustainability of agrosilvopastoral systems. Advances in GeoEcology, vol 37. Catena Verlag, Reiskirchen, Germany, pp137–153
Cubera E (2006) Dinámica del agua edáfica y distribución radicular en dehesas de Quercus ilex L. PhD dissertation, Universidad de Extremadura, Spain
Cubera E, Moreno G (2007a) Effect of land use on soil water dynamic in dehesas of central-western Spain. Catena 71:298–308, doi:10.1016/j.catena.2007.01.005
Cubera E, Moreno G (2007b) Effect of single Quercus ilex trees upon spatial and seasonal changes in soil water content in dehesas of central western Spain. Ann For Sci 64:355–364
Damesin C, Rambal S (1995) Field study of leaf photosynthetic performance by a Mediterranean deciduous oak tree (Quercus pubescens) during a severe summer drought. New Phytol 131:159–167
David TS, Ferreira MI, Cohen JS, Pereira JS, David JS (2004) Constraints on transpiration from an evergreen oak tree in southern Portugal. Agric Forest Meteorol 122:193–205
Devesa JA (1995) Vegetación y flora de Extremadura. Universitas, Badajoz, Spain
Díaz M, Campos P, Pulido FJ (1997) Spanish Dehesas: a diversity in land-use and wildlife. In: Pain DJ, Pienkowski MW (eds.) Farming and birds in Europe. Academic, London
Díaz M, Pulido FJ, Marañón T (2003) Diversidad biológica y sostenibilidad ecológica y económica de los sistemas adehesados. Ecosistemas 3, Revista Digital de la Asociación Española de Ecología Terrestre. http://www.aeet.org/ecosistemas/ 033/investigacion4.htm. Cited 10 July 2007
Donázar JA, Naveso MA, Tella JJ, Campión D (1997) Extensive grazing and raptors in Spain. In: Pain DJ, Pienkowski MW (eds.) Farming and birds in Europe. Academic, London
Elena-Roselló M, López JA, Casas M, Sánchez del Corral A (1987) El carbón de encina y la dehesa. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias del Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, Madrid
Escribano M, Pulido F (1998) La dehesa en Extremadura. Estructura económica y recursos natu-rales. SIDT Junta de Extremadura, Mérida
Escribano M, López F, Pulido F, Rodríguez de Ledesma A (1996) Análisis energético del aprove-chamiento de recursos pastables por el ovino en dehesa. XXI Jornadas de la Sociedad Española de Ovinotecnia y Caprinotecnia, Logroño, 3–5 October 1996
Escudero A (1985) Efectos de árboles aislados sobre las propiedades químicas del suelo. Rev Ecol Biol Sol 22:149–159
Escudero A (1992) Intervención del arbolado en los ciclos de los nutrientes. In: Gómez-Gutiérrez JM (ed) El libro de las dehesas salmantinas. Junta de Castilla y León, Salamanca, Spain
Escudero A, Montalvo I, García B, Gómez JM (1983) Estudio comparative de la movilización de bioelementos por los subsistemas arbóreo y herbáceo del ecosisyema de dehesa. Pastos 13:9–20
Escudero A, García B, Luis E (1985) The nutrient cycling in Quercus rotundifolia and Q. pyrena-ica ecosystems (“dehesas”) of Spain. Oecol Plant 6:73–86
Etienne M (ed) (1996) Temperate and Mediterranean silvopastoral systems of Western Europe. INRA, Paris
Fernández-Alés R, Martín A, Ortega F, Alés EE (1992) Recent changes in lanscape structure and function in a Mediterranean region of SW Spain (1950–1984). Lands Ecol 7:3–18
Fullbright TR (1996) A theoretical basis for planning woody plant control to maintain species diversity. J Range Manage 49:554–559
Gallardo A (2003) Effect of tree canopy on the spatial distribution of soil nutrients in a Mediterranean dehesa. Pedobiol 47(2):117–125
Gallardo A, Rodríguez-Saucedo JJ, Covelo F, Fernández-Alés R (2000) Soil nitrogen heterogeneity in a dehesa ecosystem. Plant Soil 222:71–82
García del Barrio JM, Bolaños F, Ortega M, Elena-Roselló R (2004) Dynamics of land use and land cover change in dehesa landscapes of the “Redpares” network between 1956 and 1998. In: Schnabel S, Ferreira A (eds.) Sustainability of agrosilvopastoral systems. Advances in GeoEcology, vol 37. Catena Verlag, Reiskirchen, Germany, pp47–54
García-López E (2005) Efectos del manejo sobre la producción y regeneración del arbolado en dehesas de encina (Quercus ilex). PhD dissertation, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Gómez-Gutiérrez JM (ed) (1992) El libro de las dehesas Salmantinas. Junta de Castilla y León, Salamanca, Spain
Gómez-Gutiérrez JM, Luis-Calabuig E (1992) Producción de praderas y pastizales. In: Gómez-Gutiérrez JM (ed) El libro de las dehesas salmantinas. Junta de Castilla-León, Salamanca, Spain
Gómez-Gutiérrez JM, Pérez-Fernández M (1996) The dehesas, silvopastoral systems in semiarid Mediterranean regions with poor soils, seasonal climate and extensive utilitation. In: Etienne M (ed) Western European silvopastoral systems. INRA, Paris
González-Bernáldez F, Morey M, Velasco F (1969) Influences of Quercus ilex rotundifolia on the herb layer at El Pardo woodland. Bol Soc Esp Hist Nat 67:265–284
Grove AT, Rackham O (2001) The nature of Mediterranean Europe: an ecological history. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT
Hajer A, López S, González JS, Ranilla MJ (2004) Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of some Spanish browse plant species. J Sci Food Agric 84:197–204
Hernández CG (1996) Problemas en la dehesa — la falta de regeneración del arbolado. Rev Agropec65:50–55
Infante JM, Damesin C, Rambal S, Fernández-Alés R (1999) Modelling leaf gas exchange in Holm-oak trees in southern Spain. Agric For Meteorol 95:203–223
Infante JM, Domingo F, Fernández-Aléz R, Joffre R, Rambal S (2003) Quercus ilex transpiration as affected by a prolonged drought period. Biol Plant 46:49–55
INIA/SEAIADG (1984) Mejora de pastos en secanos semiáridos de suelos ácidos. Ministerio de Agricultura, Madrid
Joffre R, Rambal S (1988) Soil water improvement by trees in the rangelands of southern Spain. Acta Oecol 9:405–422
Joffre R, Rambal S (1993) How tree cover influences the water balance of Mediterranean rangelands. Ecology 74:570–582
Joffre R, Leiva MJ, Rambal S, Fernández-Alés R (1987) Dynamique racinaire et extraction de l'eau du sol par des gramineés pérennes et annuelles méditerranéennes. Acta Oecol Oecol Plant 8:181–194
Joffre R, Rambal S, Ratte JP (1999) The dehesa system of southern Spain and Portugal as a natural ecosystem mimic. Agroforest Syst 45:57–79
Lavado JF, Schnabel S, Trenado R (2004) Comparison of recent land use and land cover changes in two dehesa agrosilvopastoral landuse systems, SW Spain. In: Schnabel S, Ferreira A (eds.) Sustainability of agrosilvopastoral systems. Advances in GeoEcology, vol 37. Catena Verlag, Reiskirchen, Germany, pp55–69
Linares AM, Zapata S (2003) Una visión panorámica de ocho siglos. In: Pulido FJ, Campos P, Montero G (eds.) La gestión forestal de las dehesas. Junta de Extremadura, Mérida
Llorente-Pino JM (2003) El problema de la sostenibilidad de las dehesas a la luz de la evolución histórica de los terrenos adehesados. Cuadernos SECF (Sociedad Española de Ciencias Forestales) 16:135–140
Luis-Calabuig E (1992) Bio clima. In: Gómez-Gutiérrez JM (ed) El libro de las dehesas salmanti-nas. Junta de Castilla-León, Salamanca, Spain
MAPYA (2004) Anuario de Estadística Agroalimentaria. Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, Madrid. Series initiated in 1929
Marañón T (1986) Plant species richness and canopy effect in the savanna-like “dehesa” of SW-Spain. Ecologia Mediterranea 12:131–141
Martín J, López P (2002) The effect of Mediterranean dehesa management on lizard distribution and conservation. Biol Cons 108:213–219
Mateos B, Schnabel S (2002) Rainfall interception by holm oaks in Mediterranean open woodland. In: Garcia-Ruiz JM, Jones JAA, Arnaez J (eds.) Environmental change and water sustainabil-ity. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and the University of La Rioja Press,. Logroño, Spain, pp31–42
McPherson GR (1997) Ecology and management of North American Savannas. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ
Mediavilla S, Escudero A (2003) Stomatal responses to drought at a Mediterranean site: a comparative study of co-ocurring woody species differing in leaf longevity. Tree Physiol 23:987–996
Mediavilla S, Escudero A (2004) Stomatal responses to drought of mature trees and seedlings of two co-occurring Mediterranean oaks. Forest Ecol Manag 187:281–294
Montard de FX, Rapey H, Delpy R, Massey P (1999) Competition for light and nitrogen in an association of hazel (Corylus avellana L.) and coksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.). Agroforest Syst 43:135–150
Montero G, Torres E, Cañellas I, Ortega C (1994) Aspectos selvícolas, económicos y sociales del alcornocal. Agricultura y Sociedad 73:137–193
Montero G, San Miguel A, Cañellas I (1998) System of Mediterranean silviculture “La Dehesa”. In: Jiménez Díaz RM, Lamo de Espinos J (eds.) Agricultura Sostenible. Mundi Prensa, Madrid
Montero G, Martín D, Cañellas I, Campos P (2003) Selvicultura y producción del alcornocal. In: Pulido FJ, Campos P, Montero G (eds.) La gestión forestal de las dehesas. Junta de Extremadura, Mérida
Montero MJ, Moreno G (2005) Light distribution in scattered-trees open woodland in western Spain. In: Mosquera-Losada MR, McAdam J, Rigueiro-Rodríguez A (eds.) Silvopastoralism and sustainable land management. CAB International, Wallingford, UK
Montero MJ, Obrador-Olán JJ, Cubera E, Moreno G (2004) The role of dehesa land use on tree water status in central-western Spain. In: Schnabel S, Ferreira A (eds.) Sustainability of agrosilvopastoral systems. Advances in GeoEcology, vol 37. Catena Verlag, Reiskirchen, Germany, pp 125–136
Montoya JM (1993) Encinas y Encinares: Ediciones. Mundi-Prensa, Madrid
Montoya JM (1998) Método de ordenación silvopastoral. In: Hernández CG (ed) La dehesa, aprovechamiento sostenible de los recursos naturales, Editorial Agrícola. Española, Madrid
Moreno G, Gallardo JF (2002) Atmospheric deposition in oligotrophic Quercus pyrenaica forests: Implications for forest nutrition. Forest Ecol Manag 171: 17–29
Moreno G, Obrador-Olán JJ (2007) Effects of trees and understorey management on soil fertility and nutritional status of holm oaks in Spanish dehesas. Nutr Cycl Agroecosys 78:253–264
Moreno G, Obrador-Olán JJ, Cubera E, Dupraz C (2005) Fine root distribution in dehesas of central-western Spain. Plant Soil 277:153–162
Moreno G, Obrador-Olán JJ, Garcia-López E, Cubera E, Montero MJ, Pulido FJ, Dupraz C (2007) Competitive and facilitative interactions in dehesas of C-W Spain. Agroforest Syst 70:25–40
Moro MJ, Pugnaire FI, Haase P, Puigdefábregas J (1997) Effect of the canopy of Retama sphaero-carpa on its understorey in a semiarid environment. Funct Ecol 11:175–184
Murillo M, Schnabel S, González F (2004) Effects of different pasture improvement techniques on soil erosion and herbaceous vegetation in a woodland rangeland, South-West Spain. In: Schnabel S, Ferreira A (eds.) Sustainability of agrosilvopastoral systems. Advances in GeoEcology, vol 37. Catena Verlag, Reiskirchen, Germany, pp377–389
Nair PKR (1993) An introduction to agroforestry. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Naveiro F, Pulido FJ, Pozo J, Morcuende A, Gonzalez JM (1999) Situación fitosanitaria del arbolado de las dehesas en Extremadura: influencia de las labores selvicolas. Bol San Veg Plagas 25:425–433
Nunes J, Madeira M, Gazarini L (2005) Some ecological impacts of Quercus rotundifolia trees on the understorey environment in the “montado” agrosilvopastoral system, southern Portugal. In: Mosquera-Losada MR, McAdam J, Rigueiro-Rodríguez A (eds.) Silvopastoralism and sustainable land management. CAB International, Wallingford, UK
Obrador-Olán JJ, García-López E, Moreno G (2004) Consequences of dehesa land use on nutritional status of vegetation in Central-Western Spain. In: Schnabel S, Ferreira A. (eds.) Sustainability of Agrosilvopastoral systems — Dehesas, Montados-. Serie Advances in GeoEcology 37. Catena Verlag, Reiskirchen, Germany, pp 327–340
Olea L, López-Bellido RJ, Poblaciones MJ (2005) European types of silvopastoralism systems in the Mediterranean area: dehesa. In: Mosquera-Losada MR, McAdam J, Rigueiro-Rodríguez A (eds.) Silvopastoralism and sustainable land management. CAB International, Wallingford, UK
Oliveira G, Correira O, Martins-Louçao MA, Catarino FM (1994) Phenological and growth patterns of the Mediterranean oak Quercus suber L. Trees 9:41–46
Papanastasis VP (2004) Vegetation degradation and land use changes in agrosilvopastoral systems. In: Schnabel S, Ferreira A (eds.) Sustainability of agrosilvopastoral systems. Advances in GeoEcology, vol 37. Catena Verlag, Reiskirchen, Germany, pp1–12
Pardal R (2002) Dehesa de lujo: inversion o tapadera. Europacork 5:6–9
Patón D, Pulido FJ (1999) Diagnosis de la situación de fincas de caza mayor a partir del estado de la vegetación: Una aplicación en el parque natural de Monfragüe. In: Actas del Congreso Europeo de Agricultura Sostenible en Ambientes Mediterráneos. Junta de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain, 22–23 March 1999
Patón D, Núñez-Trujillo J, Díaz MA, Muñoz, M (1999) Assessment of browsing biomass, nutritive value and carrying capacity of shrublands for red deer (Cervus elaphus l.) management in Monfragüe Natural Park (SW Spain). J Arid Environ 42:137–147
Peñuelas J, Lloret F, Montoya R (2001) Severe drought effects on Mediterranean woody flora in Spain. Forest Sci 47:214–218
Pereira HM, Domingos T, Vicente L (eds.) (2004) Portugal Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: State of the Assessment Report. Centro de Biologia Ambiental de la Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa
Pérez-Corona ME, García-Ciudad A, García-Criado B, Vázquez-Aldana B (1995) Patterns of aboveground herbage production and nutritional quality structure on semiarid grasslands. Comm Soil Sci Plant Anal 26:1323–1341
Pineda FD, Montalvo J (1995) Dehesa systems in the western Mediterranean: biological diversity in traditional land use systems. In: Halladay P, Gilmour DA (eds.) Conserving biodiversity outside protected areas. The role of traditional agro-ecosystems. IUCN Gland, Cambridge
Plieninger T (2006) Habitat loss, fragmentation, and alteration — quantifying regional landscape transformation in Spanish holm oak savannas (dehesas) by use of aerial photography and GIS. Lands Ecol 21:91–105
Plieninger T, Wilbrand C (2001) Land use, biodiversity conservation, and rural development in the dehesas of Cuatro Lugares, Spain. Agroforest Syst 51:23–34
Plieninger T, Pulido FJ, Konold W (2003) Effects of land use history on size structure of holm oak stands in Spanish dehesas: implications for conservation and restoration. Environ Conserv 30:61–70
Plieninger T, Modolell, Mainou J, Konold W (2004a) Land manager attitudes toward management, regeneration, and conservation of Spanish holm oak savannas (dehesas). Lands Urban Plan 66:185–198
Plieninger T, Pulido FJ, Schaich H (2004b) Effects of land-use and landscape structure on holm oak recruitment and regeneration at farm level in Quercus ilex L. dehesas. J Arid Environ 57:345–364
Porras-Tejeiro C (2002) Efecto de la poda de la encina (Quercus rotundífolia Lam.) en los aspec-tos de producción y en el grosor de las bellotas. Solo Cerdo Ibérico 8:29–33
Puerto A (1992) Síntesis ecológica de los productores primarios. In: Gómez-Gutiérrez JM (ed) El libro de las dehesas salmantinas. Junta de Castilla-León, Salamanca, Spain
Puerto A, Rico M (1988) Influence of tree canopy (Quercus rotundifolia Lam. and Quercus pyrenaica Willd.) on field succession in marginal areas of central-western Spain. Acta Oecol-Oecol Plant 9:337–358
Puerto A, Rico M (1989) Influence of tree canopy (Quercus rotundifolia Lam.) on content in surface soil water in Mediterranean grasslands. Ecology 8:225–238
Pulido FJ (2002) La Producción animal en la dehesa extremeña. Nuevas tendencias y estrategias de mejora. Jornada Autonómica en Extremadura “Libro Blanco de la Agricultura y el Desarrollo Rural, Badajoz, Spain, 12 Nov 2002
Pulido FJ, Díaz M (2005) Recruitment of a Mediterranean oak: a whole-cycle approach. Ecoscience 12:99–112
Pulido FJ, Díaz M, Hidalgo S (2001) Size structure and regeneration of Spanish holm oak Quercus ilex forests and dehesas: effects of agroforestry use on their long-term sustainability. Forest Ecol Manag 146:1–13
Qarro M, Sabir M, Belghazi B, Ezzahiri M (1995) Effects des traitements sylvicoles sur le dével-oppement des potentialités herbagéres dans les taillos de cheêne vert. Proceedings Atelier sur le silvopastoralisme, Centre Matinal de la Rechereche Forestière, Rabat
Radich MC, Monteiro-Alves AA (2000) Dois séculos da Floresta em Portugal. Celpa, Lisboa
Rambal S (1993) The differential role of mechanisms for drought resistance in a Mediterranean evergreen shrub: a simulation approach.Plant Cell Environ 16:35–44
Roig S, Río M, Cañellas I, Bravo A, Montero G (2005) Structure characterization of Quercus pyrenaica Willd open woodlands in the Spanish Central Mountains: implications for silvopastoral management. In: Mosquera-Losada MR, McAdam J, Riguero-Rodríguez A (eds.) Silvopastoralism and sustainable land management”. CAB International, Wallingford, UK
Sala A (1999) Modelling Canopy Gas Exchange during Summer Drought. In: Rodá F, Retana J, Gracia CA, Bellot J (eds.) Ecology of Mediterranean Evergreen Oak Forests. Ecological studies, vol 137. Springer, Berlin, pp149–159
Sánchez ME, Caetano P, Ferraz J, Trapero A (2002) Phytophthora disease of Quercus ilex in south-western Spain. Forest Pathol 32:5–18
San Miguel A (1994) La Dehesa Española. Origen, Tipología, Características y Gestión. Fundación Conde del Valle de Salazar, Madrid
San Miguel A (2005) Mediterranean European silvopastoral systems. In: Mosquera-Losada MR, McAdam J, Rigueiro-Rodríguez A (eds.) Silvopastoralism and sustainable land management. CAB International, Wallingford, UK
San Miguel A, Pérez-Carral C (1996) Caza mayor. Gestión de recursos alimenticios para los cier-vos. I.T.E.A. (Información Técnica Económica Agrarian) 17:370–375
Santos-Reis M, Correia AI (1999) (eds.) Caracterizaçao da flora e fauna do montado da Heredade da Ribeira Abaixo (Grândola, Baixo Alentejo). CBA, Lisboa
Savé R, Castell C, Terradas J (1999) Gas exchange and water relations. In: Rodá F, Retana J, Gracia CA, Bellot J (eds.) Ecology of Mediterranean Evergreen Oak Forests. Ecological studies, vol 137. Springer, Berlin, pp135–144
Schnabel S (1997) Soil erosion and runoff production in a small watershed under silvo-pastoral landuse (Dehesas) in Extremadura, Spain. Geoforma Ediciones, Logroño, Spain
Schnabel S (2001) Efectos del arbolado y de los animales controlados en la conservación/degra-dación del suelo de la dehesa. In: Campos-Palacín P, Montero G (eds.) Beneficios Comerciales y Ambientales de la Repoblación y la Regeneración del Arbolado del Monte Mediterráneo. CSIC-INIA, Madrid
Schnabel S, Ferreira A (2004) Prolog. In: Schnabel S, Ferreira A (eds.) Sustainability of agrosilvo-pastoral systems. Advances in GeoEcology, vol 37. Catena Verlag, Reiskirchen, Germany, pp1–2
Scholes RJ, Archer SR (1997) Tree-grass interactions in savannas. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 28:517–544
Shakesby RA, Coelho COA, Schnabel S, Keizer JJ, Clarke MA, Lavado JF, Walsh RPD, Ferreira AJD, Doerr SH (2001) Are the dehesa/montado agro-forestry practices of Spain and Portugal low erosion-risk land-use options? In: Helming K (ed) Multidisciplinary approaches to soil conservation strategies. ZALF-Berichte 47, Müncheberg, Germany
Stevenson AC, Harrison RJ (1992) Ancient forests in Spain: a model for land use and try forest management in south-west Spain from 4000 BC to 1900 AD. Proceed Prehist Soc 58:227–247
Tellería JL (2001) Passerine bird communities of Iberian dehesas: a review. Anim Biodiv Cons 24:67–78
Tuset JL, Sánchez G (eds.) (2004) La Seca: el Decaimiento de Encinas, Alcornoques y otros Quercus en España. Serie Técnica, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente de España, Madrid
Úbeda X, Ferreira A, Sala M (2004) The nutritive status of Quercus suber L. in the province of Girona, Spain: a foliar analysis. In: Schnabel S, Ferreira A (eds.) Sustainability of agrosilvopastoral systems. Advances in GeoEcology, vol 37. Catena Verlag, Reiskirchen, Germany, pp297–308
Vargas JD, Calvo JC, Aparicio MA (1995) Red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) management in the dehesa system in Central Extremadura, Spain. Agroforest Syst 29:77–89
Vázquez de Aldana BR, García-Ciudad A, Pérez-Corona ME, García-Criado B (2000) Nutritional quality of semi-arid grassland in western Spain over a 10 year period: changes in chemical composition of grasses, legumes and forbs. Grass Forage Sci 55:209–220
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer Science + Business Media B.V
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Moreno, G., Pulido, F.J. (2009). The Functioning, Management and Persistence of Dehesas. In: Rigueiro-Rodróguez, A., McAdam, J., Mosquera-Losada, M.R. (eds) Agroforestry in Europe. Advances in Agroforestry, vol 6. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8272-6_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8272-6_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-8271-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-8272-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)