Vietnam and the World’s Revolutionary Forces

Abstract

Pragmatic and formal rhetoric reflected the politico-cultural influences of Vietnamese Marxism-Leninism adopted from traditional politico-cultural thinking and from Soviet Marxism-Leninism as well as from Chinese Marxism. Nevertheless, since the Marxist-Leninist concepts on international relations are, at least in theory, based on Marxist-Leninist premises, an examination of these concepts brings emphatically into view a formalist pattern. The formal premises became evident as early as the Third National Congress of the Lao dong (Workers’) Party in 1960; and particularly the 9th session of the Party’s Central Committee, held in December 1963, strengthened the formalist trend.