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Abstract

Now that I have investigated the circulation of knowledge within one city, I want to illustrate examples of the circulation of knowledge between academies in two different cities, Venice and Bologna, and then from the northern to the southern peninsula. Traditionally, the example of cross-fertilization that characterized the Italian academic movement has been identified with Alessandro Piccolomini and his transfer from Siena, where he was associated with the Accademia degli Intronati, and Padua, where he was key to the creation of the Infiammati Academy.1 Similar examples would require an entire chapter, and I hope that the Italian Academies Database (IAD) will help scholars visualize the connections that single academicians established among academies within the same city or between different cities. In this chapter, I analyze four cases of collaboration and cultural transfer.

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Notes

  1. Richard S. Samuels, “Benedetto Varchi, the Accademia degli Infiammati, and the Origins of the Italian Academic Movement,” Renaissance Quarterly 29 (1976): pp. 601ff.

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  2. Antonella Orlandi, “Biografia e bibliografia nell’opera di Prospero Mandosio,” Esperienze letterarie 29 (2004): p. 71: “Il signor Cavaliere, che sta intorno a tessere le Vite de’ più celebri Accademici Umoristi che fiorirono, ha fatto ogni indagine per averne le notizie; ma quando queste gli venghino trattenute da chi dovrebbe più premerci, non sarà colpa sua, se si ritardino, o se ne tralascino alcune per mancanza delle dovute cognizioni. Sono però pregati quei che v’hanno qualche interesse a non trascurarle, acciò non venghino defraudati così chiari ingegni della dovuta lode.”

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  3. David Kirkpatrick, The Facebook Effect (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2010), p. 180, tells how the application of pictures to Facebook came at a later stage: “The astonishing success of Facebook’s photos application led to a bout of soul-searching at the company. What was it, Zuckerberg and his colleague asked themselves, that made photos so successful?”

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  4. I am referring to Peter Burke, “The Renaissance, Individualism, and the Portrait,” History of European Ideas 21 (1995): pp. 393–400.

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  5. For the extension of the concept of the “Renaissance” to a later period, see Richard Mackenney, Renaissances: The Cultures of Italy: 1300–1600 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).

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  6. For this approach, see Peter Miller, “The ‘Man of Learning’ Defended: Seventeenth-Century Biographies of Scholars and an Early-Modern Ideal of Excellence,” in Representations of the Self from Renaissance to Romanticism, ed. Patrick Colemam, Jayne Lewis, and Jill Kowalik (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 39–62.

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  7. As Francis Haskell, History and Its Images: Art and the Interpretation of the Past (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993), pp. 60–67 argues, there is usually little or no direct reference in the text between the sitter’s facial features and his character. Nevertheless, it is worth pointing out the common interest in this pseudoscientific approach to determining a person’s character.

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  8. James Lawrence Fuchs, “Vincenzo Coronelli and the Organization of Knowledge: The Twilight of Seventeenth Century Encyclopaedism” (unpublished PhD diss., University of Chicago, 1983);

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  9. Antonella Barzazi, “Enciclopedismo e ordini religiosi tra Sei e Settecento: La Biblioteca universale di Vincenzo Coronelli,” in L’enciclopedismo in Italia nel XVIII secolo, ed. Guido Abbattista (Studi settecenteschi 16 [1996]), pp. 61–83.

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  10. Burke, A Social History of Knowledge: From Gutenberg to Diderot (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2000), pp. 184–86.

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  11. I am indebted to the following studies: Carlo Dionisotti, “La galleria degli uomini illustri,” in Appunti su arti e lettere (Milan: Jaca Books, 1995), pp. 145–55 (first published in Cultura e società nel Rinascimento tra riforme e manierismi, ed. Vittore Branca and Carlo Ossola [Florence: Olschki, 1984], pp. 449–61), sparked an interest for this genre of publications; Haskell, History and Its Images;

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  12. T. Price Zimmermann, Paolo Giovio: The Historian and the Crisis of Sixteenth-Century Italy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995), provides a thorough analysis of Giovio’s aims, style, and reception;

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  13. Caterina Volpi, “I ritratti di illustri contemporanei della collezione di Cassiano dal Pozzo,” in I segreti di un collezionista. Le straordinarie raccolte di Cassiano dal Pozzo (1588–1657), catalogo della mostra (Biella, 16 dicembre 2001–16 marzo 2002), ed. Francesco Solinas (Rome: Edizioni De Luca, 2001), pp. 68–78,

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  14. and Caterina Volpi, “Dall’Italia dei principi all’Europa dei letterati. Note in margine alla trasformazione del museo gioviano di uomini illustri tra Cinquecento e Seicento,” in II volto e gli affetti. Fisiognomica ed espressione nelle arti del Rinascimento, ed. Alessandro Pontremoli (Florence: Olschki, 2003), pp. 39–58, commented on the Roman context where the practice of collecting portraits and writing biographies matured;

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  15. Paolo Cherchi, “Collezionismo, medaglioni di letterati e la repubblica letteraria,” in I luoghi dell’immaginario barocco. Atti del Convegno (Siena 21–23 ottobre 1999), ed. L. Strappini (Naples: Liguori, 2001), pp. 483–97, focuses on Girolamo Ghilini’s methodology;

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  16. Tommaso Casini, Ritratti parlanti. Collezionismo e biografie illustrate nei secoli XVI eXVII (Florence: Edifir, 2004), insists on the authors’ interests in medicine.

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  17. Arnaldo Momigliano, The Development of Greek Biography: Four Lectures (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971), pp. 96ff.

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  18. On Elogia, see Sonia Maffei, “‘Spiranti fattezze dei volti.’ Paolo Giovio e la descrizione degli uomini illustri dal museo agli Elogia” in Ecfrasi. Modelli ed esempi fra Medioevo e Rinascimento, ed. Gianni Venturi and Monica Fernetti, 2 vols. (Rome: Bulzoni, 2004), vol. 1, pp. 227–68.

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  19. Price Zimmermann, Paolo Giovio, p. 206. One example is the comment on Bartolomeo Facio, in Paolo Giovio, Elogi degli uomini illustri, ed. Franco Minonzio, trans. Andrea Guasparri and Franco Minonzio (Turin: Einaudi, 2006), pp. 317–18.

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  20. Marino joined the Umoristi in the years preceding the formalization of the academy. For the troubled publication process of the Galeria, see Alessandro Martini, “Marino, Giovan Battista,” in Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, vol. 70 (2008), p. 519.

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  21. His real name was Gian Vittorio Rossi. Benedetto Croce, Nuovi saggi sulla letteratura italiana del Seicento (Bari: Laterza, 1949), pp. 129–38.

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  22. According to Carlo Caruso, “Saggio di commento alla Galeria di G. B. Marino: 1 (esordio) e 624 (epilogo),” Aprosiana 10 (2002): pp. 71–89, Marino’s Galeria was “la più vasta e ambiziosa celebrazione poetica delle arti figurative mai apparsa in Europa.”

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  23. For his biography, see Giuseppe Vedova, Biografia degli scrittori padovani, 2 vols. (Padua: Minerva, 1836), vol. 2, pp. 334–43, and Glorie, ad vocem; on the origins of his collection of portraits, see Dora Moscardin, “‘Imaginum amore flagrasse.’ Le raccolte di ritratti di Paolo e Giacomo Filippo Tomasin o,” Bollettino del museo civico di Padova 87 (1998): pp. 55–87.

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  24. Gabriel Naudé, Epigrammi per i ritratti della biblioteca di Cassiano Dal Pozzo, ed. Eugenio Canone and Germana Ernst, trans. Giuseppe Lucchesini (Pisa: Serra, 2009). Originally published in Latin: Cassiano Dal Pozzo, Epigrammata in virorum literatorum imagines quas illustrissimus eques Cassianus a Puteo sua in bibliotheca dedicavit, cum appendicula variorum carminum (Romae: Lodovicus Grignanus, 1641).

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  25. I rely on Gabriel Naudé, Avis pour dresser une bibliothèque (Paris: Klincksieck, 2008).

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  26. Gabriel Naudé, Advice on Establishing a Library, trans. Archer Taylor (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1976), p. 72.

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  27. The Jesuit Antonio Zara was born in Aquileia and received the bishopric of Peneda in Friuli in 1601. He used Huarte and Possevino extensively for his publication: Emilio García García and Aurora Miguel Alonso, “El Examen de Ingenios de Huarte en Italia. La Anatomia ingeniorum de Antonio Zara,” in Revista de Historia de la Psicología 25 (2004): pp. 83–94;

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  28. Paul Richard Blum, “Theoriensynkretismus bei Antonio Zara (1574–1621) aus Istrien,” Verbum. Analecta Neolatina 1 (1999): pp. 21–29;

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  29. Paolo Delorenzi, “Zara Antonio,” in Le muse tra i libri. Il libro illustrato Veneto del Cinque e del Seicento nelle collezioni della Biblioteca Universitaria di Padova, ed. Pietro Gnan and Vincenzo Mancini (Padua: Biblioteca universitaria, 2009), pp. 128–31.

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  30. Antonio Clericuzio and Silvia de Renzi, “Medicine, Alchemy, and Natural Philosophy in the Early Accademia dei Lincei,” in Italian Academies of the Sixteenth Century, ed. David Chambers and François Quiviger (London: Warburg Institute, 1995), pp. 175–94.

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  31. Gabrieli, Contributi alla storia della Accademia dei Lincei, 2 vols. (Rome: Accademia dei Lincei, 1989), vol. 1, p. 754; Paula Findlen, Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early-Modern Italy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), pp. 317–18; Volpi, “I ritratti,” pp. 74–75.

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  32. For the reference work on physiognomy, see Martin Porter, Windows of the Soul: The Art of Physiognomy in European Culture 1470–1780 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005).

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  33. Little relevance to this publication is given by Domenico Musti, “Allacci, Leone,” in Dizionario biografico degli italiani, vol. 2 (1960), pp. 467–71.

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  34. On Allacci’s Apes, see Carmela Jacono, Bibliografia di Leone Allacci (1588–1669) (Palermo: Presso l’Accademia, 1962) (Quaderni dell’isitituto di filologia greca della Università di Palermo 2 [1962]): pp. 11–12 and 46;

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  35. Thomas Cerbu, “Leone Allacci (1587–1669): The Fortunes of an Early Byzantinist” (unpublished PhD diss., Harvard University, 1986). Apes was also famous for its rather detached assessment of Galileo’s work, following the decision taken in 1633 by Pope Urban VIII to censor the Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi.

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  36. Thomas Cerbu and Michel Pierre Lerner, “La disgrace de Galilée dans les Apes Urbanae,” Nuncius. Annali di storia della scienza 15 (2000): p. 591. Allacci’s Apes urbanae (Rome: Grignanus, 1633) has been reprinted, with an introduction by Michel Pierre Lerner (Lecce: Conte, 1998).

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  37. Nina Cannizzaro, “Guido Casoni padre degli Incogniti,” in I luoghi dell’immaginario barocco, ed. Lucia Strappini (Naples: Liguori, 2001), pp. 547–60.

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  38. This interpretation is not shared by Clizia Carminati, “Loredan, Giovan Francesco,” in Dizionario biografico degli italiani, vol. 65 (2005), pp. 761–70;

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  39. and Clizia Carminati, “La prima edizione della ‘Messalina’ di Francesco Pona (1633),” Studi secenteschi 47 (2006): pp. 337–67.

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  40. The idea for the emblem came from Guido Casoni. For the interpretation of the Incogniti’s emblem, see Nina Cannizzaro, “The Nile, Nothingness, and Knowledge: The Incogniti Impresa,” in Coming About: A Festschrift for John Shearman, ed. Lars Jones and Louisa Matthew (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Art Museums, 2001), pp. 325–32.

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  41. Mario Infelise, “Ex ignoto notusl Note sul tipografo Sarzina e l’Accademia degli Incogniti,” in Libri, tipografi, biblioteche: Ricerche storiche dedicate a L. Balsamo, ed. Istituto di Biblioteconomia e Paleografia Università degli Studi, Parma (Florence: Olschki, 1997), p. 221: Loredan was “vero e proprio controllore dell’editoria veneziana degli anni ‘30 e ‘40.”

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  42. On Valvasense and his relationship with the Incogniti, see Mario Infelise, “Libri e politica nella Venezia di A. Tarabotti,” Annali di storia moderna e contemporanea 7 (2002): pp. 31–45.

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  43. Caterina Serra, “Gli Elogi d’huomini letterati di Lorenzo Crasso,” Esperienze letterarie 1 (2000): pp. 47–63.

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  44. Capponi’s entry in the IAD visualizes his participation in several Academies: http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/ItalianAcademies/PersonFullDisplay.aspx?RecordId=022–000000016. On his biography, see Gian Luigi Betti, “Giovan Battista Capponi: La ‘carriera della gloria’ di un mago e scienziato nella Bologna del Seicento,” L’Archiginnasio 101 (2006): pp. 92–118;

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  45. Gian Luigi Betti, “Il processo per magia di un ‘bellissimo ingegno’ nella Bologna del Seicento,” Bruniana & Campanelliana 12 (2006): pp. 114–36.

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  46. Giovanna Perini, “Ut pictura poesis. L’accademia dei Gelati e le arti figurative,” in Italian Academies of the Sixteenth Century, ed. David Chambers and François Quiviger (London: Warburg Institute, 1995), pp. 115–16, notes the scarce allusion to the figurative arts in poetic compositions by members of the Accademia dei Gelati, especially between 1500 and 1600, when the only reference to someone’s emblem is in Melchiorre Zoppio’s poem. This interpretation should be revised in light of Jane Everson, “Critical Authorities, Canonical Traditions and Occasional Literature: The Case of the Early Modern Italian Academies,” in Authority, Innovation and Early Modern Epistemology. Essays in Honour of Hilary Gatti, ed. Martin McLaughlin, Ingrid Rowland, and Elisabetta Tarantino (London: Legenda, forthcoming), where she comments on several poems by the Gelati academicians who illustrate their own emblems through historical and mythological literature.

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  47. Marina Calore, “La biblioteca drammatica degli Accademici Gelati di Bologna: Saggio storico bibliografico,” Atti della Accademia delle scienze dell’Istituto di Bologna, Classe di scienze morali, Rendiconti 81 (1992–93 [1995]): pp. 61–82.

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  48. See Nicola De Blasi, “Barbazza, Andrea,” in Dizionario biografico degli italiani, vol. 6 (1964), pp. 148–49.

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  49. See Elide Casali, Le spie del cielo. Oroscopi, lunari e almanacchi nell’Italia moderna (Turin: Einaudi, 2003), ad vocem.

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  50. For the entry dedicated to the Gelati academy in the IAD: http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/ItalianAcademies/AcademyFullDisplay.aspx?RecordId=021–000000001&searchAssocType=. On the general laws about academies’ imprese and their relations to the imprese of academicians, see Roberto Paolo Ciardi, “‘A Knot of Words and Things’: Some Clues for Interpreting the Imprese of Academies and Academicians,” In Italian Academies of the Sixteenth Century, ed. David Chambers and François Quiviger (London: Warburg Institute, 1995), pp. 37–60.

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  51. The bibliography on Coronelli is considerable and mostly in Italian: Ermanno Armao, Vincenzo Coronelli: Cenni sull’uomo e la sua vita catalogo ragionato delle sue opere lettere—fonti bibliografiche—Indici (Florence: Bibliopolis, 1944); Miscellanea francescana, ed., Il p. Vincenzo Coronelli dei Frati Minori Conventuali (1650–1718) nel III centenario della nascita (Miscellanea francescana 51 [1951]), pp. 65–558;

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  52. Augusto De Ferrari, “Coronelli, Vincenzo,” in Dizionario biografico degli italiani, vol. 29 (1983), pp. 305–9; Barzazi, “Enciclopedismo e ordini religiosi,” pp. 61–83;

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  53. Donatino Domini and Marica Milanesi, eds., Vincenzo Coronelli e l’Imago Mundi (Ravenna: Longo, 1998);

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  54. Maria Gioia Tavoni, ed., Un intellettuale europeo e il suo universo: Vincenzo Coronelli (1650–1718) (Bologna: Costa, 1999);

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© 2015 Simone Testa

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Testa, S. (2015). Italian Academies and Their Facebooks. In: Italian Academies and Their Networks, 1525–1700. Italian and Italian American Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-43842-3_4

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