Abstract
It is very challenging to be a young person in today’s global climate. The harsh reality is that the competition for limited resources whether economic, political, cultural, or territorial have created a world where war and armed conflict can be found in virtually every corner. Children in conflict areas are exposed to many overwhelming experiences, including violence, death, torture, separation from family members, and multiple personal losses (Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children, 2002).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdalla, K., & Elklit, A. (2001). A nation-wide screening survey of refugee children from Kosovo. Torture, 11 (2), 45–49.
Akinsulure-Smith, A. (1997). The effects of HIV/AIDS knowledge, sexual self-efficacy, and susceptibility on sexual risk-taking behavior in Sierra Leonean students of higher education. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Columbia University, New York.
Allen, J.P., Kuperminc, G., Philliber, S., & Herre, K. (1994). Programmatic prevention of adolescent problem behaviors: The role of autonomy, relatedness, and volunteer service in the teen outreach program. American Journal of Community Psychology, 22 (5), 617–638.
Amowitz, L.L., Reis, C., Lyons, K.H., Vann, B., Mansaray, B., Akinsulure-Smith, A.M., Taylor, L., & Iacopino, V. (2002). Prevalence of war-related sexual violence and other human rights abuses among internally displaced persons in Sierra Leone. Journal of the American Medical Association, 287(4), 513–521.
Amnesty International. (2000). Torture Worldwide: An Affront to Human Dignity. Amnesty International Publications.
Bell, C.C. (2001). Cultivating resiliency in youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 29, 375–381.
Berman, H. (2001). Children and war: Current understandings and future directions. Public Health Nursing, 18 (4), 243–252.
Brofenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Darling, N., Hamilton, S., Toyokawa, T., & Matsuda, S. (2002). Naturally occurring mentoring in Japan and the United States: Social roles and correlates. American Journal of Community Psychology, 30 (2), 245–253.
DuBois, D.L., Holloway, B.E., Valentine, J.C., & Cooper, H. (2002). Effectiveness of mentoring programs for youth: A meta-analytic review. American Journal of Community Psychology, 30 (2). 157–197.
Driver, C., & Beltran, R.O. (1998). Impact of refugee trauma on children’s occupational role as school students. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 45, 23–38.
Dyregrov, A., Gjestad, R., & Raundalen, M. (2002). Children exposed to warfare: A longitudinal study. Journal of Traumatic Stress Studies, 15 (1), 59–68.
Eisenstein, E. (1993). Street youth: Social imbalance and health risks. Journal of Pediatric Child Health, 29, Suppl. 1, S46–S49.
Foreman, S.G., & Kalafat, J. (1998). Substance abuse and suicide: Promoting resilience against selfdestructive behavior in youth. School Psychology Review 27 (3), 398–406.
Grossman, J.B., & Rhodes, J.E. (2002). The test of time: Predictors of the effects of duration in youth mentoring relationships. American Journal of Community Psychology, 30 (2), 199–219.
Huba, G.J., & Melchior, L.A. (1998). A model for targeted HIV/AIDS services: Conclusions from 10 adolescent targeted projects funded by the Special Projects of National Significance Program of the Health Resources and Services Administration. Journal of Adolescent Health, 23 S, 11–27.
Human Rights Watch (2002). World report, 2002, from http://www.hrw.org/wr2k2/children.html
Kim, S., Crutchfield, C., Williams, C., & Helper, N. (1998). Toward a new paradigm in substance abuse and other problem behavior prevention for youth: Youth development and empowerment approach. Journal of Drug Education, 28 (1), 1–17.
Lachman, P., Poblete, X., Ebigbo, P.O., Nyandiya-Bundy, S., Bundy, R.P., Killian B., & Dock, J. (2002). Challenges facing child protection. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26, 587–617.
Lerner, R.M., & Galambos, N.L. (1998). Adolescent development: Challenges and opportunities for research, programs, and policies. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 413–446.
Mollica, R.F., Poole, C., Son, L., Murray, C.C., & Tor, S. (1997). Effects of war trauma on Cambodian refugee adolescents’ functional health and mental health status. Journal of the Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36 (8): 1098–1106.
McAdoo, H.P. (1993). Family ethnicity: Strength in diversity. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Mrazek, P.J., & Mrazek, D.A. (1987). Resilience in child maltreatment victims: A conceptual exploration. Child Abuse & Neglect, 11, 357–366.
Mollica, R.F., Poole, C., Son, L., Murray, C.C., & Tor, S. (1997). Effects of war trauma on Cambodian refugee adolescents’ functional health and mental health status. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36 (8), 1098–1106.
Punamaki, R. (1996). Can ideological commitment protect children’s psychosocial well being in situations of political violence? Child Development, 67, 55–69.
Punamaki, R. (1989). Factors affecting the mental health of Palestinian children exposed to political violence. International Journal of Mental Health, 18, 63–79.
Rhodes, J.E., Grossman, J.B., & Roffman, J. (2002). The rhetoric and reality of youth mentoring. New Directions for Youth Development, 93, 9–20.
Smith, H. (1999). Psychological detachment from school: Its effects on the academic performance of Black adolescent students in inner-city schools. Doctoral Dissertation. Teachers College, Columbia University.
Smith, H. (2003). Despair, Resilience, and the Meaning of Family: Group Therapy with French-Speaking Survivors of Torture from Africa. In R. Carter & B. Wallace (Eds.) Understanding and Dealing with Violence. Multicultural Perspectives (pp. 291–319). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Press, Inc.
Smith, H. & Akinsulure-Smith, A. (2002). Mission to Freetown. Mano Vision (26), 12–13. London, UK.
Smith, P., Perrin, S., Yule, W., Hacam, B. & Stuvland, R. (2002) War exposure among children from Bosnia-Hercegovina: Psychological adjustment in a community sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress Studies, 15 (2), pp. 147–156.
Totozani, D., Kallaba, M., & Sheremeti, A. A study of the psychological state of Kosovo refugee children settled in Shkallnur village in the Durrës District. Torture, 11 (2), 42–44.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2002). World Refugee Survey, 2002. United Nations: New York.
UNAIDS, (2002). AIDS Epidemic Update. United Nations: New York.
Williams, R.M. (1994). The sociology of ethnic conflicts: Comparative and International perspectives. Annual Review of Sociology, 20, 49–79.
Vizek-Vidović, V., Kuterovac-Jagodić, G., & Arambašić, L. (2000). Posttraumatic symptomatology in children exposed to war. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 41, 297–306.
Women’s Commission for Refugees, Women, and Children (2002). Precious resources: Adolescents in the reconstruction of Sierra Leone. Paricipatory research study with adolescents and youth in Sierra Leone. Women’s Commission for Refugees, Women, and Children: New York.
Zimmerman, M.A., Bingenheimer, J.B., & Notaro, P.C. (2002). Natural mentors and adolescent resiliency: a study with urban youth. American Journal of Community Psychology, 30 (2), 221, 221–243.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Smith, H.E., Akinsulure-Smith, A.M. (2004). A Global Perspective on Youth Outreach. In: Clauss-Ehlers, C.S., Weist, M.D. (eds) Community Planning to Foster Resilience in Children. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48544-2_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48544-2_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-0981-0
Online ISBN: 978-0-306-48544-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive