Abstract
This review gives an overview on oxidized functionalities in celluloses, i.e., carbonyl and carboxyl groups, with regard to their chemical structure, the different ways of introduction, and their analytics. Starting from different processes introducing oxidative modifications into celluloses a survey on the chemical nature of these functionalities is given and analytical approaches towards their determination are discussed. Special emphasis is placed on recent developments which combine group-selective fluorescence labeling with multi-detector GPC analysis to provide carbonyl and carboxyl group profiles according to the CCOA and FDAM method, respectively. Examples of monitoring the oxidation state of celluloses and its changes during processing stages are given, for example bleaching, aging, dissolution or irradiation procedures.
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Abbreviations
- ADAM:
-
9-Anthryldiazomethane
- AGU:
-
Anhydroglucose unit
- CCOA:
-
Carbazole-9-carboxylic acid [2-(2-aminooxy-ethoxy)ethoxy]amide
- DAM-MC:
-
4-Diazomethyl-7-methoxycoumarine
- Dansyl:
-
5-(Dimethylamino)-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid
- DMAc:
-
N,N-Dimethylacetamide
- DP:
-
Degree of polymerization
- DS:
-
Degree of substitution
- DSCO :
-
Degree of substitution of carbonyl groups
- DSCOOH :
-
Degree of substitution of carboxyl groups
- ECF:
-
Elemental chlorine free
- FAD:
-
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
- FDAM:
-
9H-Fluoren-2-yl-diazomethane
- GPC:
-
Gel permeation chromatography
- HexA:
-
Hexenuronic acid
- Lyocell:
-
Fiber production process based on direct dissolution of cellulose in NMMO
- MALLS:
-
Multi-angle laser light scattering
- M n :
-
Number average molecular weight
- M w :
-
Weight average molecular weight
- MW:
-
Molecular weight
- MWD:
-
Molecular weight distribution
- NMM:
-
N-Methylmorpholine
- NMMO:
-
N-Methylmorpholine N-oxide
- P:
-
Peroxide bleaching stage
- PDAM:
-
1-Pyrenyl-diazomethane
- PHK:
-
Prehydrolysis kraft pulp
- PDI:
-
Polydispersity index
- REG:
-
Reducing end group(s)
- TEMPO:
-
2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl
- TCF:
-
Totally chlorine free
- TMP:
-
Thermo-mechanical pulp
- TOF-SIMS:
-
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry
- TTC:
-
2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride
- Z:
-
Ozone bleaching stage
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Acknowledgments
The financial support of the work by the Austrian Christian Doppler Research Society, by Lenzing AG, Austria, and the Austrian Fonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (project L188-N11), are gratefully acknowledged. We are grateful to all students, co-workers and cooperation partners that were involved in the studies described.
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Potthast, A., Rosenau, T., Kosma, P. (2006). Analysis of Oxidized Functionalities in Cellulose. In: Klemm, D. (eds) Polysaccharides II. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 205. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg . https://doi.org/10.1007/12_099
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