Abstract
Photosynthesis evolved very early on the Earth, but after respiration, and probably after the metabolic processes for methanogenesis and sulfur oxidation. This occurred in ancestors of anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. An ancestral reaction center of Photosystem I and II (RCI/II) type of photosynthesis arose in which a five membrane-spanning helix (MSH) protein bound two molecules of chlorophyll (Chl)/bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) in a special pair and had a Chl/quinone primary acceptor, and this protein fused, early on, with a six MSH antenna protein. Logic suggests that the earliest photopigments were protoporphyrin IX, followed by Mg protochlorophyllide a, followed by Chl/BChl. It is not clear whether Chl or BChl came first. The evolution of the modern RCI type occurred later but it is not clear under what selection pressure it arose, possibly when ferric salts and sulfur compounds became more available in the Proterozoic Eon.
Access provided by Autonomous University of Puebla. Download to read the full chapter text
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
References
Anbar AD and Knoll AH (2002) Proterozoic ocean chemistry and evolution: A bioinorganic bridge? Science 297:1137–1142
Baymann F, Brugna M, Mühlenhoff U and Nitschke W (2001) Daddy, where did (PS)I come from? Biochim Biophys Acta 1507:291–310
Beanland TJ (1990) Evolutionary relationship between ‘Q—type’ photosynthetic reaction centers: Hypothesis testing using parsimony. J Theoret Biol 145:535–545
Bibby T, Mary I, Nield J and Barber J (2003) Lowlight-adapted Prochlorococcus species possess specific antennae for each photosystem. Nature 424:1051–1054
Bibby TS, Nield J, Partensky F and Barber J (2001) Oxyphotobacteria. Antenna ring around photosystem I. Nature 413:590
Bjerrum CJ and Canfield DE (2002) Ocean productivity before about 1.9 Gyrago limited by phosphorus adsorption onto iron oxides. Nature 417:159–162
Blankenship RE (1992) Origin and early evolution of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis Res 33, 91–111
Blankenship RE (2002) Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis. Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford
Blankenship RE and Hartman H (1998) The origin and evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis. Trends Biochem Sci 23:94–97
Borowska Z and Mauzerall D (1987) Efficient near ultraviolet light-induced formation of hydrogen by ferrous hydroxide. Origin Life Evol Biosphere 17:251–259
Borowska Z and Mauzerall D (1988) Photoreduction of carbon dioxide by aqueous ferrous ions: An alternative to the strongly reducing atmosphere for the chemical origin of life. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:6577–6580
Brassier MD, Green OR, Jephcoat AP, Kleppe AK, van Kranen-donk MJ, Lindsay JF, Steele A and Grassineau NV (2002) Questioning the evidence for Earth's oldest fossils. Nature 416:76–81
Brockman H Jr and Lipinski A (1983) Bacteriochlorophyll g. A new bacteriochlorophyll from Heliobacterium chlorum. Arch Mikrobiol 136:17–25
Brocks JJ, Logan GA, Buick R and Summons RE (1999) Archean molecular fossils and the early rise of eukaryotes. Science 285:1033–1036
Burke DH, Hearst JE and Sidow A (1993) Early evolution of photosynthesis: Clues from nitrogenase and chlorophyll iron proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:7134–7138
Cady SS and Pinnavaia TJ (1978) Porphyrin intercalation in mica-type silicates. Inorg Chem 17:1501–1507
Cairns-Smith AG (1978) Precambrian solution photochemistry, inverse segregation, and banded iron formations. Nature 276:807.
Canfield DE and Raiswell, R (1999) The evolution of the sulfur cycle. Amer J Sci 299:697–723
Castresana J (2001) Comparative genomics and bioenergetics. Biochim. Biophys Acta 1505:147–162
Castresana J and Sarastre N (1995) Evolution of energetic metabolism: The respiration-early hypothesis. Trends Biochem Sci 20:443–448
Chen M, Bibby TS, Nield J, Larkum AWD and Barber J (2005a) Iron effect on formation and localization of antenna system binding with chlorophyll d. Biochim Biophys Acta 1708:367–374
Chen M, Telfer A, Lin S, Pascal A, Larkum AWD and Blanken-ship RE (2005b) The nature of the Photosystem II reaction centre in the chlorophyll d containing prokaryote, Acaryochloris marina. Photochem Photobiol Sci 4:1060–1064
Cogdell RJ, Isaacs NW, Howard TD, Mcluskey K, Fraser NJ and Prince SM (1999) How photosynthetic bacteria harvest solar energy. J Bacteriol 181:3869–3879
Copley SD (2000) Evolution of a metabolic pathway for degradation of a toxic xenobiotic: The patchwork approach. Trends Biochem Sci 25:261–266
Dismukes GC (1996) Manganese enzymes with binuclear active sites. Chem Rev 96:2909–2926
Dismukes GC and van Willigen RT (2005) Manganese: The oxygen-evolving complex and models. In: King R (ed) Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry II. Wiley Interscience, in press
Dismukes GC, Klimov VV, Varanov, SV, DasGupta J and Tyryshkin A (2001) The origin of atmospheric oxygen on Earth: The innovation of oxygenic photosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:2170–2175
Dolganov NA, Bhaya D and Grossman AR (1995) Cy anobacterial protein with similarity to the chlorophyll a/b binding-protein of higher plants — evolution and regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:636–640
Douglas SE, Raven JA and Larkum AWD (2003) The algae and their general characteristics. In: Larkum AWD, Douglas SE and Raven JA (eds) Photosynthesis in Algae, pp 1–10. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Dufresne A, Salanoubat M, Partensky F, Artiguenave F, Axmann I M, Barbe y Duprat S, Galperin MY, Koonin EV, Le Gall F, Makarova KS, Ostrowski M, Oztas S, Robert C, Rogozin IB, Scanlan DJ, Tandeaau de Marsac N. Weissenbach J, Wincker P, WolfY and Hess WR (2003) Genome sequence of cyano-bacterium Prochlorococcus marinus SS120, a nearly minimal oxyphototrophic genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:10020–10025
Durnford, D (2003) Genes for Chl a/b and Chl a/c light harvesting proteins. In: Larkum AWD, Douglas Sand Raven JA (eds) Photosynthesis in Algae, pp 63–82, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Dutton PL (1986) Energy transduction in anoxygenic photosynthesis. In: Staehelin LA and Arntzen CJ (eds) Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, Photosynthesis III, pp 197–232. Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Eldredge N and Gould SJ (1972) Punctuated equilibria: An alternative to phyletic gradualism. In: Schopf TJM (ed) Models in Paleobiology, pp 82–115. Freeman, Cooper and Co., San Francisco
Ferreira KN, Iverson TM, Maghlaoui K, Barber J and Iwata S (2004) Architecture of the photosynthetic oxygen-evolving center. Science 303:1831–1838
Fyfe PK, Jones MR and Heathcote P (2002) Insights into the evolution of the antenna domains of Type-I and Type-II photo-synthetic reaction centers through homology modeling. FEBS Lett 530:117–123
Georgopapadakou NH and Scott AI (1977) On B12 biosynthesis and evolution. J Theor Biol 69:381–384
Golbeck JH (2003) The binding of cofactors to Photosystem I analyzed by spectroscopic and mutagenesis methods. Ann Rev Biophys Biomolec Struct 32:237–256
Gogarten JP, Doolittle WF and Lawrence JC (2002) Prokaryotic evolution in the light of gene transfer. Mol Biol Evol 19:2226–2238
Gouy M and Li W-P (1989) Phylogenetic analysis based on rRNA sequence supports the archaebacterial rather than eocyte tree. Nature 339:145–147
Grabowski B, Cunningham FX, and Gantt E (2001) Chlorophyll and carotenoid binding in a simple red algal light-harvesting complex crosses phylogenetic lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:2911–2916
Granick S (1957) Speculations on the origins and evolution of photosynthesis. Ann NY Acad Sci 69:292–301
Green BR (2003) The evolution of light-harvesting antennas. In: Green BR and Parson WF (eds) Light Harvesting Antennas in Photosynthesis, pp 129–168. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Green BR and Parson WF (eds) (2003) Light Harvesting Antennas in Photosynthesis. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Gupta RS (2003) Evolutionary relationships among photosynthetic bacteria. Photosynth Res 76:173–183
Gupta RS, Mukhtar T and Singh B (1999) Evolutionary relationships among photosynthetic prokaryote (Heliobacterium chlorum, Chloroflexus aurantiacus, cyanobacteria, Chlorobium tepidum and proteobacteria): Implication regarding the origin of photosynthesis. Mol Microbiol 32:893–906
Heddad M and Adamska I (2000) Light stress-regulated two-helix proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana related to the chlorophyll a/b-binding gene family. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:3741–3746
Helfrich M, Ross A, King GC, Turner AG and Larkum AWD (1999) Identification of [8-vinyl]-protochlorophyllide a in phototrophic prokaryotes and algae: Chemical and spectroscopic properties. Biochim Biophys Acta 1410:262–272
Hodgson GW and Baker GL (1964) Evidence for porphyrin in the Orgueil meteorite. Nature 202:125–127
Hodgson GW and Baker GL (1967) Porphyrin abiogenesis from pyrrole and formaldehyde under simulated geochemical conditions. Nature 216:29–32
Hodgson GW and Ponnamperuma C (1968) Prebiotic porphyrin genesis: Porphyrins from electric discharge in methane, ammonia and water vapour. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 31:153–158
Hofmann E, Wrench PM, Sharpies FP, Hiller RG, Weite W and Diederichs K (1996) Structural basis of light-harvesting by Carotenoids: Peridinin-Chlorophyll-Protein from Amphidinium carterae. Science 272:1788–1791
Hoober JK and Eggink LL (2001) A potential role of chlorophylls b and c in assembly of light-harvesting complexes. FEBS Lett 489:1–3
House CH, Runnegar B and Fitz-Gibbon ST (2003) Geobiological analysis using whole genome-based tree building applied to the bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Geobiology 1:15–26
Houssier C and Sauer K (1970) Circular dichroism and magnetic circular dichroism of chlorophyll and protochlorophyllide pigments. J Am Chem Soc 92:779–790
Hu Q, Miyashita H, Iwasaki I Kurano N, Miyachi S, Iwaki M and Itoh S (1998) A Photosystem I reaction center driven by chlorophyll d in oxygenic photosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:13319–13323
Ilani A and Mauzerall D (1981) The potential span of photoredox reactions of porphyrins and chlorophyll at the lipid bilayer-water interface. Biophys J 35:79–92
Ilani A, Woodle M and Mauzerall D (1989) Photoinduced electron transfer across lipid bilayers containing magnesium octaethyl-porphyrin. Photochem Photobiol 29:673–679
Jacobs JM and Jacobs NJ (1984) Protoporphyrinogen oxidation, an enzymatic step in heme and chlorophyll synthesis: Partial characterization of the reaction in plant organelles, and comparison with mammalian and bacterial systems. Arch Biochem Biophys:229:312–319
Jermiin LJ, Blankenship RE, Lockhart PJ and Larkum AWD (2001) Phylogenetic reconstruction of ancient photosynthetic lineages using chlorophyll and bacteriochlorophyll biosynthetic genes. In: PS2001: Proceedings 12th International Congress on Photosynthesis, S09-12. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne (CD-ROM)
Jones OTG (1963) The production of magnesium protoporphyrin monomethyl ester by Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. Biochem J 86:429–435
Jordan P, Fromme P, Witt HT, Klukas O Saenger W and Krauss N. (2001) Three-dimensional structure of cyanobacterial Photosys-tem I at 2.5 Ångstrom resolution. Nature 411:909–917
Kasting JF (2001) The rise of atmospheric oxygen. Science 293:819–820
Kasting JF and Siefert JL (2002) Life and the evolution of Earth's atmosphere. Science 296:1066–1068
Knoll AH (1999) Paleontology — A new molecular window on early life. Science 285:1025–1026
Kolber Z.S, Plumley FG, Lang AS, Beatty JT, Blankenship RE, Vandover CL, Vetriani C, Koblizek, M, Cathgeber C and Falkowski P (2001) Contribution of aerobic photoheterotrophic bacteria to the carbon cycle in the ocean. Science 292:2492–2495
Krasnovsky AA (1971) The evolution of photochemical electron transfer systems. In: Krimball AP and Oro J (eds) Prebiotic and Biochemical Evolution, pp 207–216. North Holland, Amsterdam
Kühl M and Larkum AWD (2001) The microenvironment and photosynthetic performance of Prochloron sp. in symbiosis with didemnid ascidians. In: Seckbach J (ed) Symbiosis, pp 273–290. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Kühl M, Chen M, Ralph P, Schreiber U and Larkum AWD (2005) Niche and photosynthesis of chlorophyll d-containing cyano-bacteria. Nature 433:820
Kuhn KF (1998) In Quest of the Universe. Jones and Barlett, Boston
La Roche J, van der Staay GWM, Ducret A, Aebersold R, Li R, Golden SS, Hiller RG, Wrench PM, Larkum AWD and Green BR. (1996) Independent evolution of the prochlorophyte and green plant chlorophyll a/b light-harvesting proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:15244–15248
Lake JA., Clarke MW, Henderson E, Fay SP, Oaks M, Schein-man A, Thornber JP and Mah RA (1985) Eubacteria, Halobac-teria, and the origin of photosynthesis: The photocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:3716–3720
Larkum AWD (1991) The evolution of chlorophylls. In: Scheer H (ed) Chlorophylls, pp 367–383. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Larkum AWD (1992). Evolution of photosynthetic systems. In: Murata (ed) Research in Photosynthesis, Vol III, pp 475–482, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Larkum AWD (1999) The evolution of algae. In: Seckbach J (ed) Enigmatic Microorganisms and Life in Extreme Environments, pp 31–48. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Larkum AWD (2003) Light-harvesting systems in algae In: Larkum AWD, Douglas S and Raven JA (eds) Photosynthesis in Algae, pp 277–304. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Larkum AWD and Barrett J (1983) Light-harvesting systems in algae. Adv Bot Res 10:1–221
Larkum AWD and Vesk M (2003) Algal plastids: Their fine structure and properties. In: Larkum AWD, Douglas S and Raven JA (eds) Photosynthesis in Algae, pp 11-28. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Larkum AWD, Scaramuzzi C, Cox GC, Killer RG and Turner AG (1994) Light-harvesting chlorophyll c-like pigment in Prochloron. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:679–683
Lockhart P, Howe C J, Bryant DA, Beanland TJ and Larkum AWD (1992) Substitutional bias may preclude phylogenetic inference of chloroplast origins. J Mol Evol 34:153–162
Lockhart PJ, Larkum AWD, Steel MA, Wardell P and Penny D (1996a) Evolution of chlorophyll and bacteriochlorophyll: The problem of invariant sites in sequence analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:1930–1934
Lockhart PJ, Steel MA and Larkum AWD (1996b) Gene Duplication and the evolution of photosynthetic reaction centers. FEBS Lett 385:193–196
Margulis LM and Obar R (1985) Heliobacterium and the origin of chrysoplasts. BioSystems, 17:317–325
Mauzerall D (1960) The condensation of porphobilinogen to uroporphyrinogen. J Am Chem Soc 82:2605–2609
Mauzerall D (1973) Why chlorophyll? Ann NY Acad Sci 206:483–494
Mauzerall D (1978) Porphyrins, chlorophyll and photosynthesis. In: Trebst AA and Avron M (eds) Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, Vol V, PP 117–124. Springer, New York
Mercer-Smith JA and Mauzerall DC (1984) Photochemistry of porphyrins: A model for the origin of photosynthesis. Photochem Photobiol 39:397–405
Mercer-Smith, JA, Raudino A and Mauzerall DC (1985) A model for the origin of photosynthesis. III The ultraviolet photochemistry of uroporphyrinogen. Photochem Photobiol 42:239–244
Michel H and Deisenhofer J (1988) Relevance of the photosynthetic reaction center from purple bacteria to the structure of Photosystem II. Biochemistry 27:1–7
Mimuro M., Akimoto S, Yamazaki I, Miyashita H and Miyachi S (1999) Fluorescence properties of chlorophyll d-dominating alga, Acaryochloris marina: Studies using time-resolved fluorescence microscopy on whole cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1412:37–46
Miyashita H, Ikemoto H, Kurano N, Adachi K, Chilara M and Miyachi S (1996) Chlorophyll d as a major pigment. Nature 383:402
Mulkidjanian AY and Junge W (1997) On the origin of photo-synthesis as inferred from sequence analysis — a primordial UV-protector as common ancestor of reaction centers and antenna proteins. Photosynth Res 51:27–42
Olson JM (1970) The evolution of photosynthesis. Science 168:438–446
Olson JM (1999) Early evolution of chlorophyll-based photosynthesis. Chemtracts 12:468–482
Olson JM (2000) ‘Evolution of photosynthesis’ (1970). Re-examined thirty years later. Photosynth Res 68:95–117
Olson JM and Pierson BK (1987) Evolution of reaction centers in photosynthetic prokaryotes. Int Rev Cytol 108:209–248
Ort DR (1986) Energy transduction in oxygenic photosynthesis: An overview of structure and mechanism. In: Staehelin LA and Arntzen CJ (eds) Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, Photosynthesis III, pp 143–196. Springer, Berlin
Oesterhelt D, Tittor J (1989) Two pumps, one principle: Light-driven ion transport in halobacteria. Trends Biochem Sci 14:57–61
Ovchinnikof YA, Abdulaev NG, Zolotarev AS, Shmukler BE, Zargarov AA, Kutuzov MA, Telezhinskaya TN and Levina NB (1988a) Photosynthetic reaction centre of Chloroflexus aurantiacus. 1. Primary structure of the L-subunit. FEBS Lett 231:237–242
Ovchinnikof YA, Abdulaev NG, Shmukler BE, Zargarov AA, Kutuzov MA, Telezhinskaya TN, Levina NB and Zolotarev AS (1988b) Photosynthetic reaction centre of Chloroflexus aurantiacus. Primary structure of the M-subunit. FEBS Lett 232; 364–368
Owen TC and Bar-Nun A (2001 ) Contributions of icy planetisimals to the Earth's early atmosphere. Origins Life Evol Biosphere 31:435–458
Palenik B, Brahamsha B, Larimer FW, Land M, Hauser L, Chain P, Lamerdin J, Regala W, Allen EE, McCarren J, Paulsen I, Dufresne A, Partensky F, Webb EA and Waterbury J (2003) The genome of a motile marine Synechococcus. Nature 424:1037–1042
Partensky F and Garczarek L (2003) The photosynthetic apparatus of Chlorophyll b- and d-containing oxyphotobacteria. In: Larkum AWD, Douglas S and Raven JA (eds) Photosynthesis in Algae, pp 29–62. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Pavlov AA, Hurtgen MT, Kasting JF and Arthur MA (2003) Methane-rich Proterozoic atmosphere? Geology 31:87–90
Rappé MS and Giovannoni SJ (2003) The unknown microbial majority. Ann Rev Microbiol 57:369–394
Raven JA (1996) The bigger the fewer: Size, taxonomic diversity and the range of chlorophyll(ide) pigments in oxygen-evolving marine photolithotrophs. J Mar Biol Ass UK 76:211–217
Raven JA and Beardall J (2003) Carbon acquisition mechanisms of algae: Carbon dioxide diffusion and carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms. In: Larkum AWD, Douglas S and Raven JA (eds) Photosynthesis in Algae, pp 225–244. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Raymond J and Blankenship RE (2004) Biosynthetic pathways, gene replacement and the antiquity of life. Geobiology 2:199–203
Raymond J, Zhaxybayeva O, Gogarten JP, Gerdes SV and Blankenship RE (2002) Whole-genome analysis of photosynthetic prokaryotes. Science 298:1616–1620
Rivera MC and Lake J (2004) The ring of life provides evidence for a genome fusion origin of eukaryotes. Nature 431:152–155
Rocap G, Larimer FW, Lamerdin J, Mafattl S, Chain P, Ahigren NA, Areliano A, Coleman M, Hauser L, Hess WR, Johnson ZI, Land M, Lindell D, Post AF, Regala W, Shah M, Shaw SL, Steglich C, Sullivan MB, Ting CS, Tolonen A, Webb EA, Zinser ER and Chisholm SW (2003) Genome divergence in two Prochlorococcus ecotypes reflects oceanic niche differentiation. Nature 424:1042–1047
Runquist JA and Loach PA (1981) Catalysis of electron transfer across phospholipid bilayers by iron-porphyrin complexes. Biochim Biophys Acta 637:231–244
Rye R, Kuo PH and Holland HD (1995) Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration before 2.2 billion years ago. Nature 378:603–605
Schopf JW (1993) Microfossils of the early archean apex chert: New evidence on the antiquity of life. Science 260:640–646
Shen Y, Knoll AH and Walter MR 2003 Evidence for low sulphate and anoxia in a mid-Proterozoic marine basins. Nature 423:632–635
Shiozawa JA, Lottspeich F, Osterhelt D and Feick R (1989) The primary structure of Chloroflexus aurantiacus reaction center polypeptides. Eur J Biochem 180:75–84
Simionescu CI, Simionescu BC, Mora R and Leanca M (1978) Porphyrin-like compounds genesis under simulated geochemical conditions. Origins Life Evol Biosphere 9:103–114
Smith KM (1975) Appendix: Atomic absorption spectra. In: Smith KM (ed) Porphyrins and Metalloporphyrins, p 871. Eisevier, Amsterdam
Smith JHC and Benitez A (1955) Chlorophyll analysis in plant materials. In: Paech K and Travey MV (eds) Modern Methods of Plant Analysis, Vol 4, pp 142–165. Springer, Berlin
Stemler AJ (2002) The bicarbonate effect, oxygen evolution, and the shadow of Otto Warburg. Photosynth Res 73:177–183
Summons RE, Jahnke LL, Hope JM and Logan GA (1999) 2-Methylhopanoids as biomarkers for cyanobacterial oxygenic photosynthesis. Nature 400:554–557
Szutka A (1965) Probable synthesis of porphine-like substances during chemical evolution. In: Fox SW (ed) Origin of Prebio-logical Systems and Their Molecular Matrices, p 245. Academic Press, New York
Ting CS, Rocap G, King J and Chisholm SW (2002) Cyanobacterial photosynthesis in the oceans: The origin and significance of divergent light-harvesting strategies. Trends Microbiol 10:134–142
Tomitani A, Okada K, Miyashita H, Matthijs HCP, Ohno T and Tanaka A (1999) Chlorophyll b and phycobilins in the common ancestor of cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. Nature 400:159–162
Treibs A (1973) On the chromophores of porphyrin systems. Ann NY Acad Sci 206:97–115
Van Gorkom HJ (1987) Evolution of photosynthesis. In: Amesz J (ed) Photosynthesis, pp 343–350. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Vermaas WFJ (1994) Evolution of heliobacteria: Implications for photosynthetic reaction center complexes. Photosynth Res 41:285–294
Walker JGC, Klein C., Schidlowski M, Schopf JW, Stevenson DJ and Walker MR (1983) Environmental evolution of the Archean-early Proterozoic Earth. In: Schopf JW (ed) Earth's Earliest Biosphere, pp 260–290. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Woese CR (1987) Bacterial Evolution. Microbiol Rev 51:221–271
Woese CR (2002) On the evolution of cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:8742–8747
Wolfe GR, Cunningham FX, Durnford D, Green BR and Gantt E (1994) Evidence for a common origin of chloroplasts with light-harvesting complexes of different pigmentation. Nature 367:566–568
Woodle M, Zhang JW and Mauzerall D (1987) Kinetics of charge transfer at the lipid bilayer-water interface on the nanosecond time scale. Biophys J 52:577– 586
Xiong J and Bauer CE (2002) Complex evolution of photosynthesis. Annu Rev Plant Biol 53:503–521
Xiong J, Fischer M, Inoue K, Nakahara M and Bauer CE (2000) Molecular evidence for the early evolution of photosynthesis. Science 289:1724–1729
Zhang Y, Jermiin L and Larkum AWD (2004) Phylogenetic analysis of light-harvesting antenna peptides from plants and bacteria. In: van der Est A and Bruce D (eds) Photosynthesis: Fundamental Aspects and Global Perspectives. Proc. 13th International Congress on Photosynthesis, Montréal, p. 745. International Society of Photosynthesis Research
Zouni A, Witt HT, Kern J, Fromme P, Krauss N, Saenger W and Orth P (2001) Crystal structure of Photosystem II from Synechococcus elongatus at 3.8 Ångstrom resolution. Nature 409:739–743
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Larkum, A.W. (2006). The Evolution of Chlorophylls and Photosynthesis. In: Grimm, B., Porra, R.J., Rüdiger, W., Scheer, H. (eds) Chlorophylls and Bacteriochlorophylls. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 25. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4516-6_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4516-6_18
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-4515-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-4516-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)