Abstract
We present a detailed technical description of the present FOAM system and discuss some representative examples of the scientific investigations we undertake to track-down problems within the system and to understand the importance (“impact”) of the various inputs to it. We also provide an historical perspective on the development of the system and the changing demands for it, and describe the way in which we are adapting to meet these demands.
Access provided by Autonomous University of Puebla. Download to read the full chapter text
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alves, J. O. S., M. J. Bell, N. P. J. Brooks, A. L. Cooper, S. J. Foreman, R. M. Forbes, and C. G. Sherlock, 1995: Performance review of the prototype FOAM system. Forecasting Research Division Technical Report 159. Available from Met Office, UK.
Baumgartner, A. and E. Reichel, 1975: The world water balance. Mean annual global, continental and maritime precipitation, evaporation and run-off. 179 pp. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Bell, M. J., 1994: Results from initial experiments with the assimilation of thermal profiles into a dynamical model of the Atlantic Ocean. Forecasting Research Division Technical Report Tech Rep 98. Available from Met Office, UK
Bell, M. J., R. M. Forbes, and A. Hines, 2000a: Assessment of the FOAM global data assimilation system for real-time operational ocean forecasting. J. Mar. Sys., 25, 1–22.
Bell, M. J., T. Allen, J. O. S. Alves, and A. Hines 2000b: The FOAM system and the use of satellite information. Proceedings of SAF Training Workshop, Ocean and Sea Ice. EUMETSAT Hosted by Meteo-France, Perros-Guirec, France 30 November–2 December 1999.
Bell, M. J., A. Hines, and M. J. Martin, 2003: Variational assimilation evolving individual observations and their error estimates. Ocean Applications Tech Note 32. Available from Met Office, UK.
Bell, M. J., M. J. Martin, and N. K. Nichols, 2004: Assimilation of data into an ocean model with systematic errors near the equator. Quart. J. Roy. Metero. Soc., 130, 853–871.
Bratseth, A. M., 1986: Statistical interpolation by means of successive corrections. Tellus, 38A, 439–447.
Brown, J. A., and K. A. Campana, 1978: An economical time-differencing system for numerical weather prediction. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 1125–1135.
Bryan, K., 1969: A numerical study of the circulation of the world ocean. J. Comp. Phys., 4, 347–376.
Bryan, K., S. Manabe, and R. C. Pacanowski, 1975: A global ocean-atmosphere climate model. Part II: the ocean circulation. J. Phys. Ocean. 5, 30–46.
Chassignet, E. P. and Garraffo, Z. D., 2001: Viscosity parameterization and the Gulf Stream separation”. In “From Stirring to Mixing in a Stratified Ocean”. Proceedings ‘Aha Huliko’a Hawaiian Winter Workshop. U. of Hawaii. January 15–19, Eds. P. Muller and D. Henderson., 37–41.
Cooper, M., and K. Haines, 1996: Altimetric assimilation with water property conservation. J. Geophys. Res., 101, C1, 1059–1077.
Cox, M. D., 1984: A primitive equation, 3-dimensional model of the ocean. GFDL Ocean Group Tech. Rep. No. 1, Princeton, New Jersey, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory.
Davies, H. C., 1983: Limitations of some common lateral boundary schemes used in regional NWP models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 1002–1012.
Davis, R. E., R. de Szoeke and P. Niiler, 1981: Variability in the upper ocean during MILE. Part II. Modelling the mixed layer response. Deep-Sea Res., 28A, 1453–1475.
Forbes, R. M., 1996: Initial results from experiments assimilating satellite altimeter sea surface height data into a tropical Pacific ocean model. Ocean Applications Technical Note 12. Available from Ocean Applications, Met Office, Bracknell, UK.
Gent, P. R., and J. C. McWilliams, 1990: Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 150–155.
Gordon, C., Cooper, C., Senior, C. A., Banks, H., Gregory, J. M., Johns, T. C., Mitchell, J. F.B. and Wood, R.A., 2000: The simulation of SST, sea ice extents and ocean heat transports in a version of the Hadley Centre coupled model without flux adjustments. Climate Dynamics, 16, 147–168.
Griffies, S. M., A. Gnanadesikan, R. C. Pacanowski, V. D. Larichev, J. K. Dukowicz, and R. D. Smith, 1998: Isoneutral diffusion in a z-coordinate ocean model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 805–830.
Hibler, W. D. III, 1979: A dynamic thermodynamic sea ice model. J. Phys. Oceanog., 9,815–846.
Holland, W. R., J. C. Chow and F. O. Bryan, 1998: Application of a third-order upwind scheme in the NCAR ocean model. J. Climate, 11, 1487–1493.
Huddleston M. R., M. J. Bell, M. J. Martin, and N. K. Nichols, 2004: Assessment of wind stress errors using bias corrected ocean data assimilation. Quart. J. Roy. Meterol. Soc., 130, 853–871.
Hunke, E. C., and J. K. Dukowicz, 1997: An elastic-viscous-plastic model for sea ice dynamics. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 1849–1867.
Ingleby, B., and M. R. Huddleston, 2004: Quality control of ocean profiles — historical and real-time data. To be submitted to J. Mar. Sys.
Kraus, E. B., and Turner, J., 1967: A one dimensional model of the seasonal thermocline. II The general theory and its consequences. Tellus, 19, 98106.
Large, W. G., J. C. McWilliams, and S. C. Doney, 1994: Oceanic vertical mixing: a review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization. Rev. Geophys. 32,4, 363–403.
Levitus, S., T. P. Boyer, M. E. Conkright, T. O’Brien, J. Antonov, C. Stephens, L. Stathoplos, D. Johnson, and R. Gelfeld, 1998: World Ocean Database 1998. Volume 1: Introduction. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 18, 346 pp.
Lipscomb, W. H,. 2001: Remapping the thickness distribution in sea ice models. J. Geophys. Res., 106,C7, 13,989–14,000.
Lorenc, A. C., Bell, R. S. and MacPherson, B., 1991: The Meteorological Office analysis correction data assimilation scheme. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 117, 5989.
Martin, M. J., M. J. Bell, and A. Hines, 2002: Estimation of three-dimensional error covariance statistics for an ocean assimilation system. Ocean Applications Technical Note 30. Available from Met Office, UK.
McDonald, 1997: Lateral boundary conditions for operational regional forecast models: a review. HIRLAM Tech. Report, 32, HIRLAM-5 Project, c/o Per Unden, SMHI, S-601 76 Norrkoping, Sweden.
Pacanowski R. C., and A. Gnanadesikan, 1998: Transient response in a z-level ocean model that seolves topography with partial ceslls. Mon. Weath. Rev., 126, 3248–3270.
Pacanowski, R. C., and S. M. Griffies, 1999: MOM Manual 3.0. Draft version. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/NOAA. [Available from GFDL, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08542.]
Pacanowski, R. C., and S. G. H. Philander, 1981: Parametrisation of vertical mixing in numerical models of tropical oceans. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 1,443–1,451.
Rahmstorf, S., 1993: A fast and complete convection scheme for ocean models. Ocean Modelling, 101, 9–11.
Ramseier, R. O, I. G. Runbinstein, and A. F. Davies, 1988: Operational evaluation of special sensor microwave/imager. North York, Ont., York University. Centre for Research in Experimental Space Science. Atmospheric Environment Service.
Roether, W., V. M. Roussenov, and R. Well, 1994: A tracer study of the thermohaline circulation of the eastern Mediterranean. In Malanotte-Rizzoli, P. and Robinson, A. R., (eds) Ocean processes in climate dynamics: global and Mediterranean example. Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht, 371–394.
Semtner, A. J. Jr., 1976: A model for the thermodynamic growth of sea ice in numerical investigations of climate. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 6, 379–389.
Smith, W. H. F., and Sandwell, D.T., 1997: Global sea floor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings. Science, 277, 1956–1962.
Storkey D., 2004: Initial tuning of FOAM high-resolution models. Ocean Applications Tech. Note, 34. Available from Met Office, UK.
Troccoli A., and K. Haines, 1999: Use of temperature-salinity relation in a data assimilation context. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 16, 2011–2025.
Thompson, S. R., 1996: Sills of the global ocean: a compilation, http://www.soc.soton.ac.uk/JRD/OCCAM/sills.html
Webb, D. J., 1995: The vertical advection of momentum in Bryan-Cox-Semtner ocean general circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanog., 25, 3186–3194.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bell, M.J., Barciela, R., Hines, A., Martin, M., Sellar, A., Storkey, D. (2006). The Forecasting Ocean Assimilation Model (Foam) System. In: Chassignet, E.P., Verron, J. (eds) Ocean Weather Forecasting. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4028-8_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4028-8_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-3981-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-4028-3
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)