About 7% of the world's total land area is affected by salt, as is a similar percentage of its arable land (Ghassemi et al., 1995; Szabolcs, 1994) when soils in arid regions of the world are irrigated, solutes from the irrigation water can accumulate and eventually reach levels that have an adverse affect on plant growth. Of the current 230 million ha of irrigated land, 45 million ha are salt-affected (19.5 percent) and of the 1,500 million ha under dryland agriculture, 32 million are salt-affected to varying degrees (2.1 percent). There are often not sufficient reservoirs of freshwater available and most of the agronomically used irrigation systems are leading to a permanent increase in the soil-salinity and step by step to growth conditions unacceptable for most of the conventional crops. Significant areas are becoming unusable each year. It is a worldwide problem, but most acute in Australasia (3.1 million hectars), the Near East (1.802 million hectars) and Africa (1.899 million hectars), North and Latin America (3.963 million hectars) and to an increasing degree also in Europe (2.011 million hectares of salt-affected soils; FAO Land and Plant Nutrition Management Service). Although careful water management practices can avoid, or even reclaim damaged land, crop varieties (such as cash crop halophytes) that can maintain yields in saline soils or allow the more effective use of poor quality irrigation water will have an increasing role in agricultural land use in near future.
Access provided by Autonomous University of Puebla. Download to read the full chapter text
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
10. References
Abdelly, C., Lachaal, M. & Grignon, C. 1999. Importance of micro–heterogenity of salinity and fertility for maintenance of the plant diversity. In: H. Lieth, M. Moschenko, M. Lohmann, H. W. Koyro & A. Hamdy (Eds.), Progress in Biometeorology. Leiden, Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers, 65–76 pp.
Amzallag, G.N. 1994. Influence of parental NaCl treatment on salinity tolerance of offspring in Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench. New Phytologist 128: 715–723.
Ashraf, M. & O'Leary, J.W. 1996. Effect of drought stress on growth, water relations, and gas exchange of two lines of sunflower differing in degree of salt tolerance. International Journal of Plant Sciences 157: 729–732.
Azaizeh, H. & Steudle, E. 1991. Effects of salinity on water transport of excised maize (Zea mays L.) roots. Plant Physiology 97: 1136–1145.
Boer, B. & Gliddon, D. 1998. Mapping of coastal ecosystems and halophytes (case study of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates). Marine and Freshwater research 49: 297–301.
Ellenberg, H. 1974. Zeigerwerte der Gefäβpflanzen Mitteleuropas. Scripta Geobotanica 9: 97.
Flowers, T.J., Troke, P.F. & Yeo, A.R. 1977. The mechanisms of salt tolerance in halophytes. Annual Review Plant Physiology 28: 89–121.
Freitas, H. & Breckle, S.W. 1992. Importance of bladder hairs for salt tolerance of field-grown Atriplex-species from a Portuguese salt marsh. Flora 18: 283–297.
Freitas, H. & Breckle, S.W. 1993a. Progressive cutinization in Atriplex bladder stalk cells. Flora 188: 287–290.
Freitas, H. & Breckle, S.W. 1993b. Accumulaton of nitrate in bladder hairs of Atriplex species. Plant Physiological Biochemistry 31: 887–892.
Ghassemi, F., Jakeman, A.J. & Nix, H.A. 1995. Salinisation of land and water resources: Human causes, extent, management and case studies. Sydney, Australia: USNW Press. 540 pp.
Glaubrecht, M. 1999. Mangrove der tropischen Gezeitenwälder; Naturw. Rdsch 52.
Greenway, H. & Munns, R. 1980. Mechanisms of salt tolerance in nonhalophytes. Annal Review Plant Physiology 31: 149–190.
Hose, E., Clarkson, D.T., Steudle, E., Schreiber, l. & Hartung, W. 2001. The exodermis: a variable apoplastic barrier. Journal of Experimental Botany 52: 2245–2264.
Igartua, E. 1995. Choice of selection environment for improving crop yields in saline areas. Theoretical and Applied Science 91: 1016–1021.
Jeschke, W.D., Klagges, S., Hilpert, A., Bhatti, A.S. & Sarwar, G. 1995. Partitioning and flows of ions and nutrients in salt-treated plants of Leptochloa fusca L Kunth.1. Cations and chloride. New Phytologist 130: 23–35.
Isla, R., Royo, A. & Aragues, R. 1997. Field screening of barley cultivars to soil salinity using a sprinkler and a drip irrigation. Plant and Soil 197: 105–117.
Kinzel, H. 1982. Pflanzenökologie und Mineralstoffwechsel. Stuttgart, Germany: Eugen Ulmer Publisher.
Koyro, H.-W. & Stelzer, R. 1988. Ion concentrations in the cytoplasm and vacuoles of rhizodermal cells from NaCl treated Sorghum, Spartina and Puccinellia plants. Journal of Plant Physiology 133: 441–446.
Koyro, H.-W. & Lieth, H. 1998. Salinity conversion table. 2nd enlarged Edition, © H.Lieth ISSN 09336–3114, Osnabrück.
Koyro, H.-W. & Huchzermeyer, B. 1997. The physiological response of Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima to seawater irrigation. In: H. Lieth, A. Hamdy & H.-W. Koyro, (Eds.), Water management, salinity and pollution control towards sustainable irrigation in the mediterranean region. Salinity problems and halophyte use. Bari, Italy: Tecnomack Publications. 29–50 pp.
Koyro, H.-W., Wegmann, L., Lehmann, H. & Lieth, H. 1997. Physiological mechanisms and morphological adaptation of Laguncularia racemosa to high salinity. In: H. Lieth, A. Hamdy & H.-W. Koyro, (Eds.), Water management, salinity and pollution control towards sustainable irrigation in the mediterranean region: Salinity problems and halophyte use. Bari, Italy: Tecnomack Publications, 51–78 pp.
Koyro, H.-W. & Huchzermeyer, B. 1999a. Influence of high NaCl-salinity on growth, water and osmotic relations of the halophyte Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima. Development of a quick check In: H. Lieth, M. Moschenko, M. Lohmann, H.-W. Koyro & A. Hamdy, (Eds.), Progress in Biometeorology, Leiden, Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers. 87–101 pp.
Koyro, H.-W. & Huchzermeyer, B. 1999b. Salt and drought stress effects on metabolic regulation in maize. In: M. Pessarakli, (Ed.), Handbook of plant and crop stress 2nd Ed. New York, New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. 843–878 pp.
Koyro, H.-W., Wegmann, L., Lehmann, H. & Lieth, H. 1999. Adaptation of the mangrove Laguncularia racemosa to high NaCl salinity. In: H. Lieth, M. Moschenko, M. Lohmann, H.-W Koyro, & A. Hamdy. (Eds.) Progress in Biometeorology, Leiden, Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers. 41–62 pp.
Koyro, H.-W. 2000. Untersuchungen zur Anpassung der Wildrübe (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima) an Trockenstreβ oder NaCl–Salinität. Habilitation. Giessen, Germany: Justus-Liebig–University.
Koyro, H.-W. 2002. Ultrastructural effects of salinity in higher plants. In: A. Läuchli & U. Lüttge. (Eds.), Salinity: Environment — Plants — Molecules. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publication. 139 – 158 pp.
Koyro, H.-W. & Huchzermeyer, B. 2003. Ecophysiological needs of the potential biomass crop Spartina townsendii Grov.. Journal of Tropical Ecology, (in press).
Landolt, E. 1977. Ökologsche Zeigerwerte zur Schweizer Flora. Veröffentlichungen des geobotanischen Instituts der Eidgenössischen Technischen Hochschule in Zürich 64, Stiftung Ruebel, 208 pp.
Läuchli, A. 1999. Potassium interactions in crop plants. In: D.M. Oosterhuis, & G.A. Berkowitz. (Eds.), Frontiers in Potassium Nutrition. New perspectives on the effects of potassium on physiology of plants. New York, New York: Marcel Dekker. 71–76 pp.
Lieth, H. 1999. Development of crops and other useful plants from halophytes, In: H. Lieth, M. Moschenko, M. Lohmann, H.-W Koyro, & A. Hamdy (Eds.), Halophytes Uses in different Climates, Ecological and Ecophysiological Studies. Leiden, Netherlands:Backhuys Publishers, 1–18 pp.
Lieth, U. & Menzel, U. 1999. Halophyte Database Vers. 2, In: H. Lieth, M. Moschenko, M. Lohmann, H.-W Koyro, & A. Hamdy. (Eds.), Halophytes Uses in different Climates, Ecological and Ecophysiological Studies, Leiden, Netherlands:Backhuys Publishers. 159–258 pp.
Lieth, H., Moschenko, M., Lohmann, M., Koyro, H.-W. & Hamdy, A. 1999. Halophyte uses in different climates I. Ecological and ecophysiological studies. In: H. Lieth, (Ed.), Progress in Biometeoroogy, Leiden, Netherlands:Backhuys Publishers. 1–258 pp.
Lynch, J., Thiel, G. & Läuchli, A. 1988. Effects of salinity on the extensibility and Ca availability in the expanding region of growing barley leaves. Botanica Acta 101: 355–361.
Marcum, K.B., Anderson, S.J. & Engelke, M.C. 1998. Salt gland ion secretion: A salinity tolerance mechanism among five zoysiagrass species. Crop Science 38: 806–810.
Marcum, K.B. 1999. Salinity tolerance mechanisms of grasses in the subfamily Chloridoideae. Crop Science 39: 1153–1160.
Marschner, H. 1995. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. New York, New York: Academic Press. 1–889 pp.
Mengel, K. & Kirkby, E.A. 2001, Principles of Plant Nutrition. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publisher. 1–849 pp.
Munns, R., Gardner, P.A., Tonnet, M.L. & Rawson, H.M. 1989. Growth and development in NaCl-treated plants. II Do Na+ or Cl−; concentrations in deviding or expanding tissues determine growth in barley. Australian Journal Plant Physiology 15: 529–540.
Munns, R. 1993. Physiological processes limiting plant growth in saline soils: some dogmas and hypotheses. Plant Cell and Environment 16: 15–24.
Munns, R. 2002. Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant Cell and Environment 25: 239–250.
Munns, R., Husain, S., Rivelli, A.R., James, R.A., Condon, A.G., Lindsay, M.P., Lagudah, E.S., Schachtman, D.P. & Hare, R.A. 2002. Avenues for increasing salt tolerance of crops, and the role of physiologically based selection traits. Plant and Soil 247: 93–105.
North, G.B. & Nobel, P.S. 1991. Changes in hydraulic conductivity and anatomy caused by drying and rewetting roots of Agave desertii, Agavaceae. American Journal of Botany 78: 906–915.
Pasternak, D. 1990. Fodder production with saline water. The institute for applied research, Beer-Sheva/Israel: Ben Gurion University of the Negev. 173 pp.
Robertson, K.P. & Wainwright, J.J. 1987. Photosynthetic responses to salinity in two clones of Agrostis stolonifera. Plant Cell and Environment 10: 45–52.
Schimper, A.F.W. 1891. Pflanzengeographie auf physiologischer Grundlage. Jena:Fischer Publication.
Schroeder, F.G. 1998. Lehrbuch der Pflanzengeographie; Wiesbaden: Quelle & Meyer.
Schubert, A. & Läuchli, A. 1986. Na+ exclusion, H+ release and growth of two different maize cultivars under NaCl salinity. Journal Plant Physiology 61: 145–154.
Sutherland, G.K. & Eastwood, A. 1916. The physiological anatomy of Spartina townsendii. Annuals Botany 30: 333–351.
Szabolcs, I. 1994. Soils and salinisation. In: M. Pessarakli. (Ed.), Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress. New York: Marcel Dekker. 3–11 pp.
U.S. Salinity Laboratory Staff 1954 Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. In: L. A. Richards. (Ed.). Agricultural Handbook of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington D.C.:Government Printing. 157 pp.
Tazuke, A. 1997. Growth of cucumber fruit as affected by the addition of NaCl to nutrient solution. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science 66: 519–526.
Volkmar, K.M., Hu, Y. & Steppuhn, H. 1998. Physiological responses of plants to salinity: A review. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78: 19–27.
Walsh, G.E. 1974. Mangroves. A review. In: R. J. Reimold, & W. H. Queen. (Eds.), Ecology of halophytes. New York, New York: Academic Press. 51–174 pp.
Warne, T.R., Hickok, L.G., Sams, C.E. & Vogelien, D.L. 1999. Sodium/potassium selectivity and pleiotropy in stl2, a highly salt-tolerant mutation of Ceratopteris richardii. Plant Cell and Environment 22: 1027–1034.
Weber, E. & D'Antonio, C.M. 1999. Germination and growth responses of hybridizing Carpobrotus species (Aizoaceae) from coastal California to soil salinity. American Journal of Botany 86: 1257–1263.
Winicov, I. & Bastola, D.R. 1997. Salt tolerance in crop plants: New approaches through tissue culture and gene regulation. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 19: 435–449.
Winicov, I. 1998. New molecular approaches to improving salt tolerance in crop plants. Annals of Botany 82: 703–710.
Winicov, I. & Bastola, D.R. 1999. Transgenic overexpression of the transcription factor Alfin1 enhances expression of the endogenous MsPRP2 gene in alfalfa and improves salinity tolerance of the plants. Plant Physiology 120: 473–480.
Winter, U., Kirst, G.O., Grabowski, V., Heinemann, U., Plettner, I. & Wiese, S. 1999. Salinity tolerance in Nitellopsis obtusa. Australian Journal of Botany 47: 337–346.
Wolf, O., Munns, R., Tonnet, M.L. & Jeschke, W.D. 1991. The role of the stem in the partitioning of Na+ and K+ in salt treated barley. Journal of Experimental Botany 42: 697–704.
Wyn Jones, R.G., Brady, C.J. & Speirs, J. 1979. Ionic and osmotic relations in plant cells. In: D.L. Laidman, & R.G. Wyn Jones. (Eds.), Recent Advances in the Biochemistry of Cereals. New York, New York: Academic Press. 1–391 pp.
Wyn Jones, R.G. & Pollard, A. 1983. Proteins, enzymes and inorganic ions. In: A. Läuchli, & R. L. Bieleski. (Eds.). Inorganic Plant Nutrition. Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology 15b, Hiedelberg, Germany: Springer Verlag. 528–555 pp.
Yeo, A. 1998. Molecular biology of salt tolerance in the context of whole–plant physiology. Journal of Experimental Botany 49: 915–929.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Science + Business Media B.V
About this paper
Cite this paper
Koyro, HW., Geissler, N., Hussin, S., Huchzermeyer, B. (2008). Mechanisms Of Cash Crop Halophytes To Maintain Yields And Reclaim Saline Soils In Arid Areas. In: Khan, M.A., Weber, D.J. (eds) Ecophysiology of High Salinity Tolerant Plants. Tasks for Vegetation Science, vol 40. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4018-0_22
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4018-0_22
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-4017-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-4018-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)