Access provided by Autonomous University of Puebla. Download to read the full chapter text
Chapter PDF
Keywords
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Nucleic Acid Extraction
- Enteric Virus
- Nucleic Acid Amplification
- Nucleic Acid Sequence Base Amplification
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
References
Abd El Galil, K.H., M.A. El Sokkary, S.M. Kheira, A.M. Salazar, M.V. Yates, W. Chen, and A. Mulchandani. 2004. Combined immunomagnetic separation-molecular beacon-reverse-transcription-PCR assay for detection of hepatitis A virus from environmental samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:4371–4374.
Ando, T., S.S. Monroe, J.R. Gentsch, Q. Jin, D.C. Lewis, and R. I. Glass. 1995. Detection and differentiation of antigenically distinct small round-structured viruses (Norwalk-like viruses) by reverse transcription-PCR and Southern hybridization. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:64–71.
Arnal, C., V. Ferre-Aubineau, B. Besse, B. Mignotte, L. Schwartzbrod, and S. Billaudel. 1999. Comparison of 7 RNA extraction methods on stool and shellfish samples prior to hepatitis A virus amplification. J. Virol. Methods 77:17–26.
Arnal, C., V. Ferré-Aubineau, B. Mignotte, B.M. Imbert-Marcille, and S. Billaudel. 1999. Quantification of hepatitis A virus in shellfish by competitive reverse transcription-PCR with coextraction of standard RNA. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:322–326.
Atmar, R.L., F.H. Neill, C.M. Woodley, R. Manger, G.S. Fout, W. Burkhardt, L. Leja, E.R. McGovern, F. LeGuyader, T.G. Metcalf, and M.K. Estes. 1996. Collaborative evaluation of a method for the detection of Norwalk virus in shellfish tissues by PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:254–258.
Atmar, R.L., F.H. Neill, J.L. Romalde, F. Le Guyader, C.M. Woodley, T.G. Metcalf, and M.K. Estes. 1995. Detection of Norwalk virus and hepatitis A virus in shellfish tissues with the PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:3014–3018.
Atmar, R.L., T.G. Metcalf, F.H. Neill, and M.K. Estes. 1993. Detection of enteric viruses in oysters by using polymerase chain reaction. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:631–635.
Barardi, C.R., M.H. Yip, K.R. Emslie, G. Vesey, S.R. Shanker, and K.L. Williams. 1999. Flow cytometry and RT-PCR for rotavirus detection in artificially seeded oyster meat. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 49:9–18.
Berke, T., B. Golding, X. Jiang, W.D. Cubitt, M. Wolfaardt, A.W. Smith, and D.O. Matson. 1997. Phylogenetic analysis of the Caliciviruses. J Med Virol 52:419–424.
Beuret, C. 2004. Simultaneous detection of enteric viruses by multiplex real-time RT-PCR. J. Virol. Methods 115:1–8.
Beuret, C., A. Baumgartner, and J. Schluep. 2003. Virus-contaminated oysters: A three-month monitoring of oysters imported to Switzerland. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:2292–2297.
Bidawid, S., J.M. Farber, and S.A. Sattar. 2000. Rapid concentration of detection of hepatitis A virus form lettuce and strawberries. J. Virol. Methods 88:175–185.
Boom, R., C.J.A. Sol, M.M.M. Salimans, C.L. Jansen, P.M.E. Wertheim-Van Dillen, and J. Van Der Noordaa. 1990. Rapid and simple method for purification of nucleic acids. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28:495–503.
Burkhardt, W., G. Blackstone, D. Skilling, and A. Smith. 2002. Applied technique for increasing calicivirus detection in shellfish extracts. J. Appl. Microbiol. 3:235–240.
Chung, H., L-A Jaykus, and M.D. Sobsey. 1996. Detection of human enteric viruses in oysters by in vivo and in vitro amplification of nucleic acids. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:3772–3778.
Coelho, C., A.P. Heinert, C.M.O. Simões, and C.R.M. Barardi. 2003. Hepatitis A virus detection in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) in Santa Caratina State, Brazil, by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. J. Food Prot. 66:507–511.
Costa-Mattioli, M, S. Monpoeho, E. Nicand, M-H Aleman, S. Billaudel, and V. Ferré. 2002. Quantification and duratin of viraemia during hepatitis A infection as determined by real-time RT-PCR. J. Viral Hepatitis 9:101–106.
Croci, L., D. De Medici, G. Morace, A. Fiore, C. Scalfaro, F. Beneduce, and L. Toti. 2002. The survival of hepatitis A virus in fresh produce. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 73:29–34.
Croci, L., D. De Medici, C. Scalfaro, A. Fiore, M. Divizia, D. Donia, A.M. Cosentino, P. Moretti, and G. Costantini. 2000. Deternination of enteroviruses, hepatitis A virus, bacteriophages and Escherichia coli in Adriatic Sea mussels. J. Appl. Microbiol. 88:293–298.
Croci, L., D. DeMedici, G. Morace, A. Fiore, C. Scalfaro, F. Beneduce, and L. Toti. 1999. Detection of hepatitis A virus by nested reverse transcription-PCR. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 70:67–71.
Cromeans T.L., O.V. Nainan, and H.S. Margolis. 1997. Detection of hepatitis A virus RNA in oyster meat. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:2460–2463.
Daniels, N.A., D.A. Bergmire-Sweat, K.J. Schwab, K.A. Hendricks, S. Reddy, S.M. Rowe, R.L. Fankhauser, S.S. Monroe, R.L. Atmar, R.I. Glass, and P. Mead. 2000. A foodborne outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with Norwalk-like viruses: First molecular traceback to deli sandwiches contaminated during preparation. J. Infect. Dis. 181:1467–1470.
De Leon, R., S.M. Matsui, R.S. Baric, J.E. Herrmann, N.R. Blacklow, H.B. Greenberg, and M.D. Sobsey. 1992. Detection of Norwalk virus in stool specimens by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and nonradioactive oligoprobes. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:3151–3157.
De Medici, D., Croci, L., E. Suffredini, and L. Toti. 2004. Reverse transcription-booster PCR for detection of noroviruses in shellfish. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:6329–6332.
De Medici, D., L. Croci, S. Di Pasquale, A. Fiore, and L. Toti. 2001. Detecting the presence of infectious hepatitis A virus in molluscs positive to RT-nested-PCR. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 33:362–366.
De Medici, D., F. Beneduce, A. Fiore, C. Scalfaro, and L. Croci. 1998. Application of reverse transcriptase-nested-PCR for detection of poliovirus in mussels. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 40:51–56.
Demeke, T. and R.P. Adams. 1992. The effects of plant polysaccharides and buffer additives on PCR. Biotechniques 12:332–333.
Deng M.Y., S.P. Day, and D.O. Cliver. 1994. Detection of hepatitis A virus in environmental samples by antigen-capture PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:1927–1933.
Desenclos, J.C., K.C. Klontz, M.H. Wilder, O.V. Nainan, H.S. Margolis, and R.A. Gunn. 1991. A multistate outbreak of hepatitis A caused by the consumption of raw oysters. Am. J. Public Health 81:1268–1272.
DiPinto, A., V.T. Forte, G.M. Tantillo, V. Terio, and C. Buonavoglia. 2003. Detection of hepatitis A virus in shellfish (Mytilus galloprovincialis) with RT-PCR. J. Food Prot. 66:1681–1685.
Dix, A.B. and L.-A Jaykus. 1998. Virion concentration method for the detection of human enteric viruses in extracts of hard-shelled clams. J. Food Protect. 61:458–465.
Dubois, E., C. Agier, O. Traoré, C. Hennechart, G. Merle, C. Crucière, and H. Laveran. 2002. Modified concentration method for the detection of enteric viruses on fruits and vegetables by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction or cell culture. J. Food Prot. 65:1962–1969.
Formiga-Cruz, M., G. Tofino-Quesada, S. Bofill-Mas, D. N. Lees, K. Henshilwood, A. K. Allard, A-C Conden-Hansson, B. E. Hernroth, A. Vantarakis, A. Tsibouxi, M. Papapetropoulou, M. D. Furones, and R. Girones. 2002. Distribution of human virus contamination in shellfish from different growing areas in Greece, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:5990–5998.
Fox, J.D., S. Han, A. Samuelson, Y. Zhang, M.L. Neale, and D. Westmoreland. 2002. Development and evaluation of nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA) for diagnosis of enterovirus infections using the NucliSens® Basic Kit. J. Clin. Virol. 24:117–130.
Goswami, B.B., M. Kulka, D. Ngo, P. Istafanos, and T.A. Cebula. 2002. A polymerase chain reaction-based method for the detection of hepatitis A virus in produce and shellfish. J. Food Prot. 65:393–402.
Gouvea, V., N. Santos, M. Carmo-Timenetsky, and M.K. Estes. 1994. Identification of Norwalk virus in artificially seeded shellfish and selected foods. J. Virol Methods 48:177–187.
Green, J., K. Henshilwood, C.I. Gallimore, D.W.G. Brown, and D.N. Lees. 1998. A nested reverse transciptase PCR assay for detection of small round-structured viruses in environmentally contaminated molluscan shellfish. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:858–863.
Green, J., C.I. Gallimore, J.P. Norcott, D. Lewis, and D.W.G. Brown. 1995. Broadly reactive reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the diagnosis of SRSV-associated gastroenteritidis. J. Med. Virol. 47:392–398.
Green, S.M., P.R. Lambden, O. Caul, and I.N. Clarke. 1997. Capsid sequence diversity in small structured viruses from recent UK outbreaks of gastroenteritis. J. Med. Virol. 52:14–19.
Green, S.M., P.R. Lambden, E.O. Caul, C.R. Ashley, and I.N. Clarke. 1995. Capsid diversity in small round-structured viruses: Molecular characterization of an antigenically distinct human enteric calicivirus. Virus Res. 37:271–283.
Greene, S.R., C.L. Moe, L-A Jaykus, M. Cronin, L. Grosso, and P. van Aarle. 2003. Evaluation of the NucliSens® Basic Kit assay for the detection of Norwalk virus RNA in stool specimens. J. Virol. Methods 108:123–131.
Groppe, J.C. and D.E. Morse. 1993. Isolation of full-length RNA templates for reverse transcription from tissues rich in RNase and proteoglycans. Anal. Biochem. 210:337–343.
Hafliger, D., M. Gilgen, J. Luthy, and P. Hubner. 1997. Seminested RT-PCR systems for small round-structured viruses in faecal specimens. J. Virol. Methods 57:195–201.
Hale, A.D., J. Green, and D.W.G. Brown. 1996. Comparison of 4 RNA extraction methods for the detection of small round structured viruses in faecal specimens. J. Virol. Methods 57:195–201.
Hardy, M.E., S.F. Kramer, J.J. Treanor, and M.K. Estes. 1997. Human calicivirus genogroup II capsid sequence diversity revealed by analyses of the prototype Snow Mountain agent. Arch. Virol. 142:197–202.
Honma, A., S. Nakata, K. Kinoshita-Numata, K. Kogawa, and S. Chiba. 2000. Evaluation of 9 sets of PCR primers in the RNA dependent RNA polymerase region for detection and differentiation of members of the family Caliciviridae, Norwalk virus and Sapporo virus. Microbiol. Immunol. 44:411–419.
Iritani, N., Y. Seto, H. Kubo, K. Haruki, M. Ayata, and H. Ogura. 2002. Prevalence of “Norwalk-like virus” infections in outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis observed during the 1999–2000 season in Osaka city, Japan. J. Med. Virol. 66:131–138.
Jansen, R.W., G. Siegl, and S.M. Lemon. 1990. Molecular epidemiology of human hepatitis A virus defined by antigen-capture polymerase chain reaction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:2867–2871.
Jaykus, L., R. DeLeon, and G.A. Toranzos. 2001. Detection of bacteria, viruses and parasitic protozoa in shellfish, In C. J. Hurst (ed.), Manual of Environmental Microbiology, 2nd edn, pp. 264–276, ASM Press, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC.
Jaykus, L. 2000. Detection of human enteric viruses in foods. In S. Sattar (ed.), Foodborne Diseases Handbook, Vol. 2: Viruses, Parasites, Pathogens and HACCP, 2nd edn., pp. 137–163. Marcel Dekker, New York.
Jaykus, L.A., R. De Leon, and M.D. Sobsey. 1996. A virion concentration method for detection of human enteric viruses in oysters by PCR and oligoprobe hybridization. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:2074–80.
Jaykus L.A., R. De Leon, and M.D. Sobsey. 1995. Development of a molecular method for the detection of human enteric viruses in oysters. J. Food Protect. 58:1357–1362.
Jean, J., D.H. D’Souza, and L. Jaykus. 2004. Multiplex nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) for the simultaneous detection of enteric viruses in ready-to-eat food. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:6603–6610.
Jean, J., B. Blais, A. Darveau, and I. Fliss. 2002. Simultaneous detection and identification of hepatitis A virus and rotavirus by multiplex nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) and microtiter plate hybridization system. J. Virol. Methods 105:123–132.
Jean, J., B. Blais, A. Darveau, and I. Fliss. 2002. Rapid detection of human rotavirus using colorimetric nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA)-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in sewage treatment effluent. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 210:143–147.
Jean, J., B. Blais, A. Darveau, and I. Fliss. 2001. Detection of hepatitis A virus by the nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) technique and comparison with RT-PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:5593–5600.
Jiang, X., P.W. Huang, W.M. Zhong, T. Farkas, D.W. Cubitt, and D.O. Matson. 1999. Design and evaluation of a primer pair that detects both Norwalk-and Sapporo-like caliciviruses by RT-PCR. J. Virol. Methods 83:145–154.
Kingsley, D.H. and G.P. Richards. 2003. Persistence of hepatitis A virus in oysters. J. Food Protect. 66:331–334.
Kingsley, D.H., G.K. Meade, and G.P. Richards. 2002. Detection of both hepatitis A virus and Norwalk-like virus in imported clams associated with food-borne illness. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:3914–3918.
Kingsley, D.H. and G.P. Richards. 2001. Rapid and efficient extraction method for reverse transcription-PCR detection of hepatitis A and Norwalk-like viruses in shellfish. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:4152–4157.
Kobayashi, S., K. Natori, N. Takeda, and K. Sakae. 2004. Immunomagnetic capture RT-PCR for detection of norovirus from foods implicated in a foodborne outbreak. Microbiol. Immunol. 48:201–204.
Kojima, S., T. Kageyama, S. Fukushi, F.B. Hoshino, M. Shinohara, K. Uchida, K. Natori, N. Takeda, and K. Katayama. 2002. Genogroup-specific PCR primers for detection of Norwalk-like viruses. J. Virol. Methods 100:107–114.
Lees, D. N., K. Henshilwood, J. Green, C. I. Gallimore, and D. W. Brown. 1995. Detection of small round structured viruses in shellfish by reverse-transcription-PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:4418–4424.
Lees, D.N., K. Henshilwood, and W.J. Dore. 1994. Development of a method for detection of enteroviruses in shellfish by PCR with poliovirus as a model. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:2999–3005.
Legeay, O., Y. Caudrelier, C. Cordevant, L. Rigottier-Gois, and M. Lange. 2000. Simplified procedure for detection of enteric pathogenic viruses in shellfish by RT-PCR. J. Virol. Methods 90:1–14.
Leggitt, P.R. and L.-A Jaykus. 2000. Detection methods for human enteric viruses in representative foods. J. Food Protect. 63:1738–1744.
LeGuyader, F., L. Haugarreau, L. Miossec, E. Dubois, and M. Pommepuy. 2000. Three-y study to assess human enteric viruses in shellfish. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:3241–3248.
LeGuyader, F., M.K. Estes, M.E. Hardy, F.H. Neill, J. Green, D.W.G. Brown, and R.L. Atmar. 1996. Evaluation of a degenerated primer for the PCR detection of human caliciviurses. Arch. Virol. 141:2225–2235.
LeGuyader, F., F.H. Neill, M.K. Estes, S.S. Monroe, T. Ando, R.L. Atmar. 1996. Detection and analysis of a small round-structured virus strain in oysters implicated in an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:4268–4272.
Le Guyader, F., E. Dubois, D. Menard, and M. Pommepuy. 1994. Detection of hepatitis A virus, rotavirus, and enterovirus in naturally contaminated shellfish and sediment by reverse transcription-seminested PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:3665–3671.
Lopez-Sabater, E.I., M.Y. Deng, and D.O. Cliver. 1997. Magnetic immunoseparation PCR assay (MIPA) for detection of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in American oyster (Crassostrea virginica). Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 24:101–104.
Mackay, I.M., K.E. Arden, and A. Nitsche. 2002. Real-time PCR in virology. Nucl. Acids Res. 30:1292–1305.
Miller, I., R. Gunson, and W.F. Carman. 2002. Norwalk like virus by light cycler PCR. J. Clin. Virol. 25:231–232.
Moe, C., J. Gentsch, T. Ando, G. Grohmann, S.S. Monroe, X. Jiang, J. Wang, M.K. Estes, Y. Seto, C. Humphrey, S. Stine, and R.I. Glass. 1994. Application of PCR to detect Norwalk virus in fecal specimens from outbreaks of gastroenteritidis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:2866–2872.
Mullendore, J.L., M.D. Sobsey, and Y.S. C. Sheih. 2001. Improved method for the recovery of hepatitis A virus from oysters. J. Virol. Methods 94:25–35.
Muniain-Mujika, I., M. Calvo, F. Lucena, and R. Girones. 2003. Comparative analysis of viral pathogens and potential indicators in shellfish. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 83:75–85.
Muniain-Mujika, I., R. Girones, and F. Lucena. 2000. Viral contamination of shellfish: Evaluation of methods and analysis of bacteriophages and human viruses. J. Virol. Methods 89:109–118.
Myrmel, M., E.M. Berg, E. Rimstad, and B. Grinde. 2004. Detection of enteric viruses in shellfish from the Norwegian coast. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:2678–2684.
Narayanan, J., J. Lowther, K. Henshilwood, D.N. Lees, V.R. Hill, and J. Vinje. 2005. Rapid and sensitive detection on noroviruses using Taq-Man-based one-step RT-PCR assays and application to clinical and shellfish samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. (In Press).
Noel, J.S., T. Ando, J.P. Leite, K.Y. Green, K.E. Dingle, M.K. Estes, Y. Seto, S.S. Monroe, and R.I. Glass. 1997. Correlation of patient immune responses with genetically characterized small round-structured viruses involved in outbreaks of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritidis in the United States, 1990–1995. J. Med. Virol. 53:372–383.
Ratcliff, R.M., J.C. Doherty, and G.D. Higgins. 2002. Sensitive detection of RNA viruses associated with gastroenteritis by a hanging-drop single-tube nested reverse transcription-PCR method. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:4091–4099.
Ribao, C., I. Torrado, M.L. Vilarino, and J.L. Romalde. 2004. Assessment of different commercial RNA-extraction and RT-PCR kits for detection of hepatitis A virus in mussel tissues. J. Virol. Methods 115:177–182.
Richards, G. P. 1999. Limitations of molecular biological techniques for assessing the virological safety of foods. J. Food Protect. 62:691–697.
Rohayem, J., S. Berger, T. Juretzek, O. Herchenroder, M. Mogel, M. Poppe, J. Henker, A. Rethwilm. 2004. A simple and rapid single-step multiplex RT-PCR to detect Norovirus, Astrovirus and Adenovirus in clinical stool samples. J. Virol. Methods 118:49–59.
Romalde, J.L., E. Area, G. Sanchez, C. Ribao, I. Torrado, X. Abad, R.M. Pinto, J.L. Barja, and A. Bosch. 2002. Prevalence of enterovirus and hepatitis A virus in bivalve molluscs from Galicia (NW Spain): Inadequacy of the EU standards of microbiological quality. Int J Food Microbiol 74:119–130.
Rossen, L., P. Norskov, K. Holmstrom, and O.F. Rasmussen. 1992. Inhibition of PCR by components of food samples, microbial diagnostic assays and DNA extraction solutions. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 17:37–45.
Sair, A.I., D. D’Souza, C.L. Moe, and L-A Jaykus. 2002. Improved detection of human enteric viruses in foods by RT-PCR. J. Virol. Methods 100:57–69.
Sair, A.I., D.H. D’Souza, and L. Jaykus. 2002. Human enteric viruses as causes of foodborne disease. Comp. Rev. Food Sci. Safety 1:73–89.
Schvoerer, E., M. Ventura, O. Dubos, G. Cazaux, R. Serceau, N. Gournier, V. Dubois, P. Caminade, H.J. Fleury, and M.E. Lafon. 2001. Qualitative and quantitative molecular detection of enteroviruses in water from bathing areas and from a sewage treatment plant. Res. Microbiol. 152:179–186.
Schwab, K.J., F.H. Neill, F. Le Guyader, M.K. Estes, and R.L. Atmar. 2001. Development of a reverse transcription-PCR-DNA enzyme immunoassay for detection of “Norwalk-like” viruses and hepatitis A virus in stool and shellfish. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:742–749.
Schwab, K.J., F.H. Neill, R.L. Fankhauser, N.A. Daniels, S.S. Monroe, D.A. Bergmire-Sweat, M.K. Estes, and R.L. Atmar. 2000. Development of methods to detect “Norwalk-like Viruses” (NLVs) and hepatitis A virus in delicatessen foods: Application to a foodborne NLV outbreak. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:213–218.
Schwab, K.J., F.H. Neill, M.K. Estes, T.G. Metcalf, and R.L. Atmar. 1998. Distribution of Norwalk virus within shellfish following bioaccumulation and subsequent depuration by detection using RT-PCR. J. Food Prot. 61:1674–1680.
Schwab, K.J., M.K. Estes, F.H. Neill, and R.L. Atmar. 1997. Use of heat release and an internal RNA standard control in reverse transcription-PCR detection of Norwalk virus from stool samples. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:511–514.
Schwab, K.J., R. De Leon, and M.D. Sobsey. 1996. Immunoaffinity concentration and purification of waterborne enteric viruses for detection by reverse transcriptase PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:2086–2094.
Shieh, Y.C., R.S. Baric, J.W. Woods, and K.R. Calci. 2003. Molecular surveillance of enterovirus and Norwalk-like virus in oysters relocated to a municipal-sewage-impacted gulf estuary. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:7130–7136.
Shieh, Y.C., S.S. Monroe, R.L. Frankhauser, G.W. Langlois, W. Burkhardt, III, and R.S. Baric. 2000. Detection of Norwalk-like virus in shellfish implicated in illness. J. Infect. Dis. 181(S2):S360–366.
Shieh, Y.C., K.R. Calci, and R. S. Baric. 1999. A method to detect low levels of enteric viruses in contaminated oysters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:4709–4714.
Straub, T.M., I.L. Pepper, and C.P. Gerba. 1994. Detection of naturally occurring enteroviruses and hepatitis A in undigested and anaerobically digested sludge using the polymerase chain reaction. Can. J. Microbiol. 40:884–888.
Sugieda, M., K. Nakajima, and S. Nakajima. 1996. Outbreaks of Norwalk-like virus-associated gastroenteritis traced to shellfish: Coexistence of two genotypes in one specimen. Epidemiol. Infect. 116:339–346.
Sunen, E. and M.D. Sobsey. 1999. Recovery and detection of enterovirus, hepatitis A virus and Norwalk virus in hardshell clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) by RT-PCR methods. J. Virol. Methods 77:179–187.
Svensson, L. 2000. Diagnosis of foodborne viral infections in patients. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 59:117–126.
Traore, O., C. Arnal, B. Mignotte, A. Maul, H. Laveran, S. Billaudel, and L. Schwartzbrod. 1998. Reverse transcriptase PCR detection of astrovirus, hepatitis A virus, and poliovirus in experimentally contaminated mussels: Comparison of several extraction and concentration methods. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:3118–3122.
Tsai, Y.L. and S.L. Parker. 1998. Quantification of poliovirus in seawater and sewage by competitive reverse transcriptase—Polymerase chain reaction. Can. J. Microbiol. 44:35–41.
Tsai, Y-L., B. Tran, and C.J. Palmer. 1995. Analysis of viral RNA persistence in seawater by reverse-transcriptase-PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:363–366.
Vinje, J., R.A. Hamidjaja, and M.D. Sobsey. 2004. Development and application of a capsid VP1 (region D) based reverse transcription PCR assay for genotyping of genogroup I and II noroviruses. J. Virol. Methods 116:109–117.
Vinjé, J., H. Vennema, L. Maunula, L., C-H van Bonsdorff, M. Hoehne, E. Schreier, A. Richards, J. Green, D. Brown, S.S. Beard, S.S. Monroe, E. de Bruin, L. Svensson, and M P.G. Koopmans. 2003. International collaborative study to compare reverse transcriptase PCR assays for detection and genotyping of noroviruses. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41:1423–1433.
Vinjé, J. and M.P. Koopmans. 2000. Simultaneous detection and genotyping of “Norwalk-like viruses” by oligonucleotide array in a reverse line blot hybridization format. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:2595–2601.
Wang, J., X. Jiang, H.P. Madore, J. Gray, U. Desselberger, T. Ando, Y. Seto, I. Oishi, J.F. Lew, K.Y. Green, and M.K. Estes. 1994. Sequence diversity of small, round-structured viruses in Norwalk virus group. J. Virol. 68:5982–5990.
Wiedbrauk, D.L. and A.M. Devron. 1995. Nucleic acid detection methods. In D.L. Wiedbrauk and D.H. Farkas (eds.), Molecular Methods for Virus Detection, pp. 1–24. Academic Press Inc., San Diego, CA.
Wilde, J., J. Eiden, and R. Yolken. 1990. Removal of inhibitory substances from human fecal specimens for detection of group A rotaviruses by reverse transcriptase and polymerase chain reactions. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28:1300–1307.
Wilson, J. G. 1997. Inhibition and facilitation of nucleic acid amplification. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:3741–3751.
Wolfaardt, M., M.B. Taylor, H.F. Booysen, L. Engelbrecht, W.O. Grabow, and X. Jiang. 1997. Incidence of human calicivirus and rotavirus infection in patients with gastroenteritis in South Africa. J. Med. Virol. 51:290–296.
Yan, H., F. Yagyu, S. Okitsu, O. Nishio, and H. Ushijima. 2003. Detection of norovirus (GI, GII), sapovirus and astrovirus in fecal samples using reverse transcription single-round multiplex PCR. J. Virol. Methods 114:37–44.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
D’Souza, D.H., Jaykus, LA. (2006). Molecular Approaches for the Detection of Foodborne Viral Pathogens. In: Maurer, J. (eds) PCR Methods in Foods. Food Microbiology and Food Safety. Springer, Boston, MA . https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-31702-3_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-31702-3_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-28264-0
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-31702-1
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)