Access provided by Autonomous University of Puebla. Download to read the full chapter text
Chapter PDF
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
References
ADA Council on Scientific Affairs. Dental mercury hygiene recommendations. J. Am. Dent. Assoc., 134, 1498–9, 2003.
Adams, D.H., McMichael, R.H. Mercury levels in marine and estaurine fishes of Florida. Florida Marine Research Institute Technical Report. TR-6.35 pp. 2001.
Adebajo, S.B. An epidemiological survey of the use of cosmetic skin lightening cosmetics among traders in Lagos, Nigeria. West Afr. J. Med., 21, 51–5, 2002.
Akagi, H., Malm, O., Kinjo, Y., Harada, M., Branches, F.J.P., Pfeiffer W.C., Kata, H. Methylmercury pollution in the Amazon, Brazil. Sci. Tot. Env., 175, 85–96, 1995.
Albers, J.W., Cavender, G.D., Levine, S.P., Langolf, G.D. Asymptomatic sensorimotor polyneuropathy in workers exposed to elemental mercury. Neurology, 32, 1168–74, 1982.
Al-Saleh, I., Khogali, F., Al-Amodi, M., El-Doush, I., Shinwari, N., Al-Baradei, R., Histopathological effects of mercury in skin-lightening cream. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol., 22, 287–99, 2003.
Al-Shahristani, H., Shihab, K.M. Variation of biological half-life of methylmercury in man. Arch. Environ. Health, 28, 342–344, 1974.
Arribere, M.A., Ribeiro Guevara, S., Sanchez, R.S., Gil, M.I., Roman Ross, G., Daurade, L.E., Fajon, V., Horvat, M., Al Calde, R., Kestelman, A.J. Heavy metals in the vicinity of a chlor-alkali factory in the Upper Negro River ecosystem, Northern Patagonia, Argentina. Sci. Tot. Env., 301, 187–203, 2003.
Bahnick, D., Sauer, C., Butterworth, B., Kuehl, D. A national study of mercury contamination of fish. Chemosphere, 29, 537–46, 1994.
Balluz, L.S., Philen, R.M., Sewell, C.M., Voorhees, R.E., Falter, K.H., Paschal, D. Mercury toxicity associated with a beauty lotion, New Mexico. Intern. J. Epidemiol., 26, 1131–1132, 1997.
Barbosa, A.C., Jardim, W., Dorea, J.G., Fosberg, B., Souza, J. Hair mercury speciation as a function of gender, age, and body mass index in inhabitants of the Negro River basin, Amazon, Brazil. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 40, 439–44, 2001.
Barbosa, A.C., Silva, S.R., Dorea, J.G. Concentration of mercury in hair of indigenous mothers and infants from the Amazon basin. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 34, 100–105, 1998.
Barregård, L., Hultberg, B., Schutz, A., Salsten, G. Enzymuria in workers exposed to inorganic mercury. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 61, 65–9, 1988.
Barregård, L., Sallsten, G., Jarholm, B. People with high mercury uptake from their own dental amalgam fillings. Occup. Environ. Med., 52, 124–28, 1995.
Barregård, L., Sallsten, G., Schutz, A., Attewell, R., Skerfving, S., Jarvholm, B. Kinetics of mercury in blood and urine after brief occupational exposure. Arch. Environ. Health, 47, 176–84, 1992.
Barrios-Guerra, C.A. Mercury contamination in Chile: a chronicle of a problem foretold. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 183, 1–19, 2004.
Bellanger, T.M., Caesar, E.M., Trachtman, L. Blood mercury levels and fish consumption in Louisiana. J. La State Med. Soc., 152, 64–73, 2000.
Bidone, E.D., Castilhos, Z.C., Cid de Souza, T.M., Lacerda, L.D. Fish contamination and human exposure to mercury in the Tapajos River Basin, Para State, Amazon, Brazil: a screening approach. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 59, 194–201, 1997.
Bird, H.R., Canino, I. The sociopsychiatry of espiritismo: findings of a study in psychiatric populations of Puerto Rican and other Hispanic children. J. Am. Acad. Child Psychiatry, 20, 725–40, 1981.
Birke, G., Johnels, A.G., Plantin, L.O., Sjostrand, B., Skerfving, S., Westermark, T. Studies on humans exposed to methyl mercury through fish consumption. Arch. Environ. Health, 25, 77–91, 1972.
Bloom, N.S. On the chemical form of mercury in edible fish and marine invertebrate tissue. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 49, 1010–1017, 1992.
Boischio, A.A., Cernichiari, E. Longitudinal hair mercury concentration in riverside mothers along the upper Madeira river (Brazil). Environ. Res., 77, 79–83, 1998.
Boischio, A.A., Henshel, D.S. Linear regression models of methyl mercury exposure during prenatal and early postnatal life among riverside people along the upper Madeira river, Amazon. Environ. Res., 83, 150–61, 2000.
Bruhn, C.G., Rodriguez, A.A., Banios, C., Jaramillo, V.H., Becera, J., Gonzales, U., Gras, N.T., Reyes, O., Seremi-Salud. Determination of total mercury in scalp hair of pregnant and nursing women resident in fishing villages in the Eighth Region of Chile. J. Trace Elem. Electrolytes Health Diss., 8, 79–86, 1994.
Burbacher, T., Shen, D., Clarkson, T. Mercury in Macaque infants following oral ingestion of methylmercury or IM injection of vaccines containing thimerosal. Presented in: “Mercury: Medical and Public Health Issues” Tampa, Florida, USA, 2004.
Burge, P., Evans, S. Mercury contamination in Arkansas game fish. A public health perspective. J. Ark. Med. Soc., 90, 542–4, 1994.
Camara, V.M., Corey, G. Epidemiologic surveillance for substances banned from use in agriculture. Bull. Pan. Am. Health. Organ., 28, 355–9, 1994.
Campbell, D., Gonzales, M., Sullivan, J.B. “Mercury” In: Hazardous Materials Toxicology. Clinical Principles of Environmental Health. JB Sullivan and G Rigger, eds. Baltimore, MD, Williams and Wilkins, 1992.
Carta, P., Flore, C., Alinovi, R., Ibba, A., Tocco, M.G., Aru, G., Carta, R., Girei, I., Mutti, A., Lucchini, R., Randaccio, F.S. Sub-clinical neurobehavioral abnormalities associated with low level of mercury exposure through fish consumption. Neurotoxicology, 24, 617–623, 2003.
Caurant, F., Navarro, M., Amiard, J-C. Mercury in pilot whales: possible limits to the detoxicifaction process. Sci Tot. Env., 186, 95–104, 1996.
CDC. Centers for Disease Control. Thimerosal in vaccines: a joint statement of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Public Health Service. Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep., 48, 563–5, 1999.
CDC. Centers for Disease Control. Summary of the joint statement on thimerosal in vaccines. American Academy of Family Physicians, American Academy of Pediatrics, Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, Public Health Service. Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep., 49, 622–631, 2000.
CDC. Centers for Disease Control. Mercury poisoning associated with beauty cream — Texas, New Mexico, and California, 1995-1996. Morb. Mortal Wkly. Rep., 45, 400, 1996.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Second National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. NCEH Pub. No. 03-0022. January 2003. <222.cdc.gov/exposurereport/2nd/pdf/secondner.pdf>
Chan, H.M., A database for environmental contaminants in traditional foods in northern and Arctic Canada: development and applications. Food Addit. Contam., 15, 127–34, 1998.
Chang, S.R., Siew, C., Gruninger, S.E. Factors affecting blood mercury concentrations in practicing dentists. J. Dent. Res., 71, 66–74, 1992.
Cherian, M.G., Hursh, J.R., Clarkson, T.W., Allen, J. Radioactive mercury distribution in biological fluids and excretion in human subjects after inhalation of mercury vapor. Arch. Environ. Health, 33, 109–114, 1978.
Children’s Amalgam Trial Study Group. The Children’s Amalgam Trial: design and methods. Control Clin. Trials, 24, 795–814, 2003.
Cordier S., Grasmick C., Paquier-Passelaigue M., Mandereau L., Weber J., Jouan M. Mercury exposure in French Guiana: levels and determinants. Arch. Environ. Health, 53, 299–303, 1998.
Dallaire, F., Dewailly, E., Muckle, G., Ayotte, P. Time trends of persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals in umbilical cord blood of Inuit infants born in Nunavik (Quebec, Canada) between 1994 and 2001. Environ. Health Perspect., 111, 1660–4, 2003.
de Kom, J.F., van der Voet, G.B., de Wolff, F.A. Mercury exposure of Maroon workers in the small scale gold mining in Suriname. Environ. Res., 77, 91–97, 1998.
Dietz, R., Riget, F., Johansen, P. Lead, cadmium, mercury, and selenium in Greenland marine animals. Sci Tot. Env., 186, 67–93, 1996.
Dolbec, J., Mergler, D., Lanibe, F., Roulet, M., Lebel, J., Lucotte, M. Sequential analysis of hair mercury levels in relation to fish diet of an Amazonian population, Brazil. Sci. Tot. Env., 23, 87–97, 2001.
Dolbec, J., Mergler, D., Sousa Passos, C-J., Sousa de Morais, S., Lebel, J. Methylmercury exposure affects motor performance of a riverine population of the Tapajós river, Brazilian Amazon. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 73, 195–203, 2000.
Dorea, J., Barbosa, A.C., Ferrari, I., de Souza, J.R. Mercury in hair and in fish consumed by Riparian women of the Rio Negro, Amazon, Brazil. Int. J. Environ. Health Res., 13, 239–48, 2003.
Dos Santos, L.S., Muller, R.C., de Sarkis, J.E., Alves, C.N., Brabo, E.S., Santos, E.C., Bentes, M.H. Evaluation of total mercury concentrations in fish consumed in the municipality of Itaituba, Tapajos River Basin, Para, Brazil. Sci Tot. Env., 261, 1–8, 2000.
Dumont, C., Girard, M., Bellavance, F., Noel, F. Mercury levels in the Cree population of James Bay, Quebec From 1988 to 1993/94. CMAJ, 158, 439–45, 1998.
Dunne, S.M., Gainsford, I.D., Wilson, N.H. Current materials and techniques for direct restorations in posterior teeth. Part 1. Silver amalgam. Int. Dent. J., 47, 123–36, 1997.
Eisler, R. Mercury hazards from gold mining to humans, plants, and animals. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 181, 139–98, 2004.
Ekstrand, J., Bjorkman, L., Edlund, C., Sandborgh-Englund, G. Toxicological aspects on the release and systemic uptake of mercury from dental amalgam. Eur. J. Oral. Sci., 106, 678–86, 1998.
Eley, B.M. The future of dental amalgam: a review of the literature. Part 4: Mercury exposure hazards and risk assessment. Br. Dent. J., 182, 373–81, 1997a.
Eley B.M. The future of dental amalgam: a review of the literature. Part 6: Possible harmful effects of mercury from dental amalgam. Br. Dent. J., 182, 455–9, 1997b.
Falter, R., Scholer, H.F. Determination of methyl-, ethyl-, phenyl and total mercury in Neckar River fish. Chemosphere, 29, 1333–38, 1994.
Forman, J., Moline, J., Cernichiari, E., Sayegh, S., Torres, J.C., Landrigan, M.M., Hudson, J., Adel, H.N., Landrigan, P.J. A cluster of pediatric metallic mercury exposure cases treated with meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA). Environ. Health Perspect., 108, 575–7, 1994.
Francis, P.C., Birge, W.J., Roberts, B.L., Black, J.A. Mercury content of human hair: a survey of dental personnel. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 10, 667–72, 1982.
Geffner, M.E., Sandler, A. Oral metallic mercury. A folk medicine remedy for gastroenteritis. Clin. Pediatr. (Phila)., 19, 435–37, 1980.
Gill, U.S., Schwartz, H.M., Bigras, L. Results of multiyear international interlaboratory comparison program for mercury in human hair. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 43, 466–72, 2002.
Gilmour, C.C., Riedel, G.S. A survey of size-specific mercury concentrations in game fish from Maryland fresh and estaurine waters. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 39, 53–59, 2000.
Gotelli, C.A., Astolfi, E., Cox, C., Cernichiari, E., Clarkson, T.W. Early biochemical effects of an organic mercury fungicide of infants: “dose makes the poison”. Science, 227, 638–40, 1985.
Goyer, R.A., Clarkson, T.A. Toxic Effects of Metals pgs. 811–867. In: Casarett & Doull’s Toxicology The Basic Science of Poisons 6th Edition. Klaassen C.D. (Ed). McGraw-Hill Pubs. New York, 2001.
Gunderson, E.L. FDA Total Diet Study. July 1986–April 1991. Dietary intakes of pesticides, selected elements, and other chemicals. JAOAC Int., 78, 1353–1363, 1995.
Hacon, S., Yokoo, E., Valenta, J., Campos, R.C., da Silva, V.A., de Menezes, A.C., de Moraes, L.O., Ignotti, E. Exposure to mercury in pregnant women from Alta Floresta-Amazon basin, Brazil. Environ. Res., 84, 204–10, 2000.
Hall, R.A., Zook, E.G., Meaburn, G.M. National Marine Fisheries Survey of Trace Elements in the Fishery Resource. NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-721. Washington, D.C: US Department of Commerce. 1998.
Harada, M., Nakanishi, J., Yasoda, E., Pinheiro, M.C., Oikawa, T., De Assis Guimaraes, G., da Silva Cardoso, B., Kizaki, T., Ohno, H. Mercury pollution in the Tapajos River basin, Amazon: mercury level of head hair and health effects. Environ. Int., 27, 285–90, 2001.
Haxton, J., Lindsay, D.G., Hislop, J.S., Salmon, L., Dixon, E.J., Evans, W.H., Reid, J.R., Hewitt, C.J., Jeffries, D.F. Duplicate diet study on fishing communities in the United Kingdom: mercury exposure in a “ critical group”. Environ. Res., 18, 351–368, 1979.
Hempel, M., Chau, Y.K., Dutka, B.J., McInnis, R., Kwan, K.K., Liu, D. Toxicity of organomercury compounds: bioassay results as a basis for risk assessment. Analyst, 120, 721–4, 1995.
Henderson B. Dental amalgam: scientific consensus and CDA policy. J. Can. Dent. Assoc., 61, 429–31, 1995.
Hightower, J.M., Moore, D. Mercury levels in high-end consumers of fish. Environ. Health Perspect., 111, 604–608, 2003.
Hightower, J.M. “Mercury and clinical practice”. Presented in: Mercury: Medical and Public Health Issues. April 28-30, 2004. Tampa, Florida, USA.
Ipolyi, I., Massanisso, P., Sposato, S., Fodor, P., Morabito, R. Concentration of levels of total and methylmercury in muscle samples collected along the coasts of Sardinia Island (Italy). Analytica Chim. Acta, 505, 145–51, 2004.
Iyengar, V., Woittiez, J. Trace elements in human clinical specimens: evaluation of literature data to identify reference values. Clin Chem 1988; 34:474–81.
JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). Sixty-first meeting. Rome. 10–19. June 2003. Summary and conclusions. Available from: URL:ftp:/lftp/fao.org/es/esn/jecfa/jecfa61sc.pdf. Accessed June 8, 2004.
Jensen, J., Adare, K., Shearer, R. Canadian Arctic Contaminants Assessment Report. Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. 10 Wellington. Ottawa. Ontario KIA 0H4. Canada 1997.
Jewett, S.C., Zhang, X., Naidu, AS., Kelley, J.J., Dasher, D., Duffy, L.K. Comparison of mercury and methylmercury in northern pike and arctic grayling from western Alaska rivers. Chemosphere, 50, 383–92, 2003.
Johnsson, C., Sällsten, G., Schütz, A., Sjörs, A., Barregåd, L. Hair mercury levels versus freshwater fish consumption in household members of Swedish angling societies. Environ. Res., 96, 257–63, 2004.
Jones, D.W. Exposure or absorption and the crucial question of limits for mercury. J. Can. Dent. Assoc., 65, 42–46, 1999.
Kales, S.N., Goldman, R.H. Mercury exposure: current concepts, controversies, and a clinic’s experience. J. Occup. Environ. Med., 44, 143–54, 1999.
Kannan, K., Smith, R.G.Jr, Lee, R.F., Windon, H.L., Heitmuller, P.T., Macauley, J.M. Distribution of total mercury and methyl mercury in water, sediment, and fish from south Florida estuaries. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 34, 109–18, 1998.
Kershaw, T.G., Dhahir, P.H., Clarkson, T.W. The relationship between blood levels and dose of methylmercury in man. Arch. Environ. Health., 35, 28–36, 1980.
Kingman, A., Albertini, T., Brown, L.J. Mercury concentrations in urine and whole blood associated with amalgam exposure in a U S military population. J. Dent. Res., 77, 461–71, 1980.
Kosatsky, T., Przybysz, R., Armstrong, B. Mercury exposure in Montrealers who eat St. Lawrence River sportfish. Environ. Res., 84, 36–43, 2000.
Kosatsky, T., Przybysz, R., Shatenstein, B., Weber, J-P., Armstrong, B. Fish consumption and contaminant exposure among Montreal-area sport fishers: pilot study. Environ. Res., 80, S150–S158, 1999a.
Kosatsky, T., Przybysz, R., Shatenstein, B., Weber, J-P., Armstrong, B. Contaminant exposure in Montrealers of Asian origin fishing the St. Lawrence River: Exploratory assessment. Environ. Res., 80, S159–S165, 1999b.
Larsen, E.H., Andersen, N.L., Moller, A., Petersen, A., Mortensen, G.K., Petersen J. Monitoring the content and intake of trace elements from food in Denmark. Food. Addit. Contam., 19, 33–46, 2002.
Lauwerys, R., Roels, H., Buchet, J.P., Bernard, A. Non-job related increased urinary excretion of mercury. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 39, 33–6, 1977.
Lebel, J., Mergler, D., Branches, F., Lucotte, M., Amorim, M., Larribe, F., Dolbec, J. Neurotoxic effects of low-level methylmercury contamination in the Amazon basin. Environ. Res., 79, 20–32, 1998.
Lecloux, A.J. Scientific activities of Euro Chlor in monitoring and assessing naturally and man-made organohalogens. Chemosphere, 52, 521–9, 2003.
Lefever, H.G. When the saints go riding in: Santeria in Cuba and the United States. J. Sci. Study Religion, 35, 318–30, 1996.
Litovitz, T.L., Smilkstein, M., Felberg, L., Klein-Felberg, L., Klein-Schwartz, W., Berlin, R, Morgan, J.L. 1996 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am. J. Emerge. MM., 15, 447–500, 1997.
Lodenius, M., Malm, O. Mercury in the Amazon. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 1998; 157:25–52.
MacIntosh D.L., Spengler J.D., Ozkaynak H., Tsai L., Ryan P.B. Dietary exposures to selected metals and pesticides. Environ. Health. Perspect., 104, 202–09, 1996.
Mahaffey, K.R., Clickner, R.P., Bodurow, C.C. Blood organic mercury and dietary mercury intake: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 and 2000. Environ. Health. Perspect., 112, 562–570, 2004.
Mahaffey, K.R., Mergler D. Blood levels of total and organic mercury in residents of the upper St. Lawrence River basin, Quebec: association with age, gender, and fish consumption. Environ. Res., 77, 104–114, 1998.
Marcovecchio, J.E., Gerpe, M.S., Bastida, R.O., Rodriguez, D.H., Moron, S.G. Environmental contamination and marine mammals in coastal waters from Argentina: an overview. Sci. Tot. Env., 154, 141–51, 1994.
Mason, H.J., Hindell, P., Williams, N.R. Biological monitoring and exposure to mercury. Occup. Med. (Lond.), 51, 2–11, 2001.
McDowell, M.A., Dillon, C.F., Osterloh, J., Bolger, P.M., Pellizzari, E., Fernando, R., Montes de Oca, R., Schoeber, S. E., Sinks, T., Jones, R. L., Mahaffey, K. R. Hair mercury levels in US children and women of childbearing age. Reference range data from NHANES 1999-2000. Environ. Health Perspect., 112, 1165–71, 2004.
McKinney, P.E. Elemental mercury in the appendix: an unusual complication of Mexican-American folk remedy. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol., 37, 103–7, 1999.
Midthun, K. Thimerosal as a preservative in vaccines: An FDA perspective. Presented 2004 in “Mercury: Medical and Public Health Issues” Tampa, Florida. April 25–28, 2004.
Mol, J.H., Ramlal, J.S., Lietar, C., Verloo, M. Mercury contamination in freshwater, estuarine, and marine fishes in relation to small-scale gold mining in Suriname, South America. Environ. Res., 82, 183–97, 2001.
Morgan, J.N., Berry, M.R.Jr., Graves, R.L. Effects of commonly used cooking practices on total mercury concentrations in fish and their impact on exposure assessments. J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol., 7, 119–133, 1997.
Morrissette, J., Takser, L., St.Amour, G., Smargiassi, A., Lafond, J., Mergler, D. Temporal variation of blood and hair mercury levels in pregnancy in relation to fish consumption history in a population living along the St. Lawrence River. Environ. Res., 95, 363–74, 2004.
Muckle, G., Ayotte, P., Dewailly, E.E., Jacobson, S.W., Jacobson, J.L. Prenatal exposure of the northern Quebec Inuit infants to environmental contaminants. Environ. Health Perspect., 109, 1291–9, 2001.
Nakagawa, R., Yunita, Y., Hiromoto, M. Total mercury intake from fish and shellfish by Japanese people. Chemosphere, 35, 2909–2913, 1997.
National Academy of Sciences. National Research Council. Committee on Toxicology of Methylmercury. Toxicology of Methylmercury. Washington DC: National Academy Press. 2000.
National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine. Immunization Safety Review Committee. Immunization Safety Review. Thimerosal-Containing Vaccines and Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Stratton, K., Gable, A., and McCormick, M.C. Eds. Washington DC: National Academy Press. 2004.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and Health (NIOSH). A Recommended Standard for Occupational Exposure to Inorganic Mercury. Washington, D.C. 1977
Niencheski, L.F., Windom, H.L., Baraj, B., Wells, D., Smith, R. Mercury in fish from Patos and Mirim Lagoons, Southern Brazil. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 42, 1403–6, 2001
Nilson, S.A. Jr., Costa, M., Akagi, H., Total and methylmercury levels of a coastal human population and of fish from the Brazilian northeast. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 8, 280–4, 2001.
Ortiz-Roque, C., Lopez-Rivera, Y. Mercury contamination in reproductive age women in a Caribbean island: Vieques. J. Epidemiol. Community Health, 58, 756–7, 2004.
Palheta, D., Taylor, A. Mercury in environmental and biological samples from a gold mining area in the Amazon region of Brazil. Sci Tot. Env., 19, 63–9, 1995.
Passos, C.J., Mergler, D., Gaspar, E., Morais, S., Lucotte, M., Larribe, F., Davidson, R., de Grosbois, S. Eating tropical fruit reduces mercury exposure from fish consumption in the Brazilian Amazon. Environ. Res., 93, 123–130, 2003.
Penedo de Pinho, A., Daves Guinaraes, J.R., Martins, AS., Costa, P.A., Olavo, G., Valentin, J. Total mercury in muscle tissue of five shark species from Brazilian offshore waters: effects of feeding habit, sex, and length. Environ. Res., 89, 250–58, 2002.
Peters-Haefeli, L., Michod, J., Aellig, A., Varone, J.J., Schelling, J.L., Peters, G. Urinary mercury excretion in professional users of an antiseptic soap containing 0,04% phenylmercury borate. Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr., 106, 171–8, 1976.
Pichichero, M.E., Cernichiari, E., Lopreiato, J., Tremor, J. Mercury concentrations and metabolism in infants receiving vaccines containing thiomersal: a descriptive study. Lancet, 360, 1737–41, 2002.
Piikivi, L., Tolonen, U. EEG findings in chlor-alkali workers subjected to low long term exposure to mercury vapour. Br. J. Ind. Med., 46, 370–5, 1989.
Rhainds, M., Levallois, P., Dewailly, E., Ayotte, P. Lead, mercury, and organchlorine compound levels in cord blood in Quebec, Canada. Arch. Environ. Health, 54, 40–47, 1999.
Rice, D.C., Schoeny, R., Mahaffey, K.R. Methods and rationale for derivation of a reference dose for methylmercury by US. EPA. Risk Anal., 23, 107–15, 2003.
Risher, J.F., Murray, H.E., Prince, G.R. Organic mercury compounds: human exposure and its relevance to public health. Toxicol. Ind. Health, 18, 109–60, 2002.
Rothschild, R.F., Duffy, L.K. Methylmercury in the hair of subsistence food users in a rural Alaskan village. Alaska Med., 44, 2–7, 2002.
Saint-Phard, D., Gonzalez, P.G., Sherman, P. Poster 88. Unsuspected mercury toxicity linked to neurologic symptoms: A case Series. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 85, E25, 2004.
Sakamoto, M., Kubota, M., Liu, X.J., Murata, K., Nakai, K., Satoh, H. Maternal and mercury and —3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as a risk and benefit of fish consumption to fetus. Env. Sci Technol., 38, 3860–63, 2004.
Santos, E.C., de Jesus, I.M., Camara Vde, M., Brabo, E., Loureiro, E.C., Mascarenhas, A., Weirich, J., Luiz, R.R., Cleary, D. Mercury exposure in Munduruku Indians from the community of Sai Cinza, State of para, Brazil. Environ. Res., 90, 98–103, 2002.
Sanzo, J.M., Dorrosoro, M., Amiano, P., Amumo, A., Aguinagalde, F.X., Azpiri, M.A. Estimation and validation of mercury intake associated with fish consumption in an EPIC cohort of Spain. Public Health Nutr., 4, 981–988, 2001.
Schober, S.E., Sinks, T.H., Jones, R.L., Bolger, P.M., McDowell, M., Osterloh, J., Garrett, E.S., Canady, RA., Dillon, C.F., Sun, Y., Joseph, C.B., Mahaffey, K.R Blood mercury levels in US children and women of childbearing age, 1999-2000. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 289, 1667–74, 2003.
Schultz, C.D., Crer, D., Pearson, J.E., Rivera, J.E., Hylin, J. W. Total and organic mercury in the Pacific blue marlin. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 15, 230–234, 1976.
Seidel, S., Kreutzer, R., Smith, D., McNeel, S., Gilliss, D. Assessment of commercial laboratories performing hair mineral analysis. JAM, 285, 67–72, 2001.
Sherlock, J.C., Hislop, J.E., Newton, D., Topping, G., Whittle, K. Elevation of mercury in human blood from controlled chronic ingestion of methylmercury in fish. Hum. Toxicol., 3, 117–31, 1984.
Sherlock, J.C., Lindsay, D.R., Hislop, J.E., Evans, W.H., Collier, T.R. Duplication diet study on mercury by fish consumers in the United Kingdom. Arch. Environ. Health, 37, 271–278, 1982.
Sin, K.W., Tsang, H.F. Large-scale mercury exposure due to a cream cosmetic: community-wide case series. Hon’ Kong Med. J., 95, 329–34, 2003.
Sing, K.A., Hryhorczuk, D., Saffrio, G., Sinks, T., Paschal, D.C., Sorensen, J., Chen, E.H. Organic mercury levels among the Yanomama of the Brazilian Amazon Basin. Ambio, 32434–9, 2003.
Skerfving, S. Methylmercury exposure, mercury levels in blood and hair, and health status in Swedes consuming contaminated fish. Toxicology, 2, 3–23, 1974.
Smith, J.C., Allen, P.V., Turner, M.D., Most, B., Fisher, H.L., Hall, L.L. The kinetics of intravenously administered methyl mercury in man. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 128, 251–56, 1994.
Smith, R.G., Vorwald, A.J., Patil, L.S., Mooney, T.F. Jr. Effects of exposure to mercury in the manufacture of chlorine. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 31, 687–700, 1970.
Stajich, G.V., Lopez, G.P., Harry, S.W., Sexson, W.R. Iatrogenic exposure to mercury after hepatitis B vaccination in preterm infants. J. Pediatr., 136, 678–81, 2000.
Stern, A.H., Gochfeld, M., Weisel, C., Burger, J. Mercury and methylmercury exposure in the New Jersey pregnant population. Arch. Environ. Health, 56, 4–10, 2001.
Stern, A.H., Smith, A.E. An assessment of the cord blood-maternal blood methylmercury ratio: implications for risk assessment. Environ. Health. Perspect., 111, 1465–70, 1970.
Storelli, M.M., Marcotrigiano, G.O. Fish for human consumption: risk of contamination by mercury. Food Addit. Contam., 17, 1007–11, 2000.
Storelli, M.M., Stuffler, R.G., Marcotrigiano, G.O. Total and methylmercury residues in tuna-fish from the Mediterranean sea. Food. Addit. Contam., 19, 715–20, 2002.
Suzuki, T., Miyama, T., Toyama, C. The chemical form and bodily distribution of mercury in marine fish. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 10, 347–55, 1973.
Swift, J.A. Morphology and histochemistry of human hair. EXS, 78, 149–75, 1997.
Tsugane, S., Kondo, H. The mercury content of hair of Japanese immigrants in various locations in South America. Sci Tot. Env., 63, 69–76, 1987.
Urieta, I., Jalon, M., Eguilero, I. Food surveillance in the Basque Country (Spain). II. Estimation of the dietary intake of organochlorine pesticides, heavy metals, arsenic, aflatoxin M1, Iron, and zinc through the Total Diet Study 1990/91. Food Addit. Contam., 13, 29–52, 1996.
US EPA. Task Force on Ritualistic Use of Mercury Report Mercury is used to attract luck, love, or money. It is also used to protect against evil. http://www.epa.gov/superfund/action/community/mercury.pdf 2002.
US EPA. Fact Sheet:Proposed Rule to Reduce Toxic Air Pollutants Mercury Cell Chlor-Alkali Plants. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/t3/fact_sheets/mccap_fs.pdf
US EPA. Background Report: AP-42 Section 5.5: Chlor-Alkali Industry. An emission factor relates the quantity of pollutants emitted to a unit of activity. URL:http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch08/bgdocs/b08s11.pdf 1992.
US EPA. Mercury Study Report to Congress. Volume IV. An Assessment of Exposure to Mercury in the United States. URL: http://www.epa.gov/oar/mercury.html 1997.
US FDA. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Mercury in Drug and Biologic Products Retrieved May 2004 from: http://www.fda.gov/cder/fdama/mercury300.htm
US Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Job Health Hazards Series. Mercury. OSHA Report 2234. 1975.
Van Oostdam, J., Gilman, A., Dewailly, E., Usher, P., Wheatley, B., Kuhnlein, H., Neve, S., Walker, J., Trace, B., Feeley, M., Jerome, V., Kwavnick, B. Human health implications of environmental contaminants in Arctic Canada: a review. Sci. Tot. Env., 230, 1–82, 1999.
Veiga, M.M. Protocols for environmental and health assessment of mercury released by Artisanal and small-scale gold miners (ASM). Global Mercury Project. UNIDO Project EG/GLO/0l/G#$: Removal of Barriers to Introduction of Cleaner Artisanal Gold Mining and Extraction Technologies. Vienna: United Nations Industrial Development Organization. 2004.
Veiga, M.M. UNIDO/UBC/CETEM. Introducing new technologies for abatement of global mercury pollution in Latin America. Ed. UNIDO/UBC/CETEM. Rio de Janeiro. 94 p. ISBN: 85-7227-100-7, 1997.
Wagemann, R., Innes, S., Richard, P.R. Overview and regional and temporal differences of heavy metals in Arctic whales and ringed seals in the Canadian Arctic. Sci. Tot. Env., 186, 41–66, 1996.
Wagemann, R., Trebacz, E., Boila, G., Lockhart, W.L. Methylmercury and total mercury in tissues of arctic marine mammals. Sci. Tot. Env., 218, 19–31, 1998.
Wangberg, I., Edner, H., Ferrara, R., Lanzillotta, E., Munthe, J., Sommar, J., Sjoholm, M., Svanberg, S., Weibring, P. Atmospheric mercury near a chlor-alkali plant in Sweden. Sci. Tot. Env., 304, 29–41, 2003.
Weiner, J.A., Nylander, M. The relationship between mercury concentration in human organs and different predictor variables. Sci. Tot. Env., 138, 101–15, 1993.
Weldon, M.M., Smolinski, M.S., Maroufi, A., Hasty, B.W., Gilliss, D.L., Boulanger, L.L., Ballus, L.S., Dutton, R.J. Mercury poisoning associated with a Mexican beauty cream. WestJ. Med., 173, 15–18, 2000.
Wharton, M., “Thimerosal and Vaccines: CDC Perspectives”. Mercury: Medical and Public Health Issues. Tampa, Florida. April 25–28, 2004.
WHO — World Health Organization. Environmental Health Criteria 101. Methylmercury. Geneva. World Health Organization. 1990.
WHO — World Health Organization. Environmental Health Criteria 118. Inorganic Mercury. Geneva: World Health Organization. 1991.
Ysart, G., Miller, P., Crosdale, M., Crews, H., Robb, P., Baxter, M., de L’Argy, C., Harrison, N. 1997 UK Total Diet Study — Dietary exposures to aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel selenium, tin, and zinc. Food Addit. Contam., 17, 775–786, 2000.
Zaidi, M., Angulo, M., Sifuentes-Osornio, J. Disinfection and sterilization practices in Mexico. J Hosp. Infect., 31, 25–32, 1995.
Zayas, L.H., Ozuah, O. Mercury use in Espiritismo: a survey of botanicas. Am. J. Public Health, 86, 111–112, 1996.
Zeitz, P., Orr, M.F., Kaye, W.E. Public health consequences of mercury spills: Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance System, 1993-1998. Environ. Health Perspect. 110, 129–32, 2002.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Springer Science+Business Media Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mahaffey, K.R. (2005). Exposure to Mercury in the Americas. In: Pirrone, N., Mahaffey, K.R. (eds) Dynamics of Mercury Pollution on Regional and Global Scales:. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-24494-8_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-24494-8_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-24493-8
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-24494-5
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)