Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anderson-Gerfaud, P. 1981. Contribution à ľAnalyse des Microtraces ďUtilisation. Thèse de 3ème cycle. University of Bordeaux I. Bordeaux.
Arnold, M., E. Bard, P. Maurice, and J. C. Duplessy. 1987. Instrument and methods in physics research. Nuclear 29:120–3.
Barquins, M. 1993. Colles naturelles et colles synthétiques. Pour la Science 192:8–10
Bar-Yosef, O. 1985. A Cave in the Desert: Nahal Hemar 9000-year-old Finds. Jerusalem: The Israel Museum.
Beyries, S. 1987. Quelques exemples de stigmates ďemmanchements observés sur des outils du paléolithique moyen, 55–61. In La Main et ľOutil: Manches et Emmanchements Préhistoriques, ed. D. Stordeur. Lyon: Maison de ľOrient.
Binder, D., G. Bourgeois, F. Benoist, and C. Vitry. 1990. Identification de brai de bouleau (Betula) dans le Néolithique de Giribaldi (Nice, France) par la spectrométrie de masse. Revue ďArchéométrie 14:37–42.
Boëda, E. 1994. Le Concept Levallois: Variabilité des Méthodes. Paris: CNRS Editions.
Boëda, E. 1995. Levallois: A volumetric construction, methods, a technique, 41–68. In The Definition and Interpretation of Levallois Technology, ed. H. Dibble and O. Bar-Yosef. Madison: Prehistory Press.
Boëda, E., and S. Muhesen. 1993. Umm El Tlel (El Kowm, Syrie): Etude préliminaire des industries lithiques du Paléolithique moyen et supérieur. Cahiers de ľEuphrate 7:47–60.
Boëda, E., J. Connan, D. Dessort, S. Muhesen, N. Mercier, H. Valladas, and N. Tisnerat. 1996. Bitumen as hafting material on Middle Palaeolithic artefacts. Nature 380:336–8.
Cauvin, J., M. C. Cauvin, and D. Stordeur. 1979. Recherches préhistoriques à El Kowm (Syrie). Première campagne 1978. Cahiers de ľEuphrate 2:80–118.
Chosson, P., C. Lanau, J. Connan, and D. Dessort. 1991. Biodegradation of refractory hydrocarbon blomarkers from petroleum under laboratory conditions. Nature 351:640–2.
Connan, J., and O. Deschesne. 1991. Le bitume dans ľantiquité. La Recherche 229:152–9.
Connan, J., and O. Deschesne. 1992. Archaeological bitumen: Identification, origins, and uses of an ancient Near Eastern material, 683–720. In Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology III, ed. P. B. Vandiver, J. R. Druzik, G. S. Wheeler, and I. C. Freestone. Pittsburgh: Materials Research Society.
Connan J., and O. Deschesne. 1996. Le Bitume à Suse—Collection du Musée du Louvre. Paris: Réunion des Musées Nationaux.
Connan, J., A. Nissenbaum, and D. Dessort. 1992. Molecular archaeology: Export of Dead Sea asphalt to Canaan and Egypt in the Chalcolithic-Early Bronze age (4th–3th millenium B.C.). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 56:2743–59.
Connan, J., A. Nissenbaum, and D. Dessort. 1995. Geochemical study of Neolithic “bitumen”-coated objects of the Nahal Hemar cave in the Dead Sea area, 699–701. In Organic Geochemistry: Developments and Applications to Energy, Climate, Environment and Human History, ed. J. Grimalt and C. Dorronsoro. Donostia-San Sebastian: AIGOA.
Copeland, L., and F. Hours. 1983. Le Yabroudien ďEl Kowm (Syrie) et sa place dans le Paléolithique du Levant. Paléorient 9(1):21–37.
Eganhouse, R. P. 1986. Long-chain alkylbenzenes: Their analytical chemistry, environmental occurrence and fate. International Journal Environmental Analytical Chemistry 26:241–63.
Ellis, L., R. K. Singh, R. Alexander, and R. I. Kagi. 1995. Geosynthesis of organic compounds: III. Formation of alkyltoluenes and alkylxylenes in sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 59:5133–40.
Ellis, L., T. A. Langworthy, and R. Winans. 1996. Occurrence of phenylalkanes in some Australian crude and sediments. Organic Geochemistry 24(1):57–69.
Friedman, E., N. Goren-Inbar, A. Rosenfeld, O. Marder, and F. Burian. 1995. Hafting during Mousterian times—Further indication. Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society 26:8–31.
Fujimoto, T. 1979. Upper Paleolithic and Epi-Paleolithic assemblages in the Palmyra basin: Site 50 and 74, 77–130. In Paleolithic Site of Douara Cave and Paleogeography of Palmyra Basin in Syria, ed. K. Hanihara and T. Akazawa. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
Funke, H. 1969. Chemisch-analytische Untersuchungen verschiedener archäologische Funde. Ph. D. diss. University of Hambourg. Hambourg.
Hours, F. 1982. Une nouvelle Industrie en Syrie entre ľAcheuléen supérieur et le Levalloiso-Moustérien, 33–46. In Archéologie au Levant, ed. R. Saidah. Lyon: Maison de ľOrient.
Lechevallier, M. 1988. Ľindustrie lithique de Mehrgarh, 56–7. In Les Cités Oubliées de ľIndus-Archéologie du Pakistan, ed. J. F. Jarrige. Paris: Association Française ďAction Artistique.
Le Tensorer, J. M., and F. Hours. 1989. Ľoccupation ďun territoire à la fin du Paléolithique ancien et au Paléolithique moyen à partir de ľexemple ďEl Kowm (Syrie), 107–14. In ĽHomme de Néandertal, Vol. 6, ed. M. Otte. Liège: ERAUL.
Mansuy, L. 1995. Le rôle du milieu réactionnel au cours de la maturation artificielle de la matière organique. Ph. D. diss. Institut Polytechnique de Lorraine. Nancy.
Mercier, N., H. Valladas, and G. Valladas. 1995. Flint thermoluminescence dates from CFR Laboratory at Gif: Contributions to the study of the chronology of the Middle Palaeolithic. Quaternary Science Reviews (Quaternary Geochronology) 14:351–64.
Mills, J. S., and R. White. 1994. The Organic Chemistry of Museum Objects. London: Butterworths.
Molist, M., M. C. Cauvin, and A. Taha. 1988. Le gisement ďUmm El Tlel-2 (El Kowm, Syrie): Rapport préliminaire des travaux. Annales Archéologiques Arabes Syriennes 37/38:67–77.
Muhesen, S. 1992. The transitional Lower-Middle Palaeolithic industries in Syria, 51–65. In The Evolution and Dispersal of Modern Humans in Asia, ed. T. Akazawa, K.. Aoki, and T. Kimura. Tokyo: Hokusen-sha.
Regert, M. 1996. Les composés organiques en préhistoire: Nouvelles approches analytiques. Ph. D. diss. Université de Paris X. Paris.
Verhoeven, M. 1994. Excavation at Tell Sabi Abyad II, a later Pre-Pottery Neolithic B village in the Balikh valley, Northern Syria. Orient Express 1:9–12
White, R. 1996. Brown and black organic glazes, pigments, and paints. National Gallery Technical Bulletin 10:58–71.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Kluwer Acadamic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Boëda, E., Connan, J., Muhesen, S. (2002). Bitumen as Hafting Material on Middle Paleolithic Artifacts from the El Kowm Basin, Syria. In: Akazawa, T., Aoki, K., Bar-Yosef, O. (eds) Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47153-1_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47153-1_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-306-45924-5
Online ISBN: 978-0-306-47153-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive