Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
J. Whittall, 4n + 2 Systems: fulgides, in: Photochromism: Molecules and Systems (H. Durr and H. Bouas-Laurent, eds.), pp. 467–492, Elsevier, Amsterdam (1990).
J. Whittall, Fulgides and fulgimides—a promising class of photochromes for application, in: Applied Photochromic Polymer System (C. B. McArdle, ed.), pp. 80–120, New York (1991).
H. G. Heller, C. C. Elliot, K. Koh, S. Al-Shihry, and J. Whittall, The design and development of photochromic systems for commercial applications, Spec. Publ.-R. Soc. Chem., 125, 156–168 (1993).
H. Stobbe, A product of the action of light on diphenylfulgide and the polymerization of phenylpropiolic acid, Berichte, 40, 3372–3382 (1907).
W. S. Johnson and G. H. Daub, The Stobbe condensation, Organic Reactions, 6, Chap. 1, pp. 1–73, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York (1951).
H. G. Heller and M. Szewczyk, Overcrowded molecules. Part X. Photoreactions of photochromic (α-phenylethylidene) (substituted methylene) succinic anhydrides, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin. Trans. 1, 1974, 1487–1492.
Y. Yokoyama, T. Serizawa, S. Suzuki, Y. Yokoyama, and Y. Kurita, Fulgenolides thermally irreversible photochromic lactones with large quantum yields of photoreactions, Chem. Lett., 1995, 17–18.
Y. Yokoyama, K. Sugiyama, S. Yamada, H. Takimoto, and Y. Kurita, Fulgenates. A new class of fulgide-related irreversible photochromic system, Chem. Lett., 1994, 749–752.
A. Santiago and R. S. Becker, Photochromic fulgides. Spectroscopy and mechanism of photoreactions, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 90, 3654–3658 (1968).
C. Lenoble and R. S. Becker, Photophysics, photochemistry, and kinetics of photochromic fulgides. J. Phys. Chem., 90, 2651–2654 (1986).
D. A. Parthenopoulos and P. M. Rentzepis, Transient spectroscopy of a photochromic fulgide, J. Mol. Struc., 224, 297–302 (1990).
S. Kurita, A. Kashiwagi, Y. Kurita, H. Miyasaka, and N. Mataga, Picosecond laser photolysis studies on the photochromism of a furyl fulgide, Chem. Phys. Lett., 171, 553–557 (1990).
J. Takeda, T. Tayu, S. Kurita, Y. Yokoyama, Y. Kurita, T. Kuga, and M. Matsuoka, Radiative and non-radiative decay processes of the excited state of the colored form of photochromic furyl fulgide, Chem. Phys. Lett., 220, 443–447 (1994).
W. Zhao, Y. Ming, Z. Zhu, and M. Fan, Mechanism of photochromic reaction of (E)-α-(1,2,4,5-tetamethyl-3-pyrryl) ethylidene (isopropylidene) succinic anhydride, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem., 63, 235–240 (1992).
L. Yu, Y. Ming, and M. Fan, Studies on the photochromic mechanism of 1,2,-dimethyl-5-phenyl-3-pyrryl succinic anhydride, Res. Chem. Intermed., 13, 829–838 (1993).
H. G. Heller and M. Szewczyk, Synthesis, stereochemistry, and isomerisation of phenylethylidene succinic esters and related compounds, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin. Trans. 1, 1974, 1483–1487.
R. J. Hart, H. G. Heller, R. M. Megit, and M. Szewczyk, Overcrowded molecules. Part XIII. Thermally stable photochromic systems involving (E)-2-isopropylidene-3-(naphthylmethylene) succinic anhydrides and N-phenylimides, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin. Trans. 1, 1975, 2227–2232.
H. G. Heller and R. M. Megit, Overcrowded molecules. Part IX. Fatigue-free photochromic systems involving (E)-2-isopropylidene-3-(mesitylmethylene)-succinic anhydride and N-phenylimide, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin. Trans. 1, 1974, 923–927.
P. J. Darcy, R. J. Hart, and H. G. Heller, Overcrowded molecules. Part 14. Photochromic systems involving (Z)-1-methylpropylidene (diphenylmethylene)-succinic and (E)-3,5-dimethoxybenzyli-dene (alkyl-substituted methylene) succinic anhydrides, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin. Trans. 1, 1978, 571–576.
H. G. Heller, S. Oliver, and M. Shawe, Overcrowded molecules. Part 17. Thermal reactions of (α-phenylethylidene) (substituted methylene) succinic anhydrides, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin. Trans. 1, 1979, 154–157.
P. J. Darcy, H. G. Heller, S. Patharakorn, R. D. Piggott, and J. Whittall, Photochromic systems. Part 1. Photochemical studies on (E)-2-isopropylidene-3-[1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) ethylidene] succinic anhydride and related compounds, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin. Trans. 1, 1986, 315–319.
P. A. Davidse, J. L. M. Dillen, A. M. Heyns, T. A. Modro, and P. H. van Rooyen, Photochromic systems. Part 1. Structural and spectroscopic study of photochemically active products of Stobbe condensation. 2,3-dibenzylidene-succinic acid and its anhydride, Can. J. Chem., 68, 741–746 (1990).
J. C. A. Boeyens, L. Denner, and G. W. Perold, Rotamers and isomers in the fulgide series. Part 2. Stereochemistry and conformational analysis of bis-(p-methoxybenzylidene) succinic anhydrides by X-ray crystallography and molecular mechanics, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin. Trans. 2, 1988, 1999–2005.
R. J. Hart and H. G. Heller, Overcrowded molecules. Part VII. Thermal and photochemical reactions of photochromic (E)-and (Z)-benzylidene (diphenylmethylene) succinic anhydrides and imides, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin. Trans. 1, 1972, 1321–1324.
H. D. Ilge and H. Schutz, Photochemistry of fulgides. 18, 1H-nuclear resonance of phenyl fulgides, J. Prakt., Chem., 326,863–875 (1984).
H. D. Ilge, R. Paetzold, and R. Radeglia, Photochemistry of fulgides. XI, Carbon-13 nuclear resonance spectra of phenyl fulgides, J. Prakt. Chem., 326, 222–232 (1984).
M. D. Cohen, H. W. Kaufman, D. Sinnreich, and G. M. J. Schmidt, Photoreactions of di-p-anisylidene fulgide (di-p-anisylidene succinic anhydride), J. Chem. Soc. (B), 1970, 1035–1039.
J. C. A. Boeyens, L. Denner, and G. W. Perold, Rotamers and isomers in the fulgide series. Part 1. Stereochemistry and conformational analysis of bis-(3,4-dimethoxybenzylidene) succinic anhydrides by X-ray crystallography and molecular mechanics, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin. Trans. 2, 1988, 1749–1758.
J. C. A. Boeyens, C. C. Allen, and G. W. Perold, Rotamers and isomers in the fulgide series. Part 3. Structures of the bis-(4-methoxy-3-methylbenzylidene) succinic anhydrides, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin. Trans. 2, 1993, 1161–1165.
H. D. Ilge, C. Drawert, J. Suehnel, and R. Paetzold, Photochemistry of fulgides. XII. Electronic and steric substituent effects on the UV/visible absorption spectra of phenyl fulgide, J. Prakt. Chem., 326, 233–247 (1984).
H. D. Ilge, Photochemistry of phenyl fulgides. XX. Absence of activation barriers for photoisome-rization reactions in the excited singlet state of extremely sterically hindered α, δ-di-(4-alkoxyphenyl) fulgide isomers, J. Photochem., 33, 333–347 (1986).
A. Tomoda, A. Kaneko, H. Tsuboi, and R. Matsushima, Effect of two electron-donating substituents on photochromism of aryl fulgide, 2-(2,6-dimethyl-3,5-substituted benzylidene)-3-isopropylidene succinic anhydride, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 65, 2352–2358 (1992).
V. A. Kumar and K. Venkatesan, Studies on photochromism of a thermally stable fulgide in the crystalline state: X-ray crystallographic investigation of (E)-2-isopropylidene-3-(1-naphthyl methylene) succinic anhydride, Acta Cryst., B49, 896–900 (1993).
S. Goldschmidt, R. Riedle, and A. Reichardt, Bisbiphenylene fulgides and the cleavage of disbiphenylene fulgenic acid to optically active components, Ann., 604, 121–132 (1957).
H. G. Heller and M. Jottaway, Intramolecular [4 + 4] photocycloaddition reactions of the photochromic compounds, 3,4-bis(9-anthryl methylene)-tetrahydrofuran-2,5-dione and its 5-dicyanomethylene derivative, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1995, 479–480.
R. W. McCabe, D. E. Parry, and S. P. Saberi, Organometallic fulgides. Part 1. Synthesis and photochemistry of ferrocenyl fulgides [ferrocenyl ethylidene (isopropylidene) succinic anhydrides], J. Chem. Soc., Perkin. Trans. 1, 1993, 1023–1029.
P. J. Darcy, H. G. Heller, P. J. Strydom, and J. Whittall, Photochromic heterocyclic fulgides. Part 2. Electrocyclic reactions of (E)-α-2,5-dimethyl-3-furylethylidene (alkyl-substituted methylene) succinic anhydrides, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin. Trans. 1, 1981, 202.
H. G. Heller and J. R. Langan, Photochromic heterocyclic fulgides. Part 3. The use of (E)-α-(2,5-dimethyl-3-furylethylidene) (isopropylidene) succinic anhydride as a simple convenient chemical actinometer, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin. Trans. 2, 1981, 341.
H. G. Heller, The development of photochromic compounds for use in optical information storage, Chem. Ind., 1978, 193–196.
H. G. Heller, Organic fatigue-resistant photochromic imaging materials, IEE Proc., 130(1), 209–211 (1983).
A. P. Glaze, S. A. Harris, H. G. Heller, W. Johncock, S. N. Oliver, P. J. Strydom, and J. Whittall, Photochromic heterocyclic fulgides. Part 4. The thermal and photochemical reactions of (E)isopro-pylidene [α-2-and-(3-thienyl)ethylidene] succinic anhydrides and related compounds, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin. Trans. 1, 1985, 957–961.
Y. Yokoyama, T. Goto, T. Inoue, M. Yokoyama, and Y. Kurita, Fulgides as efficient photochromic compounds role of the substituent on furyl alkylidene moiety of furyl fulgides in the photoreaction, Chem. Lett., 1988, 1049–1052.
Y. Yokoyama, T. Iwai, N. Kera, I. Hitomi, and Y. Kurita, Steric effect of alkylidene groups of furyl fulgides on the photochromic behavior, Chem. Lett., 1990, 263–264.
Y. Yokoyama, T. Inoue, M. Yokoyama, T. Goto, T. Iwai, N. Kera, I. Hitomi, and Y. Kurita, Effects of bulkiness of substituents on quantum yields of photochromic reactions of furyl fulgides, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 67, 3297–3303 (1994).
J. Kiji, T. Okano, H. Kitamura, Y. Yokoyama, S. Kubota, and Y. Kurita, Synthesis and photochromic properties of fulgides with a t-butyl substituent on the furyl or thienyl methylidene moiety, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 68, 616–619 (1995).
J. Hibino and E. Ando, Photochromic fulgide derivatives, Jpn. Kokai Tokyo Koho JP, 62,242,677 (Chem. Abstr. 109, 14838k).
H. G. Heller, New fatigue-resistant organic photochromic materials, in: Fine Chemicals for the Electronics Industry (P. Bamfield, ed.), pp. 120–135, Royal Soc. Chem., London (1986).
A. P. Glaze, H. G. Heller, and J. Whittall, Photochromic heterocyclic fulgides. Part 7. (E)-Adamantylidene-[1-(2,5,-dimethyl-3-furyl)ethylidene] succinic anhydride and derivatives: Model photochromic compounds for optical recording materials, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin. Trans. 2, 1992, 591–594.
A. Tomoda, A. Kaneko, H. Tsuboi, and R. Matsushima, Photochromism of heterocyclic fulgides. IV. Relationship between chemical structure and photochromic performance, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 66, 330–333 (1993).
H. G. Heller, Novel photoactive compounds, WO 91/01312, PCT/GB 90/01118 (1991).
V. Deblauwe and G. Smets, Quantum yields of the photochromic reactions of heterocyclic fulgides and fulgimides, Makromol. Chem., 189, 2503–2512 (1988).
K. Horie, K. Hirao, N. Kenmochi, and I. Mita, Photochromic reactions of spirobenzopyran, azo-benzene and fulgide at 4 K in polymer films, Makromol. Chem. Rapid Commun., 9, 267–273 (1988).
Y. Yokoyama, H. A. Hayata, H. Ito, and Y. Kurita, Photochromism of a furyl fulgides, 2-[1-(2,5-dimethyl-3-furyl)ethylidene]-3-isopropylidene succinic anhydride in solvents and polymer films, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 63, 1607–1610 (1990).
S. Murakami, T. Tsutsui, R. Tanaka, and S. Saito, Quantum yield determination of photochemical reaction of photochromic compounds in solid films, Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, 1985, 1598.
J. Takeda, N. Nakayama, N. Nagase, T. Tayu, K. Kainuma, S. Kurita, Y. Yokoyama, and Y. Kurita, Intermolecular interaction of photochromic furyl fulgides dispersed in a polymer film, Chem. Phys. Lett., 198, 609–614 (1992).
Y. Yoshioka, T. Tanaka, M. Sawada, and M. Irie, Molecular and crystal structures of E-and Z-isomers of 2,5-dimethyl-3-furyl ethylidene (isopropylidene)-succinic anhydride, Chem. Lett., 1989, 19–22.
Y. Yokoyama, T. Iwai, M. Yokoyama, and Y. Kurita, Helical chirality and enantiotopomerization process of a photochromic furyl fulgide, Chem. Lett., 1994, 225–226.
A. P. Glaze, S. A. Harris, H. G. Heller, W. Johncock, S. N. Oliver, P. J. Strydom, and J. Whittall, Photochromic heterocyclic fulgides. Part 4.1. The thermal and photochromic reactions of (E)-isopropylidene-[α-(2-and-(3-thienyl ethylidene] succinic anhydrides and related compounds, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin. Trans. 1, 1985, 958–961.
K. Ulrich, H. Port, and P. Bauerle, Photochromic thiophene fulgide absorption spectra and kinetics of photochemical isomerizations, Chem. Phys. Lett., 155, 437–442 (1989).
K. Ulrich, H. Port, H. C. Wolf, J. Wonner, F. Effenberger, and H. D. Ilge, Photochromic thiophene fulgides photokinetics of two isopropylidene derivatives, Chem. Phys., 154, 311–322 (1991).
H. Konishi, A. Iwasa, S. Kudo, T. Okano, and J. Kiji, Synthesis and properties of long alkyl chain-substituted thienyl fulgides, Chem. Express, 5(7), 481–484 (1990).
A. Tomoda, A. Kaneko, H. Tsuboi, and R. Matsushima, Photochromism of heterocyclic fulgides, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 65, 1262–1267 (1992).
F. Effenberger and J. Wonner, Darstellung und photochemie eines (anthryl vinyl) thiophen-fulgides, Chem. Ber., 125, 2583–2590 (1992).
K. Kaftory, Photochromic and thermochromic compounds. I. Structures of(E) and (Z) isomers of 2-isopropylidene-3-[1-(2-methyl-5-phenyl)-3-thienylethylidene] succinic anhydride and the photo-product 7,7a-dihydro-4,7,7,7a-tetramethyl-2-phenylbenzo[b]thiophene 5,6-dicarboxylic anhydride (P), Acta Cryst., C40, 1015–1019 (1984).
V. I. Minkin, E. A. Medyantseva, T. Lyashik, A. V. Metelitsa, I. M. Andreeva, M. I. Knyazhankii, and N. V. Volbushiko, Photochromic fulgides of indole series, Khim. Geterosikl Soedin, 11, 1569–1570 (1986). (Chem. Abstr. 107, 58780, 1987).
H. Z. Wang, Synthesis and photochromic reactions of indolyl fulgides, Doctoral dissertation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China (1989).
Y. Z. Li, Synthesis and photochromic properties of heterocyclic fulgides, Doctoral dissertation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China (1990).
R. Matsushima, A. Kaneko, A. Tomoda, M. Ishizuka, and H. Suzuki, Photochemical fatigue resistances and thermal stabilities of heterocyclic fulgides in PMMA film, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 61(10), 3569–3573 (1988).
Y. Yokoyama and Y. Kurita, Synthesis and photoreactions of photochromic fulgides, J. Syn. Org. Chem. Jpn., 49(5), 364–372 (1991).
F. Wang, H. Z. Wang, Y. Z. Li, G. Y. Fan, X. S. Cui, and Z. C. Liu, Synthesis and crystal structure of azafulgides, Acta. Chimica. Sinica Engl. Ed., 4, 349–355 (1989).
G. Y. Fan, H. Z. Wang, X. S. Cui, Y. Z. Li, and H. S. Zhu, Crystal structures of 1,2-dimethyl-3-indolyl-methylidene succinic anhydride and 1,2-dimethyl-3-indolylethylidene succinic anhydride, Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, 8(4), 545–549 (1992).
Y. Yokoyama and Y. Kurita, Photochromic properties of fulgides, Dyestuffs Chemicals, 37(6), 143–154 (1992).
Y. Yokoyama and Y. Kurita, Photochromic fulgides applicable to optical information storage, discovery of new nondestructive readout method, J. Chem. Soc. Jpn., Chem. Indus. Chem., 1992, 998–1006.
Y. Yokoyama, T. Tanaka, T. Yamane, and Y. Kurita, Synthesis and photochromic behavior of 5-substituted indolyl fulgides, Chem. Lett., 1991, 1125–1128.
S. Uchida, S. Yamada, Y. Yokoyama, and Y. Kurita, Steric effects of substituents on the photochromism of indolyl fulgide, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 68, 1677–1682 (1995).
H. G. Heller, Photochromic 3-pyrryl fulgides and fulgimides, EP, 0190016 (1986).
S. A. Harris, H. G. Heller, and S. N. Oliver, Photochromic heterocyclic fulgides. Part 5. Rearrangement reactions of (E)-α-1,2,5-trimethyl-3-pyrryl ethylidene (isopropylidene) succinic anhydride and related compounds, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin. Trans. 1, 1991, 3259–3262.
L. H. Yu, Y. F. Ming, W. L. Zhao, and M. G. Fan, Absorption spectra and photoisomerization kinetics of photochromic pyrryl fulgides, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem., 63, 235–240 (1992).
L. H. Yu, Y. F. Ming, and M. G. Fan, Synthesis, photochromic properties of pyrryl substituted heterocyclic fulgides, Chin. Chem. Lett., 4(3), 199–202 (1993).
W. L. Zhao, Z. L. Du, Z. Q. Zhu, L. H. Yu, Y. F. Ming, and M. G. Fan, Synthesis and photochromic behaviors of 1-long hydrocarbon chain-substituted pyrryl fulgides, Chin. Chem. Lett., 6, 573–576 (1995).
L. H. Yu, Y. F. Ming, W. L. Zhao, and M. G. Fan, Synthesis and solvent effect on absorption spectra of pyrryl-substituted fulgides, Youji Huaxue (Chin. J. Org. Chem.), 13, 590–596 (1993).
L. H. Yu, Y. F. Ming, W. L. Zhao, and M. G. Fan, Studies on photochromic mechanism and applications of pyrryl-substituted fulgides, Mol. Crys. Liq. Cryst., 246, 49–58 (1994).
L. H. Yu, Y. F. Ming, X. Y. Zhang, M. G. Fan, N. Y. Lin, and S. D. Yao, Nanosecond laser photolysis studies of photochromic processes in pyrryl fulgides, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem., 74, 37–41 (1993).
L. H. Yu, Y. F. Ming, and M. G. Fan, Photochromic reactions of pyrryl-substituted fulgides and fulgimides, Science in China (B), 39(2), 179–184 (1996).
M. G. Fan, Y. F. Ming, L. H. Yu, X. Y. Zhang, X. J. Meng, Y. C. Liang, and Z. Yang, Photochromic fulgides and spirooxazines: mechanism and substituent effect on photoreactions, Science in China (B), 39(2), 144–149 (1996).
L. H. Yu, Y. F. Ming, and M. G. Fan, Studies on photoinduced electron transfer reaction between pyrryl-substituted fulgide and tetracyanoquinodimethane, Chin. Sci. Bull., 38(21), 1775–1778 (1993).
L. H. Yu, Y. F. Ming, M. G. Fan, and Y. Zhu, Synthesis and X-ray structures of a new pyrryl-substituted photochromic fulgide, Chin. Chem. Lett., 6(4), 297–300 (1995).
C. Reichardt, Solvatochromic dyes as solvent polarity indicators, Chem. Rev., 94, 2319–2358 (1994).
N. J. Turro, Modern Molecular Photochemistry, Chap. 5, Cummings, New York (1978).
H. Suzuki, A. Tomoda, M. Ishizuka, A. Kaneko, M. Furui, and R. Matsushima, Photochromism of 4-oxazolyl fulgides, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 62, 3968–3971 (1989).
J. Walz, K. Ulrich, H. Port, H. C. Wolf, J. Wonner, and F. Effenberg, Fulgides as switches for intramolecular energy transfer, Chem. Phys. Lett., 213, 321–324 (1993).
I. Cabrera, A. Dittrich, and H. Ringsdorf, Thermally irreversible photochromic liquid crystal polymers, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 30, 76–78 (1991).
S. Rubin and I. Willner, Photoregulation of the activities of proteins, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 246, 201–205 (1994).
I. Willner, S. Rubin, J. Wonner, F. Effenberger, and P. Bauerle, Photoswitchable binding of substrates to proteins: photoregulated binding of α-D-mannopyranose to concanavalin A modified by a thiophenefulgide dye, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 114, 3150–3151 (1992).
I. Willner, M. Lion-Dagan, S. Rubin, J. Wonner, F. Effenberger, and P. Bauerle, Photoregulation of α-chymotrypsin activity in organic media: effects of bioimprinting, Photochem. Photobiol., 59, 491–496 (1994).
Y. Yokoyama, M. Miyasaka, S. Uchida, and M. Yokoyama, Cyclic fulgenates. Enlargement of quantum yield of coloring reaction of photochromic fulgenates, Chem. Lett., 1995, 479–480.
H. G. Heller, D. S. Hughes, M. B. Hursthouse, and K. V. S. Koh, A new class of photochromic compounds exemplified by E-5-dicyanomethylene-4-(dialkyl and dicycloalkyl)methylene[1-(2,5-methyl-3-furyl) and (2-methyl-5-phenyl-3-thienyl)ethylidene]tetrahydrofuran-2-ones, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1994, 2713–2714.
Z. Sun and R. S. Hosmane, Fulgides and photochromism. Synthesis of (E)-and (Z)-5-dicyano-methylene-4-dicyclopropylmethylene-3-[1-(2,5-dimethyl-3-furyl)ethylidene] tetrahydro-furan-2-one, Tetrahedron Lett., 36, 3453–3456 (1995).
L. H. Yu, Studies on synthesis, photochromic mechanism and applications of fulgides, Doctoral dissertation, Institute of Photographic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (1994).
L. H. Yu, D. B. Zhu, and M. G. Fan, Synthesis and photochromism of 5-dicyanomethylene-4-isopropylidene-3-[1-(1-p-methoxyphenyl-2-methyl-5-phenyl-3-pyrryl)-ethylidene] tetrahydrofuran-2-one, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 297, 107–114 (1997).
K. Freudenberg and T. Kempermann, Fulgenic acids and their reduction products, Ann., 602, 184–199 (1957).
H.-D. Ilge and R. Paetzold, Direkte und sensibilisierte photoisomerisierung der α,δ-phenyl fulgide, J. Prakt. Chem., 326, 705–720 (1984).
H.-D. Ilge, M. Kaschke, and D. Khechinashvili, Photochemistry of phenyl fulgides. XXI: ultrafast photoisomerization and radiationless deactivation processes in α,δ-di-(4-alkoxyphenyl)-fulgides and α,δ-bifluorenyl fulgides, J. Photochem., 33, 349–358 (1986).
Y. Yokoyama and Y. Kurita, Photochromism of fulgides and related compounds, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 246, 87–94 (1994).
H. G. Heller, S. N. Oliver, J. Whittall, W. Johncock, P. J. Darcy, and C. Trundle, Photochromic fused-ring organic compounds and their use in photoreactive lenses, U.K. Pat. Appl. G.B. 2146327A (1985).
L. H. Yu, Y. F. Ming, M. G. Fan, H. T. Yu, and Q. Q. Ye, Synthesis and applications of photochromic fulgides in information storage, Science in China (B), 39(1), 1–6 (1996).
F. Matsui, H. Taniguchi, Y. Yokoyama, K. Sugiyama, and Y. Kurita, Application of photochromic 5-dimethylaminoindolyl fulgide to photon-mode erasable optical memory media with non-destructive ability based on wavelength dependence of bleaching quantum yield, Chem. Lett., 1994, 1869–1872.
A. E. J. Wilson, Applications of photochromic polymer films, Phys. Technol., 15, 325–338 (1984).
H. G. Heller, New fatigue resistant organic photochromic materials, in: Fine Chemicals for the Electronics Industry (P. Bamfield, ed.), pp. 120–135, Royal Soc. Chem., London (1986).
V. Wintgens, L. J. Johnston, and J. C. Scaiano, Use of a photoreversible fulgide as an actinometer in one-and two-laser experiments, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 110, 511–517 (1988).
C. Trundle and J. Brettle, Furyl fulgide as photochromic inks, PCT Int. Appl. WO, 8,801,288 (1988).
M. Hawkins and A. G. Bowyer, Furyl fulgide as inks for some printing, Eur. Pat. Appl. EP279600 (1988).
Y. Mitsuhashi, Saturable Fabry-Perot filter for nonlinear optical image processing, Opt. Lett., 6, 111–113 (1981).
L. H. Yu, Y. F. Ming, M. G. Fan, S. D. Yao, and N. Y. Lin, Synthesis and photochromism of aryl-substituted fulgides, Acta Chim. Sinica, 54, 716–721 (1996).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fan, MG., Yu, L., Zhao, W. (2002). Fulgide Family Compounds: Synthesis, Photochromism, and Applications. In: Crano, J.C., Guglielmetti, R.J. (eds) Organic Photochromic and Thermochromic Compounds. Topics in Applied Chemistry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46911-1_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46911-1_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-306-45882-8
Online ISBN: 978-0-306-46911-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive