Abstract
Controlling the propagation and interaction of light in complex media has sparked major interest in the past few years. Unfortunately, spatial light modulation devices suffer from limited speed, which precludes real-time applications such as imaging in live tissue. To address this critical problem, we introduce a phase-control technique to characterize complex media based on the use of fast one-dimensional (1D) spatial light modulators and a 1D-to-2D transformation performed by the same medium being analysed. We implement the concept using a microelectromechanical grating light valve with 1,088 degrees of freedom, modulated at 350 kHz, enabling unprecedented high-speed wavefront measurements. We continuously measure the transmission matrix, calculate the optimal wavefront and project a focus through various dynamic scattering samples in real time, all within 2.4 ms per cycle. These results improve the previously achieved wavefront shaping modulation speed by more than an order of magnitude and open new opportunities for optical processing using 1D-to-2D transformations.
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The data that support the plots within this paper and other findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
We thank L. Eng, A. Payne and Y. Hashimoto from Silicon Light Machines as well as S. Gigan for useful discussions. This work was supported by NSF awards nos. 1548924 and 1611513 and NIH grant no. REY026436A.
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R.P. conceived the project. O.T. and E.N. initiated and designed the project. O.T. and S.S. built the set-up. E.N. designed the software. G.M. designed the GLV hardware modifications. O.T. and S.S. performed the experimental work. S.L., S.S. and O.T. performed the simulations. O.T., S.L., S.S. and R.P. discussed the experiments and data. O.T. wrote the manuscript with contributions from all authors. O.T. and R.P. supervised the project.
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This file contains more information about the work and Supplementary Figs. 1–12.
Supplementary Video 1
Continuous focusing while the scatterer is shifted laterally.
Supplementary Video 2
Continuous focusing through dynamic samples.
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Tzang, O., Niv, E., Singh, S. et al. Wavefront shaping in complex media with a 350 kHz modulator via a 1D-to-2D transform. Nat. Photonics 13, 788–793 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-019-0503-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-019-0503-6
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